Growth and Development
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Transcript of Growth and Development
I. INTRODUCTION
Growth and development are the main themes of every baby's life; the
physical and mental activities that parents call,” growing up".
Since this process has everything to do with health at the juvenile stages
of life, it is a fundamental topic in pediatrics. The normal growth and development
of infants has a known course and range of values for most characteristics
considered important enough to measure. These include height, weight, head
circumference and other physical parameters, as well the ages that an infant can
manage relatively complex and volitional body movements. Certain of these
behaviors, like sitting up and walking, are called developmental milestones,
because the age and order in which they occur are markers of the normal
progress of the maturation of neuromuscular development.
There are very short periods during any stage when a youngster is mainly
just getting bigger; but infancy, childhood and adolescence are never focused on
a mere increase in size. Instead, growing-up alters the shape, composition, and
abilities of body and mind. In the first era of life the newborn baby changes, in a
certain sense, transforms- into an entirely different creature: the toddler. No one
word in English encompasses that concept, and in life sciences, "growth and
development" is the conventional term for these serial changes that occur from
birth to maturity in each normal individual.
II. PATIENT’S PROFILE
Name : x
Address : x
Birth Date : x
Sex : Female
Height : 67cm
Weight : 6.8kg
Mother : x
Occupation : x
Father : Mother refused to mention
Occupation : Mother refused to mention
Physical Assessment:
Date 06/25/07 07/09/07 08/05/07 9/15/07weight 4.5kg 5.5kg 5.61kg 6.8kgheight 52cm 57.5cm 58.2cm 67cmNo. of teeth 0 0 0 0Drooling yes no no noPosterior fontanels
open open closed closed
Temperature 36.9°C 36.8°C 36.8°C 37.2°CPulse 115bpm 110bpm 127bpm 124bpmRespiration 44cpm 49cpm 51cpm 46cpm
Hermione Fiona Halasan an eight month old infant from Barra Opol,
Misamis Oriental is the only child of Ms. Shane Abigail Halasan. She was born in
their house at Barra Opol, Misamis Oriental at about 3:15 P.M through normal
spontaneous delivery. Her 1st BCG, DPT and OPV immunization was on March
20, 2007. Her 2nd immunization of DPT and OPV was given on May 15, 2007,
followed by her 3rd immunization on June 19, 2007. Her 1st immunization of Hepa-
B was given on March 27, 2007, followed by the 2nd on April 24, 2007 and lastly
on May 22, 2007. These significant documentations were kept well by her loving
mother.
III. THEORIES
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud termed the infant period the oral phase because the infants are so
interested in oral stimulation or pleasure during this time (Berger, 2001).
According to this theory infants suck for enjoyment or relief of tension, as well as
for nourishment. The infant receives sensation from the total surface of their body
through touch from activities such as cuddling, caressing, sucking, and being
given physical care. This touching of infants plays important role in the
individual’s subsequent sexual development.
FREUDS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Stage Age Characteristics Implications
Infant Birth to 1 year Mouth is the center of pleasure. Fixation; difficulty in trusting
others, nail biting, drug abuse, smoking,
overeating, alcoholism. Argumentativeness and
over dependence.
Feeding produces pleasure and sense of
comfort and safety. Feeding should be
pleasurable and provided when
required.
Erik Erickson’s Developmental Theory
According to Erikson, the developmental task for infants is learning trust
versus mistrust (other terms might be learning confidence or learning to love).
Infants whose needs are met when those needs arise, whose discomforts are
quickly removed, who are cuddled, played with, and talked to, come to view the
world as a safe place and people as helpful and dependable. However, when
their care is inconsistent, inadequate, or rejecting, it fosters a basic mistrust:
infants become fearful and suspicious of basic mistrust: infants become fearful
and suspicious of the world and the people. Like a burned child who avoids fire,
emotionally burned children may shun the potential pain of further emotional
involvement and carry this attitude through later stages of development. Such
children can be “stuck” emotionally at this stage, although they continue to grow
and develop in other ways.
Fortunately, because not all children achieve developmental tasks readily,
each task need not to be resolved once and for all the first time arises. The
problem of trust versus mistrust, for example, is not resolved forever during the
first year of life but arises again at each successive stage of development.
Children who enter school with a sense of mistrust may come to trust a teacher
with whim they form a relationship; given this second chance, children may
overcome early mistrust. On the other hand, children who come through infancy
with vital sense of trust intact may still have sense of mistrust activated at later
stage if their parents are divorced or separate under unpleasant circumstances.
ERIK ERICKSON’S DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
Stage Age Control task Indicators of positive
resolution
Indication of negative resolution
InfancyBirth to 18
monthsTrust versus
mistrustLearning to trust others
Mistrust, withdrawal,
estrangement
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Piaget refers to the infant stage as the sensori motor stage.
Sensorimotor intelligence is practical intelligence, because word and symbols of
thinking and problem solving are not yet available at this early age. At the
beginning of infancy, babies relate to the world through the senses, using only
reflex behavior. As infants progress through this stage (which includes the
schemas of primary and secondary reactions and coordination of secondary
reactions), they learn the basic concept that people are entities separate from
objects. Piaget uses the term “primary” to refer to the activities related to the
child’s own body and term “circulatory reaction” to show that repetition of
behavior occurs (the infant accidentally brings his or her thumb to the mouth,
enjoys the sensation of sucking, and so repeats it)
The term “secondary” refers to the activities that are separate from the
child’s body. An example of secondary schema learning is when a baby hits a
mobile, notices that this makes it move, and so hits it again. During this
secondary schema, infants also learn that objects in the environment -- bottle,
blocks, bed or even a parent -- are permanent and continue to exist even though
they are out of sight or changed in some way.
According to Piaget, cognitive development is and orderly sequential
process in which a variety of new experiences (stimuli) must exist before
intellectual abilities can develop, this is divided into five major phases, in each
phase the individual uses three primary abilities: Assimilation, accommodation
and adaptation. Assimilation is a process through which human encounter and
react to new situations by using mechanisms they already possess,
accommodation is a process of change whereby cognitive process mature
sufficiently to allow the person to solve problems that were unsolvable before and
adaptation a coping behavior or the ability to handle the demands made by the
environment.
JEAN PIAGET’S PHASES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Phases and stages Age Significant behavior
Sensorimotor phase Birth to 2 years
Stage 1 use of reflexes Birth to 1month Most action is reflexive
Stage 2 primary circular reaction
1 to 4 months Perception of events is centered on the body.
Objects are extension of self
Stage 3 secondary circular reaction
4 to 8 months Acknowledges the external environment.
Actively makes changes in the environment
Stage 4 coordination of secondary schemata
8 to 12 months Can distinguish a goal from a means of attaining
it
Stage 5 tertiary circular reaction
12 to 18 months Tries and discovers new goals and ways to attain
goals. Rituals are important
Stage 6 Inventions of new means
18 to 24 months Interprets the environment by mental images. Uses make-
believe and pretend play
Havighurst’s Developmental Task Theory
Havighurst’s promoted the concept of developmental tasks, which he
defines as a task which arises at or about a certain period in life of an individual,
which leads to his happiness and to success with later tasks, while failure leads
to unhappiness in the individual, disapproval by society, and difficulty with late
tasks. Havighurst’s developmental tasks provide a framework that the nurse can
use to evaluate a person’s general accomplishment. However some nurse’s find
that the broad categories limit its usefulness as a tool in assessing specific
accomplishments
HAVIGHURST’S DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
Infancy in early childhood
1. Learning to walk2. Learning to take solid food3. Learning to talk
4. Learning to control the elimination of body waste5. Learning sex differences and sexual modesty6. Achieving psychological stability7. Forming simple concepts of social and physical reality8. Learning to relate emotionally to parents, siblings and other people9. Learning to distinguish right from wrong and developing a conscience
IV. Growth and Development Assessment
First Visit (x) Data Gathered
During my first visit, the baby is 5 months old. Child’s weight was 4.5kg,
with a height of 52 cm. Tooth is not yet erupted, and drooling was observed will
minimal amount of saliva. The posterior fontanel was still open, and vital signs
were taken during the assessment, and everything was all normal and was
recorded. The child’s head wasn’t anymore sag, can turn to side from back. She
has no teeth and she has normal vital signs of 36.9°c, pulse rate of 115bpm, and
respiration of 44cpm.
Implication
Trust is in the family members especially in the mother. The baby is
drooling, holds hands in fists, holds hands in front of her, plays with her hands
and knees, holds and releases toys, and pays attention if someone is speaking.
Second visit (x)
Data Gathered
During our second visit, there are changes in his height (57.5 centimeter)
and weight (5.5kilograms). She has no teeth yet, and she has normal vital signs
of 36.8°c, pulse rate of 110bpm, and respiratory rate of 49cpm. We observed that
there are changes in her; she now pushes her feet against a hard surface to
move oneself forward, can lift her head and chest while lying in her abdomen,
can hold rattle for a brief period of time, can carry hand the object to mouth at
will, and plays his feet and puts them in her mouth.
Implication
At this point, the trust is still in his family members, most specifically to her
mother, but the mistrust is not yet developed because when someone comes
near to her especially new faces, she only stares and doesn’t even cry. There’s a
sign that every month she’s growing and developing the different theories.
Significant changes
In every visit, we noticed that she’s improving something. There were lots
of changes since our first visit. She changed a lot especially in her motor control
like move reflex present in her abdomen and holds back straight when pulled to
sitting position.
Third visit (x)
Data Gathered
During our third visit, there is really a big change on our pedia patient
where it came to the point on not familiarizing her because of the changes in her
physically.
She became bigger and that makes our conclusion right as we assess her
weight which is 5.61 kilograms already. Her height changes also from 57.5cm to
58.2cm. She still maintains the normal vital signs on her age. Her temperature
was 36.8c, pulse rate of 127bpm, and respiratory rate of 51cpm. As the months
goes by, she becomes more jolly and playful little angel.
Implication
The sense of trust was still there at the stage of the infant. She didn’t
experience having feared to someone whose strangers to her. She shows more
improvement especially to her reflexes now. She can sit but with the help and
guidance of her parents. Her muscles and bones are developing well to be strong
and flexible. She’s fun of grasping objects that she likes to hold with. She plays
with others and she utters throaty sounds as if she wants to talk.
Significant changes:
She shows many improvements towards her reflexes and starting to play
with other people and responds to them by trying to make sound as if she was
understood. Perceptions of events were centered on the body. Objects are
extension of self.
Fourth visit (September 15, 2007)
Data Gathered
During our last visit to our infant, we are so amazed because of the
changes he had improved. We keep on reminiscing the past things during our
assessment in her and it’s really different now because the baby is now more
matured compared to our first visit to her. She’s started to recognize things
around her and reject things she doesn’t like. She’s also starting to recognize
persons but since she’s more exposed to many people around her, she doesn’t
cry when she see strangers going near her. She still maintains the normal vital
signs at her age with the temperature of 36.5°c, respiratory rate of 38bpm, and
pulse rate of 108cpm. She increases in height with 70 cm. Through the whole
assessment we have conducted, we’ve learned that she was being breastfeed by
her mother.
Implication:
She loves biting things that she may hold. There are improved reflexes
and movements produced by our infant and acknowledge the external
environment and actively make changes in the environment. She became more
matured now.
Significant changes:
She learns new reflexes and starting to develop new tricks in playing and
to have fun beyond all this big differences, the most exciting was her little teeth
that was about to come out.
V. EVALUATION
The growth and development assessments of the different stages of a
child were a great and marvelous experience for us student nurses. We were
able to witness and observe the fulfillment and development of the youngsters
each passing month. The assessments and health teachings that we have
learned were also given to the child and taught to the parents for the promotion
of health and wellness in both mother and child.
The growth and development assessments provided us student nurses
the experience of giving assessments in both the mother and child, observing the
progress of the child, moreover, it also gave the parents of the children
knowledge about the proper health tips in breastfeeding, cleaning and giving the
right diet for her child. And thus, making us student nurses very proud of our
work for we have not only complied with the requirements, but also we have
helped the families during the assessments in our own little ways.
VI. REFERRALS
During our visits, there were many assessments given in the promotion of
health and wellness in both mother and child. One of the health teachings we
have shared was about maintaining the child’s proper hygiene. The nutritious
foods that the infants need for enhanced growth and development were also
mentioned during our visit. The continuation of the child’s immunization was also
a point that we emphasized because of its major role in the prevention of various
diseases. We also taught the mother how to provide tipid sponge bath (TSB) and
apply ice cap application in case of slight fever of the child, then to check the
temperature before and after the procedures. And if the fever persists, then it
should be better to consult their doctor so that appropriate medications will be
prescribed.
Health teachings were not all for the child only, since Ms. Hermione was a
breast feeding mother, we taught her the proper breast feeding and breast care
to provide efficient nutrition to her child and protect her child from risk for
infections and disease caused by improper hygiene.
VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adele Pillitteri, Maternal and Child Health Nursing (volume 1), J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, U.S.A, 782-787
Emily McKinne et al., Maternal and Child Nursing (1st ed.), W.B Saunders Company 2000, 80-88
Barbara Kozier et al., Fundamentals of Nursing (7th edition), Pearson Education AsiaPte Ltd. 2004, 352-367
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Infant_growth_and_development
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