1. GROWTH andDEVELOPMENT Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH

2. a. The Definition Growth constitutes an increase process insize including increases in height, andweight. Growth is quantitative andirreversible in nature Development is a process towardsmaturity. Development is qualitative innature, meaning that it is immeasurableCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 3. b. GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT inTHE PLANTS Plant growth occurs because of the size increasewhich is caused by the increase in the numberof cells through cell division (mitosis) in thegrowing points and enlargement in each cell Cell division mostly occurs in the meristemtissue, that mostly found in the root tip andstem tip which are called apical meristem Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 4. When the young plants grow, the root andthe stem grow longer, this growth is calledprimary growth Some plants, such as wooden plants, havestems and roots which become thicker, thisgrowth is called secondary growth To measure the speed growth of plants, weuse the auxanometer Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 5. The development of seed plants which reproducethrough the generative method starts with a zygote The zygote grows into embryo then become anindividual which posseses roots, stems, and leaves. After reaching a certain age, the plants will produceflowers and seeds The changes of shape and function from one zygoteuntil the plant is forming root, stem and leaf organ iscalled the development process of plantsCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 6. Factors Which Affect Plants Growth And Development Internal Factorsa. Genes - the size and shape of plants are affected by the genes inside the chromosomes - Chromosomes are found in the nucleus - Genes are derived from the parents - Genes control the growth pattern of the plants Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 7. b. Hormones- A hormones is a chemical subtance whichis produced by plants, are often calledgrowth subtances- Its function is to control the growthprocess- the common growth hormones are auxin,cytokinin, and gibberellin Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 8. 1. Auxin- Auxin is produced in the stem tip (bud), young leaves,flowers, fruit, and root tip- Auxin which found in the stem tip can inhibit thegrowth of branches, this condition is called apicaldominance. Therefore the plants can grow tall andstraight.- The effects of auxin are : to stimulate the lateral roots and fibrous roots growth to stimulate the growth of stem cells and inhibit thegrowth of root cells to stimulate the forming of flowers and fruit to speed up the cell division in Teacher ofCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology growing pointsGIS JH 9. 2. Cytokinin- Cytokinin is produced by plants in the rootand then transported to the other organs- The role of cytokinin are : influencing the growth of the root stimulating cell division retarding the aging of plant organs (leaf,flower, and fruit) controlling the forming of flowers and fruit Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 10. 3. Gibberellin- Gibberellin is produced by the plants in theroot meristem tissue, stem meristem, andyoung leaves- The role of gibberellin are : stimulating the growth and development ofembryos and sprouts causing massive growth in plantsProducing bigand seedlessfruit(parthenocarpy) stimulating the forming of flowers Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 11. External Factorsa. Water and Minerals - water and minerals are absorbed from the soil by the roots. - the minerals required by plants are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,nitrogen,sulphur, phosporus, calcium, potassium,and magnesium. They are absorbed in form of ions that dissolved in the water. - water not only serves as a solvent but is also required for photosynthesis Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 12. b. Temperatures - temperatures influences the work of enzymes- a temperatures which is too low or too high will disrupt the work ofenzymes, so it will inhibit plant growth and development- Every plant has the minimun, optimum, and maximum temperature togrow- the lowest temperature that still enables plants to grow and develop iscalled the minimum temperature- the most suitable temperature for plant growth and development is calledthe optimum temperature- the highest temperature that still enables the plants to grow and develop iscalled the maximum temperatureCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 13. c. Humidity - an environment with low humidity will increase the evaporation (transpiration) of plant so that the water and mineral absorption from the soil will become more frequent, this will increase the speed of plant growth Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 14. d. Light Intensity- sunlight is highly required by plants forphotosynthesis, this process produces food thatis required for growth- the light can also influence auxin hormone, itwill break down if it is exposed to sunlight- for example, a sprout that is exposed to lightwill slowly grow, while the sprout which put in adark place will grow faster- the faster growth in darkness is calledetiolation Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 15. c. GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT inANIMALS and HUMANS Growth and development in animals and humans occurs in allparts of the body, different from those of plants which onlyoccur in certain parts. Growth and development in animals and humans begin at theformation of the zygote One zygote will grow and develop until an embryo is formed In that particular stage, the embryo cells will differentiate toform various tissues and develop into fetus The fetus will be born as a baby which then grow and developinto a toddler, adolescent, and then a adult Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 16. 2 phases in animals/humans growthand development Embryonic phaseIs phase started with the establishing ofzygote up to embryo.Fertilization is a process in which a fusionof the sperm and ovum gamete occurs. Post-embryonic phaseIs phase after the embryo is formed. inanimals, post embryonic is only a change insize, namely an increase in size of body parts. Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 17. Factors that Affect Animals Growth and Developmenta. Genes - a gene is a hereditary factor inherited by the parents - genes will determine and control the basic patterns of growth and development of an organismb. Hormones- hormones are secreted by endocrine glands - the hormone which has the main role in human or animal growth is the growth hormone (GH/Somatotropin) - people who are lacking somatotropin will undergo stunted growth, while those with an excessive amount of somatotropin will undergo GIS A Biology Teacher of Created By Alfi Msk_ gigantic growthJH 18. c. Food - one of characteristics of living organism is the need for food - the most important roles of food is to construct the body and as a source of energy. - the food subtance which has the biggest role in growth is proteind. Water - water is a solvent and a media for chemical reactions in the body - the chemical reactions will produce energy, help the forming of new cells, and repair damaged body tissues Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 19. e. Activity - physical activity which is done for years will affect the structures of bones and muscles - for example, body builders or runners, they possess good body posture and muscles. - people who do less physical activity wil possess weaker muscles and they will not properly develop.f. Sunlight - sunlight can alter provitamin D in the body into vitamin D which is needed in the growth of bone - lack of vitamin DCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of can cause ricketsduring childhoodGIS JH 20. d. THE STAGE of HUMAN GROWTH Human growth and develoment begin from a very small ovumcell The ovum is fertilized by sperm and the two nuclei will thenfuse to form a zygote A zygote will cleavage and become morulla A morulla is developed become blastula through blastulation A blastula is developed become gastrula through gastrulation A gastrula has 3 embrionic layer : ectoderm, mesoderm, andendodermCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 21. Ectoderm will diffrentiate become skin,hair, nervous system, and sense organ Mesoderm will differentiate becomemuscles, skeleton, reproductive organ,transportation system, and excretionsystem Endoderm will differentiate becomedigestive system, and respiratory systemCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 22. Zygote MorulaBlastulaCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGastrula GIS JH 23. 1. Baby Birth After about 9 months of growing and developing inside the uterus, thebaby is ready to be born The baby, which has come out of the uterus is still connected to hermother by umbilical cord and the placenta The umbilical cord and the placenta are then cut by the doctor or themidwife At this stage, the physical connection between the mother and thebaby is broken, so that the baby can no longer obtain food and oxygenfrom the mother When the umbilical cord and the placenta are cut, the breathing organswill soon function, so that the baby can inhale the air, and usually it ismarked by the first cry The cry is also a sign that the baby is able to pump the respiratory airfrom the lungs to the heart By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of Created GIS JH 24. 2. THE TODDLER and CHILDREN The neonatal period is the first day of ababys life until the age of four weeks In this period, the baby is able to adapt to lifeoutside the uterus, can start suckling at itsmothers breast, and organs like lungs, heart,and also excretion organs are already wellfunctioning Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 25. 3. PUBERTY Puberty begins at about age 9 to 14, thisis the stage you are going through now Girls puberty characteristics are shownin some physical changes ;- the developing of hip and breasts- the appearance of pubic hair- the developing of reproductive organs,is marked by the first menstruation(menarche) Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 26. boys puberty characteristics are shownin some physical changes ;- the chest looks wider- facial hair and pubic hair appears- the voice change- the deloping of reproductive organs, ismarked by the wet dreamCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 27. 4. ADULT STAGE In this stage, the growth of bones andmuscles begin to stop so adults cannotgrow taller Human psychological condition becomesmore stable than during adolescence People start to think about getting marriedand producing offspring Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 28. 5. OLD AGE The cell ability starts degenerating, thiscauses some physical changes Like weaker bones, degenerating ability tobreath, degenerating elasticity of veins,and also causes skin to wrinkle But sufficient nutrients and regularexercise can inhibit aging Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 29. e. METAGENESIS and METAMORPHOSIS Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 30. METAGENESIS Moss and ferns experience twodevelopment stage in hteir life span, thespore producing stage (sporophytegeneration, asexual) and the gameteproducing stage (gametophyte generation,sexual) The alternation from sporophye togametophyte or vice-versa is calledmetagenesisCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 31. Moss Metagenesis Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 32. Fern MetagenesisSpore Protalium Anteridium ArkegoniumSpermatozoidOvumZygoteFern Spore Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 33. Metamorphosis Is the shape and structural alternationwhich occurs in animals, starting from theembryo stage to adult Animal which undergo metamorphosisare insects and frogs Metamorphosis is differentiated into twotypes ; the complete metamorphosis andthe incomplete metamorphosis Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 34. Complete metamorphosis The metamorphosis which passes thestages egg, larva, pupa, and adult (imago) In metamorphosis, the increase of bodysize is a growth process, while the changeof the body shape from egg to adult isdevelopment process For example, butterflies and frogsCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 35. FrogCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 36. Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 37. Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 38. Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 39. ButterfliesCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 40. FliesCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 41. Incomplete Metamorphosis Only passes the stages of egg, nymph(young animal), and imago ( adult animal) No significant change of body shapeoccurs For example, grasshoppers, cockroaches,and crickets Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher ofGIS JH 42. Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 43. GrasshopperCreated By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH 44. Created By Alfi Msk_ A Biology Teacher of GIS JH