2.11 Assessment of Structures

7/24/2019 2.11 Assessment of Structures

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2.11 ASSESSMENT OF

CONCRETE STRUCTURES

2.11.1 Planning

2.11.2 Test methods

Physical Tests

!"a#ility Tests


2/98

Some o$ the "easons $o" ca""ying

o!t assessments To dete"mine the nat!"e o$ "e%ai"s. &n this instance the"e

a"e al'ays (isi#le signs o$ dete"io"ation) e.g. c"ac*ing.

To decide the (al!e o$ a #!ilding 'hen it is #eing soldo" ins!"ed.

To dete"mine the e+%ected "emaining !se$!l li$e o$ a#!ilding 'hen "e$!"#ishment o" change o$ !se is #eingconside"ed.

To dete"mine the a#ility o$ the st"!ct!"e to ta*e aninc"eased loading.

Ro!tine sa$ety ins%ection ,e.g. "oad #"idges-.


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Ty%ical

"e%ai"s


4/98

Tem%o"a"y li$ting $o" "e%ai"


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Skyline PlazaSkyline PlazaApartmentsApartments

March 2, 1973March 2, 1973


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P"o#a#le Ca!se o$ Fail!"e

P"emat!"e "emo(al o$ $o"m'o"*

Conc"ete / days old

A(e"age am#ient tem%e"at!"e 0 C

The were no specification requirementsfor in-place concrete strength for saferemoval of formwork.


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Tower 1 completedTower 1 completedin August 1977in August 1977 Construction ofConstruction ofTower 2 halted inTower 2 halted in

Fall of 1977Fall of 1977

1.5-m lifts1.5-m liftsLift 28Lift 28

Willow Island, WestWillow Island, Westir!inia "oolin! #owerir!inia "oolin! #ower


9/98

State o$ "onstr%ctionat #ime o$ &ail%re

'i$t 2( cast pre)io%s

day"oncrete *%cket !oin!

%p"rackin! so%nd+antry - tilts inward

GANTRY 4

April 26


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11/98

51 Fatalities


12/98

Concl!sions $"om the

t'o accidents

Fail!"e 'as a "es!lt o$ inade!ate conc"etest"ength to s!%%o"t a%%lied const"!ction

loads Fail!"e co!ld ha(e #een %"e(ented had in3

%lace tests #een !sed to assess st"ength o$%"e(io!s li$t


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14/98

Planning the in(estigation

o not #e o(e" am#itio!s) a $e' tests clea"ly analysedand "e%o"ted on time a"e $a" mo"e !se than a mass o$data.

Ens!"e that ade!ate cont"ol a"eas a"e !sed. Almost all o$the tests a"e com%a"ati(e so the"e m!st #e some "es!lts$"om so!nd a"eas to com%a"e 'ith the s!s%ect a"eas.

4he"e %ossi#le ca""y o!t the tests on a acc!"ately

meas!"ed g"id. T"y to decide on a method o$ analysis and %"esentation

#e$o"e 'o"* sta"ts.


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Plan yo!"

access


16/98

Planning the in(estigation

o not #e o(e" am#itio!s) a $e' tests clea"ly analysedand "e%o"ted on time a"e $a" mo"e !se than a mass o$data.

Ens!"e that ade!ate cont"ol a"eas a"e !sed. Almost all o$the tests a"e com%a"ati(e so the"e m!st #e some "es!lts$"om so!nd a"eas to com%a"e 'ith the s!s%ect a"eas.

4he"e %ossi#le ca""y o!t the tests on a acc!"ately

meas!"ed g"id. T"y to decide on a method o$ analysis and %"esentation

#e$o"e 'o"* sta"ts.


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2.11 ASSESSMENT OF

CONCRETE STRUCTURES

2.11.1 Planning

2.11.2 Test methods

Physical Tests

!"a#ility Tests


18/98

Physical Tests

Meas!"ement o$ c"ac* 'idth

Ult"asonic %!lse (elocity

Co(e" mete"s

Re#o!nd hamme"s

&m%act echo

Co"e tests P!ll o!t tests

5oad tests


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Meas!"ement

o$ c"ac* 'idth


20/98

Physical Tests



Co(e" mete"s Re#o!nd hamme"s

&m%act echo


5oad tests


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Ult"asonicTesting


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Po"ta#leUlt"asonic

Non3est"!cti(eigital

&ndicating

Teste"


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P"ess!"e 'a(es in a solid

,see section 1./-

E 6 7o!ng8s mod!l!s

( 6 %!lse (elocity

d 6 density

6 Poisson8s "atio

-3,1

-23-,19,1d(6E

2


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A""angement

T

R

Direct

T

R

Semi-Direct

T R

Surface

MostReliale

LeastReliale


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Ult"asonic testing


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O!" Ult"asonic Test Machine

& di t


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&ndi"ect

meas!"ements

,also !se g"a%h $o"semi3di"ect-


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Ult"aso!nd at c"ac*


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Ult"asonic

Th"o!ghT"ansmission T

P"esence o$ :de$ects:inc"eases t"a(el time

,lo'e" s%eed-


30/98

S!"$ace Method

ete"mine de%th o$ inte"$ace) d

Re!i"es $aste" 'a(e s%eed in #ottom laye"

Meas!"e t"a(el time as a $!nction o$ distance) X)

#et'een t"ansd!ce"s

!" #

Transmitter Receiver

$

%ath 2%ath 2

%ath 1%ath 1 &amage! concrete

'!

(oun! concrete(oun! concrete''ss


31/98

5aye" thic*ness meas!"ement


32/98

Physical Tests




&m%act echo


5oad tests


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Co(e"

mete"s


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Co(e" mete"s 2 di$$e"ent ty%es


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Physical Tests




&m%act echo


5oad tests


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odod

!ush down!ush down

"oc#$release"oc#$release

%utton%utton


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O%e"ation)o!*

(li!er

(pring

Ro!

%ush )o!*

+ammerRelease! Reoun!

+ammer

Latch


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SliderSlider

e%ound num%er & '1e%ound num%er & '1


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Nea"3s!"$ace E$$ects

,ggregate Rough &r* oraronation

,ir voi!

i it l # d h


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igital "e#o!nd hamme"


41/98

Cha"ts $o"

o!" "e#o!ndhamme"s


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Physical Tests




&m%act echo


5oad tests


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&m%act echo test

nci!ent/ront

nci!ent Ra*

Reflecte! Ra*

Reflecte!/ront

mpact Receiver


44/98

&m%act3Echo Method

Flaw

&isplacement

Time

ontacttime

/orce

Time

Fi ld T ti S tFi ld T ti S t


45/98

Field Testing SystemField Testing System


46/98

&m%act Echo A%%lications

;oids o" honeycom#ing

elaminations ,at "ein$o"cement)as%halt=-

;oids in g"o!ted tendon d!cts


47/98

etection is di$$ic!lt 'hen?

&m%act Echo

5imitations

&eep &efect0verla*


48/98

Physical Tests




&m%act echo


5oad tests


49/98

Co"ing Machines


50/98

Reco(e"ed Co"es

Semi.drypaste/!ro%t

"oncrete


51/98

T"aile" mo!nted co"ing machine

Sa'ing conc"ete


52/98

Sa'ing conc"ete

CORE TESTS


53/98

CORE TESTS

Fig 2.11.@. sho's ty%ical st"engths. o not e+%ectto get the ta"get mean.

Co"es a"e tested on end so the ends m!st #eg"o!nd o" ca%%ed #e$o"e testing. The !ality o$ the

"es!lt is only as good as the !ality o$ this 'o"*. Al'ays !se %lenty o$ 'ate" o" the co"e #it 'ill #edamaged.

&$ ca""ying o!t chemical tests on the co"e

"emem#e" that the c!tting 'ate" 'ill ha(e 'ashedo!t some chlo"ides etc $"om nea" the co"e s!"$ace.Use a co(e" mete" to locate the steel and t"y toa(oid it.


54/98

St"engths o#tained $"om co"e tests

CORE TESTS


55/98

CORE TESTS







56/98

Cho% sa' $o" c!tting co"e ends

CORE TESTS


57/98

CORE TESTS







58/98

Flo' o$ 'ate" in

co"e c!tting

CORE TESTS


59/98

CORE TESTS


Co"es a"e tested on end so the ends m!st #e g"o!ndo" ca%%ed #e$o"e testing. The !ality o$ the "es!ltis only as good as the !ality o$ this 'o"*.

Al'ays !se %lenty o$ 'ate" o" the co"e #it 'ill #edamaged.


"emem#e" that the c!tting 'ate" 'ill ha(e 'ashedo!t some chlo"ides etc $"om nea" the co"e s!"$ace.

Use a co(e" mete" to locate the steel and t"y toa(oid it.


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Physical Tests




&m%act echo


5oad tests


61/98

P!ll3o!t test ,1-

P!ll o!t test ,2-


62/98

, -

P ll


63/98

P!ll o!t tests

,=-


64/98

P!ll3o!t tests ,in

o!" la#-


65/98

Physical Tests




&m%act echo


5oad tests


66/98

St"!ct!"al load testing

0ield

Stress

Strain

Plastic

&ail%re

If this is the unloading

curve the structure has

been overloaded


67/98

2.11 ASSESSMENT OF

CONCRETE STRUCTURES

2.11.1 Planning

2.11.2 Test methods

Physical Tests

!"a#ility Tests


68/98

!"a#ility Tests

&nitial S!"$ace A#so"%tion Test

Figg Test

4ate" %enet"ation test

Potential Ma%%ing

Resisti(ity Tests

5inea" Pola"isation

Co!lom# TestB Phenol%hthalein Test

Othe" tests


69/98

&SAT a%%a"at!s


70/98

&SAT

Test

2 5mm

Reservoir

(eal

ap

8 mm8 mm

apillar* 3 (cale

'alve Close (al(e at

s%eci$ied inte"(als

$"om sta"t o$ test

Meas!"e "ate o$

a#so"%tion


71/98

&SAT $lo' "ates

Flo'

Time

Flo' 6 A Time3N


72/98

!"a#ility Tests


Figg Test


Potential Ma%%ing

Resisti(ity Tests

5inea" Pola"isation


Othe" tests

% 4


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Figg Ai"

Pe"mea#ility

Test A%%ly (ac!!m to%"esc"i#ed %"ess!"e

Close (al!e andmeas!"e time $o"%"ess!"e to inc"ease

to %"esc"i#ed (al!e

Plug

2 mm2 mm

2 mm2 mm

1 mm1 mm

%ressure 4age'acuum


74/98


75/98

!"a#ility Tests


Figg Test


Potential Ma%%ing

Resisti(ity Tests

5inea" Pola"isation


Othe" tests


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+_

-0.28

Dal$3Cell Potential Method

,(TM 86

7 onnection to ar7 'oltmeter

7 u-u(0 halfcell

CuSO4solution

Copper rod

Porous plug

Sponge

Potential


77/98

s!"(ey

and"esisti(ity


78/98

ASTM C>0@ Classi$ication $o"

co""osion detectionMeas!"ed %otential ,CSE- Statistical

"is* o$ co""osion

mo"e negati(e than 3=m; GH

32 to 3=m; H

5ess negati(e than 32m; 1H

Conto!"s $"om


79/98

Conto!"s $"om

%otential

s!"(ey


80/98

POTENT&A5 MAPP&NI

Potential ma%%ing is !ic*) non3dest"!cti(e) and

chea%. 5a"ge a"eas may #e co(e"ed.

The "es!lts m!st #e t"eated 'ith ca!tion. Fo"

e+am%le ca"#onation inc"eases conc"ete "esisti(ity

and the"e$o"e inc"eases a%%a"ent "est %otential.

The "es!lts only indicate that co""osion is %ossi#le

and gi(e no in$o"mation a#o!t co""osion "ates. Prestressin! ca*les in d%cts cannot *e

tested


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!"a#ility Tests


Figg Test


Potential Ma%%ing

Resisti(ity Tests

5inea" Pola"isation


Othe" tests

# h d #


82/98

/3P"o#e Method #y 4enne"

=2 s '

.

Current lines()uipotential lines

%roes

,.. source ,mmeter9

'oltmeter9 '

s s s


83/98

Conc"ete "esisti(ity meas!"ement

Signi$icance o$ conc"ete "esisti(ity


84/98

g y

to li*elihood o$ co""osion

Resisti(ity Cm 5i*elihood o$ signi$icant

co""osion

J (e"y high

31 high

132 lo'


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!"a#ility Tests


Figg Test


Potential Ma%%ing

Resisti(ity Tests

5inea" Pola"isation


Othe" tests

Th ASTM Chl id P #ili B


86/98

The ASTM Chlo"ide Pe"mea#ilityB

insit! test ,meas!"es elect"omig"ation-Sodi!m

chlo"ide

9@ (olts

C!""ent is

meas!"ed

Chlo"ide

ions

Rein$o"cing

#a"

;olts

Th ASTM Chl id P #ili B


87/98

The ASTM Chlo"ide Pe"mea#ilityB

test on a "eco(e"ed co"e

Sodi!m

chlo"ideSodi!m

hyd"o+ide

;olts 9@ (olts

Chlo"ideions

Modi$ied ASTM


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Chlo"ide Pe"mea#ilityB

test


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!"a#ility Tests


Figg Test


Potential Ma%%ing

Resisti(ity Tests

5inea" Pola"isation


Othe" tests


90/98

Phenol%hthalein

Test


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!"a#ility Tests


Figg Test


Potential Ma%%ing

Resisti(ity Tests

5inea" Pola"isation


Othe" tests

L


92/98

L3"ay

a%%a"at!s

RAA


93/98

RAA

R

Elect"omagnetic e!i(alent o$SONAR

= 1

2

3

,ntenna

= !ielectricconstant

C = spee!in air

V =

C

G d = h h


94/98

G3mm and =3mm a"s at Th"ee e%ths= mm s%acing

) 1) 1 mm co(e"

9 mm *5 mm

5+ 1++ 15+5+ 1++ 15+ 5+ 1++ 15+5+ 1++ 15+

Infra-Red Cold Spot


95/98

CameraSurveys

,utwardeat Flow.cooling/

nwar!+eat /low:heating;

Cold Spot

Hot Spot

I "amera


96/98

I "amera

Photo o$ *rid!e


97/98

Photo o$ *rid!edeck

(0pansion oint

I Ima!e


98/98

!

2.11 Assessment of Structures

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