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Transcript of Ch 8 Human Growth and Development. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS...
![Page 1: Ch 8 Human Growth and Development. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.2 8:1 Life Stages Growth and development begins.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649ddc5503460f94ad432b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ch 8 Human Growth and Development
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8:1 Life Stages
Growth and development begins at birth and ends at death
During an entire lifetime, individuals have needs that must be met
Health care workers need to be aware of the various stages and needs of the individual to provide quality health care
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Life Stages (continued)
Infancy: birth to 1 year Early childhood: 1-6 years Late childhood: 6-12 years Adolescence: 12-20 years Early adulthood: 20-40 years Middle adulthood: 40-65 years Late adulthood: 65 years and up
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Growth and DevelopmentTypes
Physical: body growth Mental: mind development Emotional: feelings Social: interactions and relationships
with others All four types above occur in each stage
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Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst A basic conflict or need must be met in
each stage See Table 7-1 in text
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Infancy
Age: birth to 1 year old Dramatic and rapid changes Physical development Mental development Emotional development Social development Infants are dependent on others for all
needs
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Early Childhood
Age: 1-6 years old Physical development Mental development Emotional development Social development Needs
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Late Childhood or Preadolescence
Age: 6-12 years old Physical development Mental development Emotional development Social development Needs
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Adolescence
Age: 12-20 years old Physical development Mental development Emotional development Social development Needs
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Eating Disorders
Often develop from an excessive concern for appearance
Anorexia nervosa Bulimia More common in females Usually, psychological or psychiatric help
is needed to treat these conditions
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Chemical Abuse
Use of alcohol or drugs with the development of a physical and/or mental dependence on the chemical
Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence
Can lead to physical and mental disorders and diseases
Treatment towards total rehabilitation
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Reasons Chemicals Used
Trying to relieve stress or anxiety Peer pressure Escape from emotional or psychological
problems Experimentation Seeking “instant gratification” Hereditary traits or cultural influences
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Suicide
One of the leading causes of death in adolescents
Permanent solution to temporary problem Impulsive nature of adolescents Most give warning signs Call for attention Prevention of suicide
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Reasons for Suicide
Depression Grief over a loss or love affair Failure in school Inability to meet expectations Influence of suicidal friends or parents Lack of self-esteem
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Increased Risk of Suicide
Family history of suicide A major loss or disappointment Previous suicide attempts Recent suicide of friends, family, or role
models (heroes or idols)
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Early Adulthood
Age: 20-40 years old Physical development Mental development Emotional development Social development
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Middle Adulthood(Middle Age)
Age: 40-65 years of age Physical development Mental development Emotional development Social development
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Late Adulthood
Age: 65 years of age and up Also called “elderly”, “senior citizen”,
“golden ager”, and “retired citizen” Physical development Mental development Emotional development Social development Needs
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8:2 Death and Dying
Death is “the final stage of growth” Experienced by everyone and
no one escapes Young people tend to ignore its existence Usually it is the elderly, who have lost
others, who begin to think about their own death
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Terminal Illness
Disease that cannot be cured and will result in death
People react in different ways Some patients view death as a final peace
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Research
Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was the leading expert in the field of death and dying
Results of her research– Most medical personnel now believe patient
should be informed of approaching death– Patient should be left with some hope and
know they will not be left alone– Staff need to know extent of information
known by patient
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Research(continued)
Dr. Kübler-Ross identified 5 stages of grieving– Dying patients and their families/friends may
experience these stages– Stages may not occur in order– Some patients may not progress through
them all, others may experience several stages at once
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Stages of Death and Dying
Denial – refuses to believe Anger – when no longer able to deny Bargaining – accepts death, but wants
more time Depression – realizes death will
come soon Acceptance – understands and accepts
the fact they are going to die
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Caring for the Dying Patient
Very challenging, but rewarding work Supportive care Health care worker must have
self-awareness Common to want to avoid feelings by
avoiding dying patient
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Hospice Care
Palliative care only Often in patient’s home Philosophy: allow patient to die with dignity
and comfort Personal care Volunteers After death contact and services
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Right to Die
Health care workers must understand this issue
Ethical issues must be addressed Allowing patients to die can cause conflict Specific actions to end life cannot be taken Laws allowing “right to die”
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Summary
Death is a part of life Health care workers will deal with death
and dying patients Must understand death and dying process
and think about needs of dying patients Then health care workers will be able
to provide the special care these individuals need
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8:3 Human Needs
Needs: lack of something that is required or desired
Needs exist from birth to death Needs influence our behavior Needs have a priority status Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
(See Figure 7-14 in text)
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Altered PhysiologicalNeeds
Health care workers need to be aware of how illness interferes with meeting physiological needs
Surgery or laboratory testing Anxiety Medications Loss of vision or hearing
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Altered PhysiologicalNeeds (continued)
Decreased sense of smell and taste Deterioration of muscles and joints Change in person’s behavior What the health care worker can do to
assist the patient with altered needs
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Meeting Needs
Motivation to act when needs felt Sense of satisfaction when needs met Sense of frustration when needs not met Several needs can be felt at the same time Different needs can have different levels
of intensity
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Methods for SatisfyingNeeds
Direct methods– Hard work– Set realistic goals– Evaluate situation– Cooperate with others
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Methods for SatisfyingNeeds (continued)
Indirect methods– Defense mechanisms– Rationalization– Projection– Displacement– Compensation– Daydreaming
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Methods for SatisfyingNeeds (continued)
Indirect methods (continued)– Repression– Suppression– Denial– Withdrawal
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Summary
Be aware of own needs and patient’s needs
More efficient and quality care can be provided when know needs and understand motivations
Better understanding of our behavior and that of others
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8:4 Effective Communications
Health care workers must be able to relate to patients, family, coworkers, and others
Understanding communication skills assists in this process
Communication: exchange of information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings
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Effective Communications (continued)
Verbal: spoken words Written Nonverbal: facial expressions, body
language, and touch
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Effective Communications (continued)
Essential elements– Sender – Message– Receiver – Feedback
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Effective Communications (continued)
Message must be clear How sender delivers message How receiver hears message How receiver understands message Avoid interruptions and distractions
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Listening
Essential to communications Attempt to hear what other is really saying Need constant practice Good listening skills techniques Observe speaker closely Reflect statements back to speaker
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Nonverbal Communications
Facial expressions, body language, gestures, eye contact, and touch
Can conflict with verbal message Be aware of own and other’s nonverbals Don’t always need verbals to
communicate effectively When verbal and nonverbal agree,
message more likely understood
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Barriers to Communication
Something that gets in the way of clear communications
Common barriers– Physical disabilities– Psychological attitudes and prejudice– Cultural diversity
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Recording and Reporting
Observe and record observations Use all senses in the process Report promptly and accurately Criteria for recording observations on a
patient’s health care record
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Summary
Good communication skills allow development of good interpersonal relationships
Health care worker also relates more effectively with coworkers and other individuals