2014 Spring: Updates and New Developments on the Sugarcane...
Transcript of 2014 Spring: Updates and New Developments on the Sugarcane...
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2014 Spring: Updates and New Developments on the Sugarcane Aphid
in the Rio Grande Valley
Raul T. Villanueva, Danielle Sekula Ortiz Gabriela Esparza-Diaz
Weslaco, May 20, 2014
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Sugarcane Aphid: Studies and survey of SCA in the LRGV
•Survey: 11 sites
•Transform® Studies: 3 grower fields
•Seed treatm.= 2
•Insecticide efficacy
•Economic threshold
•Cultivar resistance or tolerance
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What are Sugarcane aphids?
• They are soft body insects that suck sap plant juices and produce a large amount of honey dew that can hinder a plants growth.
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Sugarcane aphids
• All females and can live 28 days (range 10-37 days)
• 4 nymphal instars, can be adults in 5 days
• Nymphs can developed in 4.3 to 12.4 days
• Born alive (viviparous)
Life cycle
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Exponential growth of populations Foundress
1st wk
2rd wk
3rd wk
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Corn leaf aphid
Sugarcane aphid
Yellow sugarcane aphid
Greenbug aphid
Prefers young plants
Biotypes are reported
Other aphids species pests of sorghum
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Yellow sugarcane aphid
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Corn Leaf Aphid
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Within these 2 past weeks we have been seeing an alarming amount of winged sugarcane aphids on the underside of the flag leaves.
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Looking for Sugarcane Aphids
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If SCA are not controlled, pest can move into sorghum panicles.
D. Sekula 2014
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Seed treatment field trial 6 Different Treatments • Untreated 9562 • Untreated 9782 • Untreated 3707 • Cruiser 9562 • Cruiser 9782 • Poncho 3707 Was planted on February 17, 2014 Plants emerged on February 23, 2014 Began counts on February 28, 2014
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0 500 1000 1500 2000
Untreated 9562Untreated 9782Untreated 3707
Cruiser 9562Cruiser 9782Poncho 3707
SCA counted on 25-Apr
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Untreated 9562Untreated 9782Untreated 3707
Cruiser 9562Cruiser 9782Poncho 3707
SCA counted on 2-May
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Untreated 9562Untreated 9782Untreated 3707
Cruiser 9562Cruiser 9782Poncho 3707
SCA counted on 16-May
• From February 28th through April 18th none to 1 or 2 SCA/plants were tallied.
• Other aphids species were found mainly the yellow sugarcane aphid and the corn leaf aphid, occasionally the green bug aphid
• Sugarcane aphids were mainly observed after April 25th.
No. of sugarcane aphids on sorghum with and without insecticide seed treatments
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Seed treatments on two sorghum cultivars in potted plants Alex Navarro (intern from Step Up program: South Texas College)
• Two cultivars (Cv) with treated and untreated insecticides were planted on March 24th
Cv.1 + Cruiser & Cv.1-untreated Cv.2+ Poncho & Cv.2-untreated
• Plants germinated on April 1 • All these pots were kept in the green
house without SCA • Every week 4 plants of each treatment
were placed under a shade house and • Four aphids were placed in each sorghum
Cv every week from April 7th to May 19th
• The numbers of SCA were tallied every week
1. April 07 2. April14 3. April 21 4. April 28 5. May 05 6. May 12 7. May 19
4X/treatment
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1-Apr 11-Apr 21-Apr 1-May 11-May 21-May
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1-Apr 11-Apr 21-Apr 1-May 11-May 21-May
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Seed treatments on two sorghum cultivars in potted plants N
º of
SCA
/pl
ant
1 week old
3 weeks old
5 weeks old
Week 1
Untreated Poncho
Week 3
Untreated Cruiser
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SCA in the Rio Grande Valley: Spring 2014
• Sorghum was planted from February to mid March, probably most planting occurred in March due to rains and low temperatures
• SCA were not present in young plants in very few numbers until mid- April 2014
• By mid-April, we observed that sorghum fields that were planted in February were heavily infested by SCA
• Across the RGV, SCA populations started to appear on most of sorghum fields by the last week of April.
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0
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2-Mar 12-Mar 22-Mar 1-Apr 11-Apr 21-Apr 1-May 11-May 21-May
Numbers of SCA / plant : March 1st April 21st Numbers of SCA/ leaf: April 24t to this date
Mean SCA in 10 conventional & 1 organic field in the RGV
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0 10 20 30 40 50
L1L2L3L4L5L6L7
Winged
0 10 20 30 40 50
L1
L3
L5
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L1L2L3L4L5L6L7
Nymphs
0 250 500 750 1000 1250
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Nymphs
Booting, 05/09/14
Grain filling stage: 05/16/14
SCA distribution on leaves of two stages of sorghum plants without application of insecticides
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• We found SCA on corn and sugarcane plants adjacent to sorghum in commercial fields
• SCA are producing offspring in corn plants • The same is occurring in sugarcane plants
SCA found feeding on sugarcane and corn
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Sorghum
Corn
Sugarcane
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SCA in sugarcane SCA in corn
• Winged SCA are producing offspring in both corn and sugarcane plants. We don’t know if SCA is going to persist on corn, become a secondary or severe pest.
• In sugarcane, we believe that SCA is going to be established permanently and it is well known that is a good vector of the yellow leaf sugarcane virus.
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Winged Nymphs Winged Nymphs Winged Nymphs
Corn Sorghum Sugarcane
Suga
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hids
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SCA (mean± SEM) on corn, sorghum, and sugarcane on May 14, 2014, after 1.6 in. of rain the previous day
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Sugarcane aphids and the yellow sugarcane aphid in sugarcane plants
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1. A spray with Transform® was completed in a Sorghum field (planted on Feb 2nd in Rio Hondo), on April 24th by broadcast: 0.75 oz/A
2. A spray with Transform® was conducted in North Edinburg on May 1st with hanging nozzles: 1.0 oz/A and 10 gal of water
3. A spray with Transform® was conducted in La Feria on May 7th by airplane: 1.0 oz/A and 5 gal of water
Control in commercial fields: 3 growers using different systems:
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050
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7-May-14 9-May-14 16-May-14 16-May-14
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30-Apr-14 5-May-14 16-May-14
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• Transform: 0.75 oz/A with 10 gal. of water
• Broadcast
•Transform: 1.0 oz/A with 10 gal of water
•Hollow-cone nozzles & drops
Transform: 1.0 oz/A Airplane with 5 gal water/A
Rio Hondo: 24-April
N. Edinburg: 1-May
La Feria: 7-May
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• In general, SCA were effectively controlled by the Transform® sprays
• Grower Nº 2 had the best results although, data have not completely analyzed
• This grower couldn’t find aphids in his field for two weeks
• We are recommending large volumes of water for ground (>15 gal/A) and aerial (≥5 gal) sprays
Preliminary results on applications conducted by 3 growers using different systems:
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Precount 7-DAA 14-DAA
Insecticide test in Weslaco, TX. Villanueva and Sekula Oct-Nov 2013 Field previously had been treated with 2 applications each of Warhawk® (2 pts/A), Prevathon® (2 pts/A) and Di-Syston® 8 (1.5 pts/A)
No.
of a
phid
s/le
af
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Preliminary Results: Insecticide test-2014
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3 daa
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• Rains: we have not observed a decrease on the SCA populations due to rains, after1 and 1.6 inches on rain SCA were not affected
• We may need to adopt the name from Louisiana for this aphid: WHITE SUGAR CANE APHID to distinguish from the yellow sugarcane aphid.
• Seed treatments reduced SCA infestations earlier during the season
• Yield losses can be great if pest management is not conducted
• Natural enemies are no sufficient to control the high population growth of SCA
Final notes:
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• Depending of the infestation level and developmental plant stage in sorghum we are recommending:
• 1 oz/A of Transform® followed by Dimethoate® or Lorsban® and if necessary another application of Transform®
• If there are heavy infestations two continuous spray of Transform® will be our recommendation, followed by Dimethoate® or Lorsban®
Final notes:
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Acknowledgments • Thanks to the all sorghum growers and the
Cotton and Grain Producers of the Lower Rio Grande Valley for inviting us to their fields
• Beto Garza and all Texas A&M Agrilife Research who are providing great support for this program
• Drs. S. Armstrong, M. Brewer, M. Way, B. Rooney and D. Kerns, all collaborators in this program
• People that help collecting data: Sergio Davila, Alma Olguin, Cedric Galvan, Daniel Garcia, Joe Zamora, Justin Wendell, Alex Navarro and Alex Alaniz
• Thanks to industry for providing insecticide products.
• Many thanks to the Texas Grain Sorghum Board, and United Sorghum Checkoff for their encouragement to address this pest.
• Organic Transition USDA-NIFA grant