2/112 3/112 A Wrong Key In a Few Words Your...

Seminar in Transportation

Presenting at International ConferencesAA PoorfakhraeiPoorfakhraei MM TajaliTajali HH DavoudiDavoudi EE RahimiRahimi SS ShafieiShafiei

Seminar in Transportation

A. A. PoorfakhraeiPoorfakhraei, M. , M. TajaliTajali, H. , H. DavoudiDavoudi, E. , E. RahimiRahimi, S. , S. ShafieiShafiei

Civil Engineering DepartmentSharif University of Technology

Primary Sources: Writing and Presenting in English, Petey Young

1/112

In This Presentation;

Writing Research Articles for PublicationWriting Research Articles for Publication

Presenting at International Conferences

2/112

A Wrong Key

No matter how much you are sophisticated in English

3/112

In a Few Words Your Writing;

Must be written in a right sequenceust be w tte a g t seque ce

Must be clear and don’t lead to misinterpretation

4/112

The Art of Creating a Model toHelp You Write

Y fi d i h l You cant find it anywhere else Forget your knowledge Scientific journal editors!!!

5/112

How to Make Sure Your Paper Will Be Rejected !

Good Enough

Your Writing

Si l R j t

Whether to accept or reject

Poor Simply Reject

6/112

Find Data for Your Model

Native writers in well-known journals has passed the test.Nat ve w te s we ow jou a s as passed t e test. The teachers you would never, ever, find anywhere alse.

An important question is, “whether your data is reliable or not”whether your data is reliable or not .

7/112

Find Data for Your Model

Reliable datae ab e data Well-known journal Not older than 3-5 years Native Writer

The field of study is not vital

8/112

Building Your Model

3 paper’s in hard copy3 paper s in hard copy Spreadshits

Length and structure Transitions Right verbs Tense Opening, ending Giving credit to others

9/112

Your Data Base Spreadshit # 1

structure Spreadshit # 2

Transitions

Spreadshit # 3 Right verbs

Spreadshit # 4 Tense

Spreadshit # Spreadshit # Opening, ending

Spreadshit # 6 Giving credit to others

10/112

Draft, And It’s Such a Thing !

You need to cultivate your paper in many draftsou eed to cu t vate you pape a y d a ts In first draft Don’t need to be in english Sequence is important Don’t confuse your self editing Let the flaws edited in next drafts

11/112

Sequence, The Basic of Your Writing

Don’t commit a crimeDon t commit a crime named “Repetition”

Story Board

12/112

Next Drafts We discussed first draft Before goinig on pay attention to some usual flaw;Before goinig on pay attention to some usual flaw;

Paper is too broad Too proud of data So boring and full of details Having failed to give credit to others

13/112

Next Drafts Dividing into paragraphs Editing the flawsEditing the flaws Use your spreadshits Or use your papers

Your effort must be focused on;

First Draft Making clear and straightforward Final Draft

14/112

Make Sure to;

Be clear for everyone in your fielde c ea o eve yo e you e d When giving credit, consider appropriate refrencing Don’t bore the reader Don’t overexplain sth

Now you are ready to learn how to edit and to write your finalNow you are ready to learn how to edit and to write your final draft

15/112

The Art of Editing What You Write

Who will help you edit? p y

If you get any advice from the journal, it will probably be a sentence telling you to get language help for your paper.

To get a manuscript published you must learn to edit your g p p y ymanuscript several times with colleagues

16/112

FINDING EDITING HELP


Where should you go to get editing help?

Professional editors who are not scientists and are unfamiliar with your type of science can be extremely undependable in their choice of improvements

Few successful writers of science edit alone. They write in teams and edit for each other.

Most scientists edit with a colleague

17/112

You can only be helped by someone who:


trusts you to be open to both positive and negative criticismIs capable of giving both positive as well as negative criticismknows your work wellis familiar with the type of writing in the journal in which you

plan to publish.p p

18/112

ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY LANGUAGE

You must edit out any words, sentences, and phrases that are not essential to meaning.

Repetition & Redundancy

Repetition: directly repeating the same words

Redundancy : indirect repetition through alternate phrases or synonyms

Both of them are common flaws in rejected papers

19/112

You get to make a point once and only once


Ideas, no matter how important are not restated or rephrased within the body of a research article.

The only acceptable repetition occurs in a final summary and can be briefly restated without detailed explanation.

20/112

Repeated Vocabulary

i i f h i b l i ll b


Repetition of the same non-science vocabulary, especially verbs, will make your manuscript dull

Replace some repeated non-technical words with alternate words that will mean the same and often be more accurate

Note that a thesaurus is a dangerous source for finding an Note that a thesaurus is a dangerous source for finding an alternate word to use

Your only reliable information is in your spreadsheets and the articles you photocopied

21/112

Unnecessary Explanation or Description


Your manuscript must be avoided of using:

More background or history than the journal to which you plan to send normally prints.

Too many details about what was done – or even worse, details about y ,unsuccessful work.

Information about other research your group has done.

22/112

Prepositional Phrases


Another common form of unnecessary explanation lies in the overuse of qualifying prepositional phrases, such as :

- In our laboratory when where the work has taken place is obvious to the reader

- by the researchery- during the research- on the table- in this group

23/112

Contemporary writing in science has become more and more direct

PASSIVE VOICE

direct

You will want to check your final draft for sentences which begin: There are . . . There is . . . There was There was . . . There were . . . There has been . . . There have been . . .

24/112

check for all sentences that start with the word ‘It’ when without a referent

PASSIVE VOICE

It was . . . It is . . . It has been . . .

You can use passive structure in your early drafts

Then change them when you edit final draft

25/112

Examples of Indirect or Unnecessary Language from Unpublished Papers

PASSIVE VOICE

26/112

The impact of messages becomes stronger when writers avoid the addition of intensifiers, such as ‘really’, ‘actually’, ‘truly’.

EMPHASIZING MEANING WITH INTENSIFIERS

the addition of intensifiers, such as really , actually , truly .

They are good words to use sociallyletters, but they do not belong in research reports

The best advice is to eliminate them in your final edit.

27/112

The Word ‘Very’


‘Very’ is another word everyone should avoid.It is not ambiguous as an intensifier , that it is basically meaningless

You can consider using intensifiers that are more effective at adding emphasis, such as ‘extremely’, ‘highly’, ‘strongly’, ‘surprisingly’,

but use all intensifiers infrequently or they will lose their power and sound unscientific

28/112

Other Overused Words

F i t f th d d hi h d


Free your manuscript from other overused words which reduce the intensity of your message

Replace words such as ‘a lot’ and ‘many’ with more specific meaningful words.

Also improve the impact of your words by omitting those that Also improve the impact of your words by omitting those that are not only overused but judgmental, such as ‘good’ or ‘nice’

Avoid words that praise instead of explain: Good science explains not praises

29/112

Exclamation Marks


Exclamation marks are seldom if ever seen in professional writing and certainly not in research reports

Instead you must make your emphasis clear by a careful choice of vocabulary.

30/112

Clichés are over-used idioms and using them is not respected in English .

They are considerably less effective than the simple direct

CLICHES

words Examples of Inappropriate Clichés and Unnecessary Words from

Unpublished Papers

31/112

Scholarly wit is highly valued in good scientific writing

WIT

using wit successfully requires a superb knowledge of the English language

The short length and requirements of research articles seldom afford room for wit even in the hands of an expert

32/112

TRANSITIONSTransitional words and phrases are valuable within and

between sentences

Overuse of any of them will weaken your final draft

Use as many of them as you want in your early drafts In early drafts these are an aid to you because they tend to tighten up and

guide your thinking.

I h fi l d f d h k f ll In the final draft you need to check carefully to see: How many you have usedWhether or not you have used them in places where the meaning

requires them.

33/112

Smoothers

They smooth the way between sentences in which the logic flows in an expected direction

TRANSITIONS

flows in an expected direction

A judicious use of such transitions smoothes readers’ ability to follow along as your writing moves from idea to idea

Overuse of smoothers will weaken your writing and distract your readersyour readers

Some example of Smoothers Furthermore In addition finally

34/112

Contradictors

These transitions usually required when a sentence or paragraph

TRANSITIONS

These transitions usually required when a sentence or paragraph contradicts the on-going logic of the previous idea

They serve to warn the reader that the direction of the logic is about to change

Some example of SmoothersSo e e p e o S oo e s But However Instead Despite

35/112

Explainers

Explainers are transitions used to show cause and effect

TRANSITIONS

p

These transitions are sometimes optional and often occur in the middle of sentences

They are especially valuable to signal that you are giving results or conclusions

Some example of explainers Because As a result Therefore In conclusion

36/112

Guidelines for Editing Transitions

Th l id li h l h di f

TRANSITIONS

Three general guidelines can help you when you edit your use of transitions:

If a current reputable journal article written by an English speaker uses the term, it is probably a good choice

The role of transition words or phrases is to clarify the meaning to readers This is their only rolereaders. This is their only role.

Using transitions more than 10–12 times on a full page of text is apt to interfere with, not help, the readers’ comprehension.

37/112

EDITING VERB TENSES

The final and most tedious edit is to examine each verb tense in the paper for agreement and consistency

This should be done after all other revisions and edits have been made.

38/112

Present Tenses

Simple Present Tense

The most common tense in scientific writing today is the simple present tense

All results, whether done today or years ago, are referred to in present tense

The implication of this use of the simple present tense is that the finding is an alltime truth, which would occur again were the experiment repeated

39/112

Present Progressive Tense

Progressive tenses are fine in conversation narrative writing

Present Tenses

Progressive tenses are fine in conversation, narrative writing, and letters, but they are seldom found in professional or scientific writing.

Present Perfect Tenses

Present perfect tenses can be not only correct but quite elegant Present perfect tenses can be not only correct but quite elegant in research reporting

The perfect tenses are seldom required, and they do require more language knowledge than the simpler tenses.

40/112

Past Tenses

Past tenses are also commonly used in scientific writing, but only under certain circumstances

Simple Past Tense

Present past tense is used to refer to what was done during laboratory work

Within a research article, the use of simple past tense to explain procedures is usually the only exception to the use of simple presentprocedures is usually the only exception to the use of simple present tense

Other uses are no longer common

41/112

Past Perfect Tenses

P f l b i b h i l

Past Tenses

Past perfect tenses can also be appropriate, but the simple past tense is safer and often better.

Past Progressive Tense

They are rare and usually unnecessaryThey are rare and usually unnecessary.

42/112

Examples of Inappropriate Tenses from Unpublished Papers

EDITING VERB TENSES43/112

Language of the world

English is going to be in the next centuries generally the language of the world

The Art of Dancing with changeThe Art of Dancing with change

world

Because of World Wide Web The increasing population in America England & America colonies in all over the world

Native Speakers = 380 million

Second Language = 250 million

44/112

Differences between British and North American EnglishDifferences between British and North American English

In the process of becoming a world language, differences are fast disappearing

• Few, if any, differences in grammar

• Spelling differences are still noticeable

But differences are fast fading under the influence of the Internet

‘lorry’/‘truck’, ‘torch’/‘flashlight’,‘sweet’/‘candy’, ‘biscuit’/‘cookie’

• but none of these are words that appear commonly in science

45/112

Spelling

North American spelling has become more common

A glance at the journal will show you which spelling the journal prefers

But A journal will accept both spellings

British North American

centre center

colour, honour, labour color, honor, labor

focussed, focussing focused, focusing

gaol jail

enquiry inquiry

46/112

Style

American English tends to be more informal than British EnglishAmerican English tends to be more informal than British English American English makes less use of polite, ambiguous verb forms, such as:

‘could’, ‘would’, ‘should’, ‘might’, ‘can’, ‘may’

Correspondence in American English tends to be more informal than British English

In American English, ‘whom’ and ‘shall’ are replaced with ‘who’ and ‘will’g p the difference between ‘among’ and ‘between’ is often ignored

The current style of North American English in personal letters often seems lazy or even impolite

47/112

Changing Places of Parts of Speech

T diti ll ll lik th t b l d b d d d

Differences between traditional & Differences between traditional & peresentperesent English languageEnglish language

Traditionally we all like a grammar that can be learned, can be depended upon

This is not how English is In English language you have freedom to have to take one part of speech and

use it as another

However, this is also one of the glories of English

ExampleExample Nouns Becoming Verbs/Nouns Becoming Adjectives

we can get email; email someone; and get email letters Adjectives Being Used as Adverbs

different’ for ‘differently

48/112

Moving Toward Faster and More Direct Communication

o We believe that these results will

We believe that sooner or later these results will We believe that sooner or later these results will

o The findings of the results of the study show . . . that the end product hasindicated . . .

The end product indicates . . .

An important part of this trend in science journals is the use of active voice instead of passive voice

49/112

Punctuation

now English uses less punctuation than was traditionally used

Capital Letters Then words such as ‘university, professor, doctor, chemistry’ lost their capitals,

except when used in titles

the Internet retains its capital, then soon we should see ‘internet’ without the capital

Hyphens & Commas are used fewer than before

Acronyms and Abbreviations

English language, especially in science, rapidly is accepting acronyms and abbreviations

Acronyms are with out any dots

Some units of measure are acronyms and slowly capital letters are disappearing

50/112

Emoticons

Shorter ways to communicate in English are ‘emoticons’

Emoticon formed by blend of the words ‘emotion’ and ‘icon’

There are some unique acronyms for some statements:

‘CUS’ for ‘see you soon’

‘IMHO’ for ‘in my humble opinion’.

These are of even less value and less understood than emoticons

51/112

Questions Avoid asking questions of the reader in your paper

This technique has gone out of fashion and is seldom seen

Instead you are expected to make statements that give readers information

The Mysterious Word ‘The’ Maybe correct use of the word ‘the’ can only be understood by native speakers But today this word is used by native speakers more mystery than most non-

native speakers

52/112

A Recent Example of language changeThe evolution of email

adopt abbreviations

drop capital letters

omit hyphens

use nouns as verbs

Electronic mail E-mail

e-mail

email

E-mail

e-mail

53/112

The Art of Writing Abstracts, ProposalsThe Art of Writing Abstracts, Proposals

your ability to write good abstracts, clear proposals could make an article accepted y y g , p p pfor publications

article accepted for publication in an international journal

accepted as a speaker at an international conference

writing a successful grant

are difficultbut they all require special skills

54/112

ABSTRACTS The abstract will be read first

its quick clarity will strongly influence to acceptance of your work

An abstract is an extract of the essence of your worky

Abstracts are not summaries; they are more concise and clearer than summaries.

Abstracts are built around importance

It gives what was discovered, how it was done

It should fit with other research

It suggests for future researchIt suggests for future research

The abstract must be short Most journals’ instructions tell authors to send in abstracts of as few as 100 words or

less

Conference abstracts sometimes require as few as 50 words

55/112

ABSTRACTS

The five maxims for writing abstracts areThe five maxims for writing abstracts are

Stay within or under the required number of words

Edit carefully

Have a colleague who knows your work well edit

Edit again

Check your word choices and structures against other recent abstracts in that

journal or conferenc

56/112

PROPOSALS

Proposals for presenting at conferences are relatively easy to write

But writing proposals for grants is considerably more difficult

Proposals to Conferences Writing proposals for presenting at conferences is similar to writing abstracts

Brevity is important but seldom as short as abstracts for journalsE h f ill h i l i d d dli d i Each conference will have its proposal requirements and deadlines posted on its website

57/112

Proposals for Grants

• PROPOSALS

p

Writing a grant proposal is quite different from writing a proposal to present at a conference

Grant proposals are lengthy matters

Requiring information about your research

The background for it The background for it

Its purpose

Its value to the grant-giving organization

58/112

Proposals for Grants• Each institution have different requirements for the writing of the grants

• First-time applications for a grant are often unsuccessful, but do not be pp g ,

discouraged

• If yours is rejected, detailed information about why it has been rejected will

accompany the rejection

• you should carefully rewrite the grant addressing the reasons it was rejected,

and resubmit

• Successful scientists have often rewritten and resubmitted a grant three times

before it was finally accepted

• Besides improving the grant each time, they learned more about writing

successful grants

59/112

Introductory and Application Letters

Today most letters worldwide are sent and received over the oday ost ette s wo dw de a e se t a d ece ved ove t eInternet.

Deciding what style to use when sending emails: Carefully! Consider what type of personality you desire to convey.

60/112


Some kinds of language may be intended to be friendly but Some kinds of language may be intended to be friendly but may actually appear to be so informal as to be impolite.

For example: ‘Hi’ or ‘Hi Petey’ or ‘Hi Dr. Young

Other greetings seem to be overly formal.Other greetings seem to be overly formal.

For example:‘My very Dear Dr. Young’ or ‘Honored Professor’

61/112


At the other extreme, occasional emails arrive with no At the other extreme, occasional emails arrive with no salutation beyond the name at the top and the subject.

For example: ‘Peter’ or ‘Young’

62/112


Example of an Introductory Letter, Sent by Emaila p e o a t oducto y ette , Se t by a

63/112


effective letters of introduction or applicatione ect ve ette s o t oduct o o app cat o

Simple Direct Brief State only factual Relevant information

64/112


Recommendation:Recommendation:

You attach your resume and perhaps one other relevant brief document. Letters of recommendation are sent later by the people who are

recommending you. it is absolutely essential that you make no mistakes. Keep a file of letters you send and letters you receive. The best advice is to compose your letters in a word-processing program

65/112


The Art of Preparing SlidesThe Art of Preparing Slides helps you understand the role of slides.

The Art of Using Your Voice gives techniques for making music with your voice.

Th A f B d L d P i S hl The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly deals with showing body bravery and practicing

The Art of Napping at Conferences contains tongue-in-cheek advice on the art of napping.

66/112


At the conference you will be expected to speak, not read, your t t e co e e ce you w be e pected to spea , ot ead, youpaper and to, talk about, not read, your slides.

Being successful as a presenter means being fully prepared.

Worrying is not helpful. Preparing is helpful.

67/112

The Art of Preparing Slides

As soon as you know you are going to speak, begin by s soo as you ow you a e go g to spea , beg bypreparing your slides.

Choose: Titles key words GraphicsGraphics Citationsand think about color and design.

68/112


Today most scientists design and prepare their slides by using a Today most scientists design and prepare their slides by using a software program, such as Microsoft’s PowerPoint.

A wise presenter, however, carries a set of individual transparencies as a protection against electrical failure or unexpected computer incompatibilityunexpected computer incompatibility.

69/112


BEING AN BEING AN ARTISTARTIST

Such additions such as color, photographs, or motion are good only if they help your slides be:

Clear Legible easy-to-understand easy to understand

The audience appreciates a good set of slides but they are interested in your research not in how capable you are of using bizarre colors or images revolving or shooting in or out of the screen.

70/112


Use of Use of ColorColorUse oUse o Co oCo o

Pale colors, such as pale yellow, make a more interesting background than a plain screen.

b i ht l d b k d k i th i f ti th a bright-colored background makes seeing the information on the slide difficult.

71/112



Too many colors, say a total of 5 and up, on one slide is usually not only less pleasant but less effective than 2–4.

be kind to the eyes of your audience.

Background fill color can help clarify information when it is necessary to have a list that fills the slide.

72/112

Colour - Good

Use a colour of font that contrasts sharply with the background Ex: blue font on white background

Use colour to reinforce the logic of your structure Ex: light blue title and dark blue text

Use colour to emphasize a point But only use this occasionally

73/112

Colour - Bad

Using a font colour that does not contrast with the background colour is hard to read

Using colour for decoration is distracting and annoying. Using a different colour for each point is unnecessary Using a different colour for secondary points is also

unnecessaryunnecessary Trying to be creative can also be bad

Background – Bad

Avoid backgrounds that are distracting or difficult to read from

Always be consistent with the background that you use

75/112



76/112

Graphs - Good

Items Sold in First Quarter of 2002

5060708090

100

Blue Balls

01020304050

January February March April

Red Balls

77/112

Graphs - Bad

90

50

60

70

80

90

100

Blue BallsRed Balls

20.4

27.4

20.4

30.6

38.634.6

31.6

0

10

20

30

40

January February March April

78/112


FontsFontso tso ts

On slides the simpler fonts, such as ‘Arial’, are easier to read on a screen than more traditional fonts with serifs, such as ‘Times New Roman’.

79/112


FontsFontso tso ts

Don’t use a variety of serif and non-serif fonts on the same slide.

Lower-case letters are easier to read than all capitals.

80/112

Fonts - Good

Use at least an 18-point font Use different size fonts for main points and secondary

points this font is 24-point, the main point font is 28-point, and

the title font is 36-point Use a standard font like Arial

81/112

Fonts - Bad

If you use a small font, your audience won’t be able to read what you have written

CAPITALIZE ONLY WHEN NECESSARY. IT IS DIFFICULT TO READ

Don’t use a complicated font Don t use a complicated font

82/112


Print SizePrint Sizet S et S e

Keep the size of print for words and numbers as large as possible.

In most programs anything smaller than point-18 cannot be read on the screen by all the audience.

Each computer program has background colors for slides. “point-24”



83/112


Print SizePrint Sizet S et S e

You want the people at the back of the room to be able to read all the information, including the citations.

To do this you must To do this you must limit the number of words on each slide. discipline yourself to put as little information on each slide as possible, using

your voice to fill in the information.

84/112


Adding EmphasisAdding EmphasisAdding EmphasisAdding Emphasis

use of color putting the most important information in a larger print size, down

to the least important in smaller size. Italics are sometimes used effectively to add emphasis. However underlining is not effective.

85/112


Choosing Title and WordsChoosing Title and WordsChoosing Title and WordsChoosing Title and Words

Titles are important. A title states the topic of the slide as simply and as briefly as

possible. Titles should look like titles.

l d i l d b enclosed in colored boxes written in larger print Written in all caps

86/112


Choosing Title and WordsChoosing Title and WordsC oos g t e a d Wo dsC oos g t e a d Wo ds

Complete sentences on a slide put a presenter in an embarrassing position.

What is the solution?

The solution is to use key words and phrases on the slides and let your voice complete the information, adding interest and details.

87/112

Slide Structure - Bad

This page contains too many words for a presentation slide. It is not written in point form, making it difficult both for your audience to read and for you to present each point. Although there are exactly the same number of points on this slide as the previous slide, it looks much more complicated. In short, your audience will spend too much time trying to read this paragraph instead of listening to you.

88/112

Slide Structure – Good

Show one point at a time: Will help audience concentrate on what you are saying Will prevent audience from reading ahead Will help you keep your presentation focused

89/112


Completing Your Set of SlidesCompleting Your Set of SlidesCompleting Your Set of SlidesCompleting Your Set of Slides

The Credit Slide

An important slide is the one in which you give credit to those who have worked with you or financed you research.

Often this slide is last, but it can also be first.

90/112


Completing Your Set of SlidesCompleting Your Set of SlidesCo p et g ou Set o S desCo p et g ou Set o S des

The Final Result

You want to make every effort to complete your slides so that the final result looks like a set.

Ideally throughout the set you have already used the same style of Font varieties of color emphasis techniques on each slide.

91/112


Completing Your Set of SlidesCompleting Your Set of SlidesCo p et g ou Set o S desCo p et g ou Set o S des

The Final Result

The best result will be a set of slides that serves information kaiseki style.

92/112

The Art of Using Your Voice

Stress and AccentStress and AccentStress and AccentStress and Accent

match your use of stress to that of some native speaker of English and you have relatively little to worry about.

If you have the stress right, you should not waste your time by worrying about whether or not you have some kind of accentworrying about whether or not you have some kind of accent.

93/112


PitchPitchPitchPitch

First, learn how to pitch your voice so that you will not strain it when you speak to an audience.

Control the pitch of your voice by projecting the sound, not from the upper throat or nasal passages but from the diaphragm andthe upper throat or nasal passages but from the diaphragm and lower throat.

94/112


Volume Volume Vo u eVo u e

Successful speakers must increase the volume as well as the depth of their normal speaking voice.

95/112


Gender DifferencesGender DifferencesGe de e e cesGe de e e ces

Male and female voice differences are as socially induced as they are physically caused.

Women who let their voices go high in their throats instead of deeper into their chests sound a bit like children.B th l d f l i ti ft d diffi lt t Both male and female voices are sometimes soft and difficult to hear.

All of us, male or female, can train ourselves to speak in deeper, fuller tones.

96/112


SpeedSpeedSpeedSpeed

Once you have practiced increasing the loudness of your voice, you will want to concentrate on speaking slower and with more animation than you normally speak.

Success speaking at a conference requires speech that is slower and clearer than occurs in normal conversation.

97/112


Reading to an AudienceReading to an AudienceReading to an AudienceReading to an Audience

The most important thing to remember is that the audience and speaker together form a speech.

98/108

Good News!Y tYour stance

how you moveyour facial

hand gestures your slides

70%70%your slides

99/108

The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly

EYE CONTACT easiest way to appear brave easiest way to appear brave show how much you want them to understand look directly at the audience Glancing only briefly at the screen to remind

100/108


KEEPING AN ‘OPEN BODY’ avoid hiding behind a podium or table avoid hiding behind a podium or table don’t turn your back what to do with your hands Moving some as you present is fine

101/108


USING A LASER

The Off Button Explain Keep the light steady your voice silent snap the laser off and talk

Which Hand and How to Stand

102/108


Practicing & Preparation

chosen what to say

lid

practice aloud going through your slides timed your speech

slides are ready

103/108


avoid practicing by looking into a mirror imagine that three walls of an empty room represent your

audience practicing in front of a small group of other professionals

t d t i h l f lor students is helpful

104/108


ENDING ON TIME

Nothing angers the audience or the organizers more than aspeaker who goes overtime. Either the next speaker will have

105/108


You cannot tell them everything You will:1) choose what is most important1) choose what is most important2) display it in clear, uncluttered slides3) explain each slide in slow, simple, easy-to-understand English

!!!!worst mistakeworst mistakeRacing through a bewildering amount of rapid data

106/108


FIELDING QUESTIONSthe chair will repeat questions or commentsask the questioner to repeat the question so that the whole

audience can hear it step toward the questioner Don’t back away

T k ti Take your time

107/108

The Art of Napping at Conferences

30-second to three-minute nap deep l particularly international conferences

interspersed with periods of wakefulness Napping within groups Nodding is that all-revealing jerky movement of the head as you alternately relax muscular tension

to cause a neckache everyone to see that you are indeed napping

sleep

everyone to see that you are indeed napping head support

Variations of successful napping techniques developed over the years.

108/108

2/112 3/112 A Wrong Key In a Few Words Your...

Documents

Transcript of 2/112 3/112 A Wrong Key In a Few Words Your...