Seminar in Transportation
Presenting at International ConferencesAA PoorfakhraeiPoorfakhraei MM TajaliTajali HH DavoudiDavoudi EE RahimiRahimi SS ShafieiShafiei
Seminar in Transportation
A. A. PoorfakhraeiPoorfakhraei, M. , M. TajaliTajali, H. , H. DavoudiDavoudi, E. , E. RahimiRahimi, S. , S. ShafieiShafiei
Civil Engineering DepartmentSharif University of Technology
Primary Sources: Writing and Presenting in English, Petey Young
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In This Presentation;
Writing Research Articles for PublicationWriting Research Articles for Publication
Presenting at International Conferences
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A Wrong Key
No matter how much you are sophisticated in English
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In a Few Words Your Writing;
Must be written in a right sequenceust be w tte a g t seque ce
Must be clear and don’t lead to misinterpretation
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The Art of Creating a Model toHelp You Write
Y fi d i h l You cant find it anywhere else Forget your knowledge Scientific journal editors!!!
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How to Make Sure Your Paper Will Be Rejected !
Good Enough
Your Writing
Si l R j t
Whether to accept or reject
Poor Simply Reject
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Find Data for Your Model
Native writers in well-known journals has passed the test.Nat ve w te s we ow jou a s as passed t e test. The teachers you would never, ever, find anywhere alse.
An important question is, “whether your data is reliable or not”whether your data is reliable or not .
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Find Data for Your Model
Reliable datae ab e data Well-known journal Not older than 3-5 years Native Writer
The field of study is not vital
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Building Your Model
3 paper’s in hard copy3 paper s in hard copy Spreadshits
Length and structure Transitions Right verbs Tense Opening, ending Giving credit to others
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Your Data Base Spreadshit # 1
structure Spreadshit # 2
Transitions
Spreadshit # 3 Right verbs
Spreadshit # 4 Tense
Spreadshit # Spreadshit # Opening, ending
Spreadshit # 6 Giving credit to others
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Draft, And It’s Such a Thing !
You need to cultivate your paper in many draftsou eed to cu t vate you pape a y d a ts In first draft Don’t need to be in english Sequence is important Don’t confuse your self editing Let the flaws edited in next drafts
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Sequence, The Basic of Your Writing
Don’t commit a crimeDon t commit a crime named “Repetition”
Story Board
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Next Drafts We discussed first draft Before goinig on pay attention to some usual flaw;Before goinig on pay attention to some usual flaw;
Paper is too broad Too proud of data So boring and full of details Having failed to give credit to others
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Next Drafts Dividing into paragraphs Editing the flawsEditing the flaws Use your spreadshits Or use your papers
Your effort must be focused on;
First Draft Making clear and straightforward Final Draft
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Make Sure to;
Be clear for everyone in your fielde c ea o eve yo e you e d When giving credit, consider appropriate refrencing Don’t bore the reader Don’t overexplain sth
Now you are ready to learn how to edit and to write your finalNow you are ready to learn how to edit and to write your final draft
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The Art of Editing What You Write
Who will help you edit? p y
If you get any advice from the journal, it will probably be a sentence telling you to get language help for your paper.
To get a manuscript published you must learn to edit your g p p y ymanuscript several times with colleagues
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FINDING EDITING HELP
The Art of Editing What You Write
Where should you go to get editing help?
Professional editors who are not scientists and are unfamiliar with your type of science can be extremely undependable in their choice of improvements
Few successful writers of science edit alone. They write in teams and edit for each other.
Most scientists edit with a colleague
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You can only be helped by someone who:
The Art of Editing What You Write
trusts you to be open to both positive and negative criticismIs capable of giving both positive as well as negative criticismknows your work wellis familiar with the type of writing in the journal in which you
plan to publish.p p
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ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY LANGUAGE
You must edit out any words, sentences, and phrases that are not essential to meaning.
Repetition & Redundancy
Repetition: directly repeating the same words
Redundancy : indirect repetition through alternate phrases or synonyms
Both of them are common flaws in rejected papers
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You get to make a point once and only once
ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY LANGUAGE
Ideas, no matter how important are not restated or rephrased within the body of a research article.
The only acceptable repetition occurs in a final summary and can be briefly restated without detailed explanation.
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Repeated Vocabulary
i i f h i b l i ll b
ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY LANGUAGE
Repetition of the same non-science vocabulary, especially verbs, will make your manuscript dull
Replace some repeated non-technical words with alternate words that will mean the same and often be more accurate
Note that a thesaurus is a dangerous source for finding an Note that a thesaurus is a dangerous source for finding an alternate word to use
Your only reliable information is in your spreadsheets and the articles you photocopied
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Unnecessary Explanation or Description
ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY LANGUAGE
Your manuscript must be avoided of using:
More background or history than the journal to which you plan to send normally prints.
Too many details about what was done – or even worse, details about y ,unsuccessful work.
Information about other research your group has done.
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Prepositional Phrases
ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY LANGUAGE
Another common form of unnecessary explanation lies in the overuse of qualifying prepositional phrases, such as :
- In our laboratory when where the work has taken place is obvious to the reader
- by the researchery- during the research- on the table- in this group
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Contemporary writing in science has become more and more direct
PASSIVE VOICE
direct
You will want to check your final draft for sentences which begin: There are . . . There is . . . There was There was . . . There were . . . There has been . . . There have been . . .
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check for all sentences that start with the word ‘It’ when without a referent
PASSIVE VOICE
It was . . . It is . . . It has been . . .
You can use passive structure in your early drafts
Then change them when you edit final draft
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Examples of Indirect or Unnecessary Language from Unpublished Papers
PASSIVE VOICE
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The impact of messages becomes stronger when writers avoid the addition of intensifiers, such as ‘really’, ‘actually’, ‘truly’.
EMPHASIZING MEANING WITH INTENSIFIERS
the addition of intensifiers, such as really , actually , truly .
They are good words to use sociallyletters, but they do not belong in research reports
The best advice is to eliminate them in your final edit.
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The Word ‘Very’
EMPHASIZING MEANING WITH INTENSIFIERS
‘Very’ is another word everyone should avoid.It is not ambiguous as an intensifier , that it is basically meaningless
You can consider using intensifiers that are more effective at adding emphasis, such as ‘extremely’, ‘highly’, ‘strongly’, ‘surprisingly’,
but use all intensifiers infrequently or they will lose their power and sound unscientific
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Other Overused Words
F i t f th d d hi h d
EMPHASIZING MEANING WITH INTENSIFIERS
Free your manuscript from other overused words which reduce the intensity of your message
Replace words such as ‘a lot’ and ‘many’ with more specific meaningful words.
Also improve the impact of your words by omitting those that Also improve the impact of your words by omitting those that are not only overused but judgmental, such as ‘good’ or ‘nice’
Avoid words that praise instead of explain: Good science explains not praises
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Exclamation Marks
EMPHASIZING MEANING WITH INTENSIFIERS
Exclamation marks are seldom if ever seen in professional writing and certainly not in research reports
Instead you must make your emphasis clear by a careful choice of vocabulary.
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Clichés are over-used idioms and using them is not respected in English .
They are considerably less effective than the simple direct
CLICHES
words Examples of Inappropriate Clichés and Unnecessary Words from
Unpublished Papers
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Scholarly wit is highly valued in good scientific writing
WIT
using wit successfully requires a superb knowledge of the English language
The short length and requirements of research articles seldom afford room for wit even in the hands of an expert
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TRANSITIONSTransitional words and phrases are valuable within and
between sentences
Overuse of any of them will weaken your final draft
Use as many of them as you want in your early drafts In early drafts these are an aid to you because they tend to tighten up and
guide your thinking.
I h fi l d f d h k f ll In the final draft you need to check carefully to see: How many you have usedWhether or not you have used them in places where the meaning
requires them.
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Smoothers
They smooth the way between sentences in which the logic flows in an expected direction
TRANSITIONS
flows in an expected direction
A judicious use of such transitions smoothes readers’ ability to follow along as your writing moves from idea to idea
Overuse of smoothers will weaken your writing and distract your readersyour readers
Some example of Smoothers Furthermore In addition finally
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Contradictors
These transitions usually required when a sentence or paragraph
TRANSITIONS
These transitions usually required when a sentence or paragraph contradicts the on-going logic of the previous idea
They serve to warn the reader that the direction of the logic is about to change
Some example of SmoothersSo e e p e o S oo e s But However Instead Despite
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Explainers
Explainers are transitions used to show cause and effect
TRANSITIONS
p
These transitions are sometimes optional and often occur in the middle of sentences
They are especially valuable to signal that you are giving results or conclusions
Some example of explainers Because As a result Therefore In conclusion
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Guidelines for Editing Transitions
Th l id li h l h di f
TRANSITIONS
Three general guidelines can help you when you edit your use of transitions:
If a current reputable journal article written by an English speaker uses the term, it is probably a good choice
The role of transition words or phrases is to clarify the meaning to readers This is their only rolereaders. This is their only role.
Using transitions more than 10–12 times on a full page of text is apt to interfere with, not help, the readers’ comprehension.
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EDITING VERB TENSES
The final and most tedious edit is to examine each verb tense in the paper for agreement and consistency
This should be done after all other revisions and edits have been made.
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Present Tenses
Simple Present Tense
The most common tense in scientific writing today is the simple present tense
All results, whether done today or years ago, are referred to in present tense
The implication of this use of the simple present tense is that the finding is an alltime truth, which would occur again were the experiment repeated
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Present Progressive Tense
Progressive tenses are fine in conversation narrative writing
Present Tenses
Progressive tenses are fine in conversation, narrative writing, and letters, but they are seldom found in professional or scientific writing.
Present Perfect Tenses
Present perfect tenses can be not only correct but quite elegant Present perfect tenses can be not only correct but quite elegant in research reporting
The perfect tenses are seldom required, and they do require more language knowledge than the simpler tenses.
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Past Tenses
Past tenses are also commonly used in scientific writing, but only under certain circumstances
Simple Past Tense
Present past tense is used to refer to what was done during laboratory work
Within a research article, the use of simple past tense to explain procedures is usually the only exception to the use of simple presentprocedures is usually the only exception to the use of simple present tense
Other uses are no longer common
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Past Perfect Tenses
P f l b i b h i l
Past Tenses
Past perfect tenses can also be appropriate, but the simple past tense is safer and often better.
Past Progressive Tense
They are rare and usually unnecessaryThey are rare and usually unnecessary.
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Examples of Inappropriate Tenses from Unpublished Papers
EDITING VERB TENSES43/112
Language of the world
English is going to be in the next centuries generally the language of the world
The Art of Dancing with changeThe Art of Dancing with change
world
Because of World Wide Web The increasing population in America England & America colonies in all over the world
Native Speakers = 380 million
Second Language = 250 million
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Differences between British and North American EnglishDifferences between British and North American English
In the process of becoming a world language, differences are fast disappearing
• Few, if any, differences in grammar
• Spelling differences are still noticeable
But differences are fast fading under the influence of the Internet
‘lorry’/‘truck’, ‘torch’/‘flashlight’,‘sweet’/‘candy’, ‘biscuit’/‘cookie’
• but none of these are words that appear commonly in science
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Spelling
North American spelling has become more common
A glance at the journal will show you which spelling the journal prefers
But A journal will accept both spellings
British North American
centre center
colour, honour, labour color, honor, labor
focussed, focussing focused, focusing
gaol jail
enquiry inquiry
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Style
American English tends to be more informal than British EnglishAmerican English tends to be more informal than British English American English makes less use of polite, ambiguous verb forms, such as:
‘could’, ‘would’, ‘should’, ‘might’, ‘can’, ‘may’
Correspondence in American English tends to be more informal than British English
In American English, ‘whom’ and ‘shall’ are replaced with ‘who’ and ‘will’g p the difference between ‘among’ and ‘between’ is often ignored
The current style of North American English in personal letters often seems lazy or even impolite
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Changing Places of Parts of Speech
T diti ll ll lik th t b l d b d d d
Differences between traditional & Differences between traditional & peresentperesent English languageEnglish language
Traditionally we all like a grammar that can be learned, can be depended upon
This is not how English is In English language you have freedom to have to take one part of speech and
use it as another
However, this is also one of the glories of English
ExampleExample Nouns Becoming Verbs/Nouns Becoming Adjectives
we can get email; email someone; and get email letters Adjectives Being Used as Adverbs
different’ for ‘differently
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Moving Toward Faster and More Direct Communication
o We believe that these results will
We believe that sooner or later these results will We believe that sooner or later these results will
o The findings of the results of the study show . . . that the end product hasindicated . . .
The end product indicates . . .
An important part of this trend in science journals is the use of active voice instead of passive voice
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Punctuation
now English uses less punctuation than was traditionally used
Capital Letters Then words such as ‘university, professor, doctor, chemistry’ lost their capitals,
except when used in titles
the Internet retains its capital, then soon we should see ‘internet’ without the capital
Hyphens & Commas are used fewer than before
Acronyms and Abbreviations
English language, especially in science, rapidly is accepting acronyms and abbreviations
Acronyms are with out any dots
Some units of measure are acronyms and slowly capital letters are disappearing
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Emoticons
Shorter ways to communicate in English are ‘emoticons’
Emoticon formed by blend of the words ‘emotion’ and ‘icon’
There are some unique acronyms for some statements:
‘CUS’ for ‘see you soon’
‘IMHO’ for ‘in my humble opinion’.
These are of even less value and less understood than emoticons
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Questions Avoid asking questions of the reader in your paper
This technique has gone out of fashion and is seldom seen
Instead you are expected to make statements that give readers information
The Mysterious Word ‘The’ Maybe correct use of the word ‘the’ can only be understood by native speakers But today this word is used by native speakers more mystery than most non-
native speakers
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A Recent Example of language changeThe evolution of email
adopt abbreviations
drop capital letters
omit hyphens
use nouns as verbs
Electronic mail E-mail
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The Art of Writing Abstracts, ProposalsThe Art of Writing Abstracts, Proposals
your ability to write good abstracts, clear proposals could make an article accepted y y g , p p pfor publications
article accepted for publication in an international journal
accepted as a speaker at an international conference
writing a successful grant
are difficultbut they all require special skills
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ABSTRACTS The abstract will be read first
its quick clarity will strongly influence to acceptance of your work
An abstract is an extract of the essence of your worky
Abstracts are not summaries; they are more concise and clearer than summaries.
Abstracts are built around importance
It gives what was discovered, how it was done
It should fit with other research
It suggests for future researchIt suggests for future research
The abstract must be short Most journals’ instructions tell authors to send in abstracts of as few as 100 words or
less
Conference abstracts sometimes require as few as 50 words
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ABSTRACTS
The five maxims for writing abstracts areThe five maxims for writing abstracts are
Stay within or under the required number of words
Edit carefully
Have a colleague who knows your work well edit
Edit again
Check your word choices and structures against other recent abstracts in that
journal or conferenc
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PROPOSALS
Proposals for presenting at conferences are relatively easy to write
But writing proposals for grants is considerably more difficult
Proposals to Conferences Writing proposals for presenting at conferences is similar to writing abstracts
Brevity is important but seldom as short as abstracts for journalsE h f ill h i l i d d dli d i Each conference will have its proposal requirements and deadlines posted on its website
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Proposals for Grants
• PROPOSALS
p
Writing a grant proposal is quite different from writing a proposal to present at a conference
Grant proposals are lengthy matters
Requiring information about your research
The background for it The background for it
Its purpose
Its value to the grant-giving organization
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Proposals for Grants• Each institution have different requirements for the writing of the grants
• First-time applications for a grant are often unsuccessful, but do not be pp g ,
discouraged
• If yours is rejected, detailed information about why it has been rejected will
accompany the rejection
• you should carefully rewrite the grant addressing the reasons it was rejected,
and resubmit
• Successful scientists have often rewritten and resubmitted a grant three times
before it was finally accepted
• Besides improving the grant each time, they learned more about writing
successful grants
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Introductory and Application Letters
Today most letters worldwide are sent and received over the oday ost ette s wo dw de a e se t a d ece ved ove t eInternet.
Deciding what style to use when sending emails: Carefully! Consider what type of personality you desire to convey.
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Introductory and Application Letters
Some kinds of language may be intended to be friendly but Some kinds of language may be intended to be friendly but may actually appear to be so informal as to be impolite.
For example: ‘Hi’ or ‘Hi Petey’ or ‘Hi Dr. Young
Other greetings seem to be overly formal.Other greetings seem to be overly formal.
For example:‘My very Dear Dr. Young’ or ‘Honored Professor’
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Introductory and Application Letters
At the other extreme, occasional emails arrive with no At the other extreme, occasional emails arrive with no salutation beyond the name at the top and the subject.
For example: ‘Peter’ or ‘Young’
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Introductory and Application Letters
Example of an Introductory Letter, Sent by Emaila p e o a t oducto y ette , Se t by a
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Introductory and Application Letters
effective letters of introduction or applicatione ect ve ette s o t oduct o o app cat o
Simple Direct Brief State only factual Relevant information
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Introductory and Application Letters
Recommendation:Recommendation:
You attach your resume and perhaps one other relevant brief document. Letters of recommendation are sent later by the people who are
recommending you. it is absolutely essential that you make no mistakes. Keep a file of letters you send and letters you receive. The best advice is to compose your letters in a word-processing program
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Presenting at International Conferences
The Art of Preparing SlidesThe Art of Preparing Slides helps you understand the role of slides.
The Art of Using Your Voice gives techniques for making music with your voice.
Th A f B d L d P i S hl The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly deals with showing body bravery and practicing
The Art of Napping at Conferences contains tongue-in-cheek advice on the art of napping.
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Presenting at International Conferences
At the conference you will be expected to speak, not read, your t t e co e e ce you w be e pected to spea , ot ead, youpaper and to, talk about, not read, your slides.
Being successful as a presenter means being fully prepared.
Worrying is not helpful. Preparing is helpful.
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The Art of Preparing Slides
As soon as you know you are going to speak, begin by s soo as you ow you a e go g to spea , beg bypreparing your slides.
Choose: Titles key words GraphicsGraphics Citationsand think about color and design.
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Today most scientists design and prepare their slides by using a Today most scientists design and prepare their slides by using a software program, such as Microsoft’s PowerPoint.
A wise presenter, however, carries a set of individual transparencies as a protection against electrical failure or unexpected computer incompatibilityunexpected computer incompatibility.
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The Art of Preparing Slides
BEING AN BEING AN ARTISTARTIST
Such additions such as color, photographs, or motion are good only if they help your slides be:
Clear Legible easy-to-understand easy to understand
The audience appreciates a good set of slides but they are interested in your research not in how capable you are of using bizarre colors or images revolving or shooting in or out of the screen.
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Use of Use of ColorColorUse oUse o Co oCo o
Pale colors, such as pale yellow, make a more interesting background than a plain screen.
b i ht l d b k d k i th i f ti th a bright-colored background makes seeing the information on the slide difficult.
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Use of Use of ColorColorUse oUse o Co oCo o
Too many colors, say a total of 5 and up, on one slide is usually not only less pleasant but less effective than 2–4.
be kind to the eyes of your audience.
Background fill color can help clarify information when it is necessary to have a list that fills the slide.
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Colour - Good
Use a colour of font that contrasts sharply with the background Ex: blue font on white background
Use colour to reinforce the logic of your structure Ex: light blue title and dark blue text
Use colour to emphasize a point But only use this occasionally
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Colour - Bad
Using a font colour that does not contrast with the background colour is hard to read
Using colour for decoration is distracting and annoying. Using a different colour for each point is unnecessary Using a different colour for secondary points is also
unnecessaryunnecessary Trying to be creative can also be bad
Background – Bad
Avoid backgrounds that are distracting or difficult to read from
Always be consistent with the background that you use
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Use of Use of ColorColorUse oUse o Co oCo o
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Graphs - Good
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Graphs - Bad
90
50
60
70
80
90
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Blue BallsRed Balls
20.4
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The Art of Preparing Slides
FontsFontso tso ts
On slides the simpler fonts, such as ‘Arial’, are easier to read on a screen than more traditional fonts with serifs, such as ‘Times New Roman’.
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The Art of Preparing Slides
FontsFontso tso ts
Don’t use a variety of serif and non-serif fonts on the same slide.
Lower-case letters are easier to read than all capitals.
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Fonts - Good
Use at least an 18-point font Use different size fonts for main points and secondary
points this font is 24-point, the main point font is 28-point, and
the title font is 36-point Use a standard font like Arial
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Fonts - Bad
If you use a small font, your audience won’t be able to read what you have written
CAPITALIZE ONLY WHEN NECESSARY. IT IS DIFFICULT TO READ
Don’t use a complicated font Don t use a complicated font
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Print SizePrint Sizet S et S e
Keep the size of print for words and numbers as large as possible.
In most programs anything smaller than point-18 cannot be read on the screen by all the audience.
Each computer program has background colors for slides. “point-24”
Each computer program has background colors for slides. “point-20”
Each computer program has background colors for slides. “point-16”
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Print SizePrint Sizet S et S e
You want the people at the back of the room to be able to read all the information, including the citations.
To do this you must To do this you must limit the number of words on each slide. discipline yourself to put as little information on each slide as possible, using
your voice to fill in the information.
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Adding EmphasisAdding EmphasisAdding EmphasisAdding Emphasis
use of color putting the most important information in a larger print size, down
to the least important in smaller size. Italics are sometimes used effectively to add emphasis. However underlining is not effective.
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Choosing Title and WordsChoosing Title and WordsChoosing Title and WordsChoosing Title and Words
Titles are important. A title states the topic of the slide as simply and as briefly as
possible. Titles should look like titles.
l d i l d b enclosed in colored boxes written in larger print Written in all caps
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Choosing Title and WordsChoosing Title and WordsC oos g t e a d Wo dsC oos g t e a d Wo ds
Complete sentences on a slide put a presenter in an embarrassing position.
What is the solution?
The solution is to use key words and phrases on the slides and let your voice complete the information, adding interest and details.
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Slide Structure - Bad
This page contains too many words for a presentation slide. It is not written in point form, making it difficult both for your audience to read and for you to present each point. Although there are exactly the same number of points on this slide as the previous slide, it looks much more complicated. In short, your audience will spend too much time trying to read this paragraph instead of listening to you.
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Slide Structure – Good
Show one point at a time: Will help audience concentrate on what you are saying Will prevent audience from reading ahead Will help you keep your presentation focused
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Completing Your Set of SlidesCompleting Your Set of SlidesCompleting Your Set of SlidesCompleting Your Set of Slides
The Credit Slide
An important slide is the one in which you give credit to those who have worked with you or financed you research.
Often this slide is last, but it can also be first.
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Completing Your Set of SlidesCompleting Your Set of SlidesCo p et g ou Set o S desCo p et g ou Set o S des
The Final Result
You want to make every effort to complete your slides so that the final result looks like a set.
Ideally throughout the set you have already used the same style of Font varieties of color emphasis techniques on each slide.
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The Art of Preparing Slides
Completing Your Set of SlidesCompleting Your Set of SlidesCo p et g ou Set o S desCo p et g ou Set o S des
The Final Result
The best result will be a set of slides that serves information kaiseki style.
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The Art of Using Your Voice
Stress and AccentStress and AccentStress and AccentStress and Accent
match your use of stress to that of some native speaker of English and you have relatively little to worry about.
If you have the stress right, you should not waste your time by worrying about whether or not you have some kind of accentworrying about whether or not you have some kind of accent.
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The Art of Using Your Voice
PitchPitchPitchPitch
First, learn how to pitch your voice so that you will not strain it when you speak to an audience.
Control the pitch of your voice by projecting the sound, not from the upper throat or nasal passages but from the diaphragm andthe upper throat or nasal passages but from the diaphragm and lower throat.
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The Art of Using Your Voice
Volume Volume Vo u eVo u e
Successful speakers must increase the volume as well as the depth of their normal speaking voice.
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The Art of Using Your Voice
Gender DifferencesGender DifferencesGe de e e cesGe de e e ces
Male and female voice differences are as socially induced as they are physically caused.
Women who let their voices go high in their throats instead of deeper into their chests sound a bit like children.B th l d f l i ti ft d diffi lt t Both male and female voices are sometimes soft and difficult to hear.
All of us, male or female, can train ourselves to speak in deeper, fuller tones.
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The Art of Using Your Voice
SpeedSpeedSpeedSpeed
Once you have practiced increasing the loudness of your voice, you will want to concentrate on speaking slower and with more animation than you normally speak.
Success speaking at a conference requires speech that is slower and clearer than occurs in normal conversation.
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The Art of Using Your Voice
Reading to an AudienceReading to an AudienceReading to an AudienceReading to an Audience
The most important thing to remember is that the audience and speaker together form a speech.
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Good News!Y tYour stance
how you moveyour facial
hand gestures your slides
70%70%your slides
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The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly
EYE CONTACT easiest way to appear brave easiest way to appear brave show how much you want them to understand look directly at the audience Glancing only briefly at the screen to remind
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The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly
KEEPING AN ‘OPEN BODY’ avoid hiding behind a podium or table avoid hiding behind a podium or table don’t turn your back what to do with your hands Moving some as you present is fine
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The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly
USING A LASER
The Off Button Explain Keep the light steady your voice silent snap the laser off and talk
Which Hand and How to Stand
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The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly
Practicing & Preparation
chosen what to say
lid
practice aloud going through your slides timed your speech
slides are ready
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The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly
avoid practicing by looking into a mirror imagine that three walls of an empty room represent your
audience practicing in front of a small group of other professionals
t d t i h l f lor students is helpful
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The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly
ENDING ON TIME
Nothing angers the audience or the organizers more than aspeaker who goes overtime. Either the next speaker will have
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The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly
You cannot tell them everything You will:1) choose what is most important1) choose what is most important2) display it in clear, uncluttered slides3) explain each slide in slow, simple, easy-to-understand English
!!!!worst mistakeworst mistakeRacing through a bewildering amount of rapid data
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The Art of Body Language and Presenting Smoothly
FIELDING QUESTIONSthe chair will repeat questions or commentsask the questioner to repeat the question so that the whole
audience can hear it step toward the questioner Don’t back away
T k ti Take your time
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The Art of Napping at Conferences
30-second to three-minute nap deep l particularly international conferences
interspersed with periods of wakefulness Napping within groups Nodding is that all-revealing jerky movement of the head as you alternately relax muscular tension
to cause a neckache everyone to see that you are indeed napping
sleep
everyone to see that you are indeed napping head support
Variations of successful napping techniques developed over the years.
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