1st Exam Review

Microscopy

Path of Light

Compound Microscope

Inverted mirror imagemoves to opposite direction magnification resolution

Dissecting MicroscopeSingle Lens system Erect Image Magnifier (20x)

Calibration

Calibration FormulasDont forget the units!

Calibration Dont forget the units

Standard calibration values:LPO ---- 0.0133 mm/emdHPO ---- 0.00367 mm/emd

Magnification Linear Magnification

Magnification formula

**Dont forget the X at the end of each magnification value.

THE PLANT CELL

Hydrilla Cyclosis

Rhoeo discolor

Vacuoles

CRYSTALS Ca OxalateRaphides --- Dieffenbachia

CRYSTALS Ca OxalateStyloid --- Sansevieria

CRYSTALS Ca OxalateRosette/Druse --- Ixora

CRYSTALS Ca OxalatePrismatic --- Begonia

CRYSTALS CaCO3Cystolith --- Ficus

CRYSTALS CaCO3Cystolith --- Pilea

Middle Lamella Ripe and unripePectinPectinaseCell Wall

Phloroglucinol stained cellsLignin

DIFFUSIONSteamed vs. Unsteamed temperature kinetic energy entropy

Effect of TemperatureGelatin

OSMOSIS PLASMOLYSIS

Effect of ConcentrationOsmosis

StomatesEffect of Temp Effect of Concentration

Guard Cells Dorsal wall away from the pore is thinner, therefore, more flexible

Radial arrangement of microfibrils in the guard cell wall

Transport of K+ between guard cells Influx of K+ induces stomatal opening

PLASMA MEMBRANE Oil and Water

PLASMA MEMBRANEMilk

PLASMA MEMBRANE Egg albumen, Oil, Nigrosine Dyeactive transporttransport proteins

RBCs

PHOTOSYNTHESISColeus leaf BoilingIKI

PHOTOSYNTHESISHydrilla Evolution of O2 under dim and bright light

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Phenol Red Pink to Yellow HydrillaYellow to Pink

PHOTOSYNTHESISSeparation of Pigments

SolubilityPolarity

RESPIRATIONDewar bulbs

RESPIRATIONCO2 and Barium hydroxidePrecipitate --- BaCO3

RESPIRATIONNecessity of Oxygen Water vs. alkaline pyrogallol Alkaline pyrogallolRemoves O2 from the ambient air

RESPIRATIONFermentationEffect of Temperature

Yeast optimum at 400C, until below 600CInvolves part of the glycolysis pathwayC6H12O6 2C6H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP

MITOSIS