3.reformation and the wars of religion

Erasmus and Christian Humanism

Religion on the Eve of the Reformation


Clement VII (France) Urban VI (Italy)

VS

Martin Luther

Justification by Faith

Martin Luther

The 95 Thesis

The Reformation Divides Europe


• Hundreds of German Princes converted to Lutheranism, the Holy Roman Emperor fought them as heretics.


• These rulers quickly took control of the Catholic churches in their territories, forming state churches under their rule.


• In June 1524, Luther faced a political crisis when German peasants revolted against their lords, Luther sided with the lords.


• Lutheranism had time to spread as the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Hapsburg) was busy.


• Charles V (a paladin of Catholicism) fought a 20 year war against the French King.


• Charles V (a paladin of Catholicism) colonized the Americas.


• Charles V (a paladin of Catholicism) fought a 20 year war against the French King.


• When Pope Clement VII joined the French King, Charles V captured him and sacked Rome in 1527.


• Next Charles V had to fight off the armies and navies of the Ottoman Sultan.


• When he turned his attention to the Holy Roman Empire, Lutheranism had become deep rooted.


• He defeated the Protestant German Princes, yet could not kill them all.


• An end to religious warfare in Germany came in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg.


• This agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. The German Princes could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.


• A Prince’s religion became the religion of that state, subjects could not choose their religion..

The Zwinglian Reformation

John Calvin (1509-1564)

The Reformation Changes England

Church of England (Anglican Church)

The Pope would not allow him to divorce Queen Catherin, daughter of Isabella of Spain.

Church of England (Anglican Church)Henry 8 expected Cardinal Wosley to get an annulment, however Pope Clement VII could not as

Catherine was the aunt of Charles V.

Henry turned to Thomas Cromwell and had Parliament declare him the head of the Church in England, and divorced her.


Church of England

They Anglican Church kept most of the Catholic hierarchy, just with Henry as the head.


Church of England

Henry’s did away with monks and nuns and expropriated the treasures that Monasteries had built up over 1500 years, which were substantial.


Henry and Catherine had a daughter Mary a Catholic.


Queen Mary I The Reformation Changes England

#2--Anne Boleyn

Elizabeth daughter of Henry and Anne a Protestant.

And the wedding kept coming!


#3--Jane Seymour [1508-1537]

#4--Anne of Cleves [1515-1557]

#5--Katherine Howard [1525-1542]

#6--Katherine Parr [1512-1548]

Henry’s Deathbed

The Anabaptists

Effects on the Role of Women

Effects on Literacy

The Catholic Counter Reformation

Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion

LepantoOctober 7, 1571

Strategic ContextIn response to the Ottoman invasion of Venetian-held Cyprus, Pope Pius V proclaims the Holy League, comprising the Papacy, Spain, Venice, Genoa, Tuscany,Savoy, Urbino, Parma and the Knights of Malta. The Holy League’s purpose is to resist Ottoman Empire’s aspirations in the Mediterranean Sea. Two weeks afterthe Ottomans crush the last resistance on Cyprus, this mutually suspicious alliance finally assembles a fleet under Don Juan of Austria and seeks out the Ottomanfleet. Ottoman scouts report the Holy League fleet’s arrival in the Gulf of Patras to Müezzinzade Ali Pasha, commander of the Ottoman fleet, who orders anattack. This decision is against the advice of his peers who argue for a defensive position.

Stakes+ A Holy League victory would halt – at leasttemporarily – Ottoman expansion in theMediterranean.

+ An Ottoman victory would splinter the HolyLeague alliance and encourage Ottomandominance of the Mediterranean.

By Jonathan Webb, 2010 ©

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg


Lepanto, 1571Strength

Holy League

Well

Ottomans

Well

Don Juan of Austria

216 galleys202 galleys

Müezzinzade Ali Pasha


6 galeasses 64 galiots



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Ali_Pasha.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Ali_Pasha.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Kad%C4%B1rga_Minyat%C3%BCr.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Kad%C4%B1rga_Minyat%C3%BCr.jpg

Müezzinzade Pasha deploys his fleet in five divisions, three being pre-committed to fight at his dense center. His left wing has the most room to maneuver and thus

equipped with many with smaller, more agile galiots. He plans to preserve his center while one or both of his wings defeat their opposition and envelop the Holy League

line. Juan deploys his fleet in four divisions, one being a reserve. Juan strengthens his center with both quantity and quality of galleys and allows his lethal galeasses to sail

ahead of the main line to thin out the Ottoman ranks. He plans to crush the Ottoman center while his wings prevent his own center from being outflanked. Overall, the Holy

League galleys are larger and boast more firepower but are slower than their Ottoman counterparts. Both Müezzinzade and Juan command from the center of their lines.

Ottomans

(Müezzinzade Pasha)

Holy League

(Juan)

NN

Mehmet Suluk

As both fleets sail towards each other, Barbarigo’s galeasses pulverize Mehmet Suluk’s galleys and disrupt their formation. Mehmet Suluk

adapts by sending the galleys on his extreme right to round the inshore flank of Barbarigo’s galleys, knowing the Holy League captains are

less accustomed to the area and more fearful of running ashore. The rest of the Ottoman right wing follows and is able to concentrate against

only half of the Holy League left wing.

DoriaBazan

BarbarigoJuan

Müezzinzade Pasha

Uluj Ali

Mehmet Suluk is punishing the Holy League left wing until its other half swings around to engage in battle and Bazan sends reinforcements

from the reserve. Barbarigo is mortally wounded and must cede command to Contarini who is then killed and succeeded by Nani. Juan’s

center galeasses decimate the Ottoman galleys with a murderous fire before close combat. Meanwhile, Uluj Ali is straining the Holy League

right by deploying his surplus of ships in line, forcing Doria to stretch his own line to match the length of the Ottoman line. This inevitably

creates gaps.

In the north, Nani turns the tide by killing Mehmet Suluk and trapping the Ottoman galleys against the shore. In the center, the heftier Holy

League galleys are inflicting heavy losses while a duel between the two flagships develops; both commanders funnel all available men into

this battle. Bazan sends reinforcements from the reserve to ensure steady pressure against the Ottoman flagship. In the south, Uluj Ali

continues to deploy ships and force Doria to strain his line; the Holy League right wing is drifting dangerously further from the center.

Trapped against the shore and without a leader, the Ottoman right wing is in the process of annihilation. The Ottoman center continues to suffer grievous losses but remains

intact. Fifteen captains of Doria’s extreme left believe he is betraying the Holy League by ignoring the fierce engagement in the center so they break formation to join the

fray, creating a sizeable gap in the Holy League right wing. Uluj Ali seizes this opportunity to charge the gap, destroying most of the wandering galleys on the way. Juan’s

right flank is suddenly threatened but Bazan sends the last of the reserve to try and contain the gap. Doria meanwhile rushes to engage the rest of his division but cannot

fully do so.

The remainder of the Ottoman right wing runs aground and the crews abandon their galleys for land. Meanwhile,

Müezzinzade Pasha is finally killed and his flagship overrun just as Doria engages the Ottoman left wing. Uluj Ali realizes

the situation is futile and escapes westward with thirty galleys. The remaining Ottoman galleys flee in small

contingents.

Holy League

(Don Juan of Austria)

202 galleys

6 galeasses

Ottomans

(Müezzinzade Ali Pasha)

216 galleys

64 galiots

ContariniNani

Holy League Reserve

(Don Álvaro de Bazan)

38 galleys

Ottoman Right Wing

(Mehmet Suluk Pasha)

60 galleys 2 galiots

Holy League Center

(Don Juan of Austria)

62 galleys 2 galeasses

Holy League Left Wing

(Agostin Barbarigo)


Holy League Right Wing

(Gian Andrea Doria)


Ottoman Center

(Müezzinzade Ali Pasha)


Ottoman Left Wing

(Uluj Ali Pasha)


Holy League Left Wing

(Frederigo Nani)


Galeasse

Galeasses are designed to carry guns whereas typicalgalleys carry soldiers. The six Venetian galeasses atLepanto are relatively experimental but pack amplefirepower: they carry fourty heavy guns whereasflagship galleys carry only five. However, galeassesmust be towed into battle by two galleys and so thisfirepower comes at the expense of speed.

Lepanto, 1571Casualties & Aftermath

Holy League: Ottomans:

16 ships

or

8%

214 ships

or

76%


The Holy League was unable to exploit the victory due to the lateness of the year. By 1572,Ottoman shipbuilding efforts were able to rebuild an entirely new fleet under Uluj Ali. Theexperienced crews and naval soldiers lost at Lepanto could not be replaced for decades,however. An inconclusive naval war dragged on until 1581 wherein Uluj Ali never risked hisinexperienced navy against Juan’s victorious fleet despite the withdrawal of Venetian galleys in1573.

The Art of Battle: Animated Battle Maps

http://www.theartofbattle.com


Economic and Social Crises

The Witchcraft Trials

The Thirty Years’ War

Major Effects of the 30 years war

Next time The English Civil Wars and the Enlightenment

3.reformation and the wars of religion

Education

Transcript of 3.reformation and the wars of religion