19th Century Ideologies19th Century Ideologies

Concepts and Movements- Concepts and Movements- Radical Ideas and the Revolutions of Radical Ideas and the Revolutions of

18481848

The Dual RevolutionThe Dual Revolution

Economic (industrialization) and Economic (industrialization) and Political (French Revolution)Political (French Revolution)

Posed an intellectual challengePosed an intellectual challenge• ConservativismConservativism• LiberalismLiberalism• NationalismNationalism• SocialismSocialism

Inquiries into core human valuesInquiries into core human values

18151815

Peace SettlementPeace Settlement

The Quadruple Alliance – Russia, Prussia, The Quadruple Alliance – Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain – defeat FranceAustria, Great Britain – defeat France

Congress of Vienna arranges a treatyCongress of Vienna arranges a treaty They restored the Bourbon dynasty, and They restored the Bourbon dynasty, and

gave France back the land that they had in gave France back the land that they had in 1792 and said that they didn’t need to pay 1792 and said that they didn’t need to pay reparationsreparations

They all split up the European chessboardThey all split up the European chessboard

Intervention and RepressionIntervention and Repression Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria)- Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria)-

September 1815September 1815• Proposed by Russia’s Alexander IProposed by Russia’s Alexander I• Became the symbol of the oppression of civil and Became the symbol of the oppression of civil and

revolutionary movementsrevolutionary movements 1820s revolutionaries in Spain and the Kingdom 1820s revolutionaries in Spain and the Kingdom

of Two Sicilies force liberal constitutionsof Two Sicilies force liberal constitutions• The alliance is outraged and Austria marches on Naples The alliance is outraged and Austria marches on Naples

in 1821 restoring Ferdinand I in Two Sicilies and the in 1821 restoring Ferdinand I in Two Sicilies and the French restore the Spanish monarchyFrench restore the Spanish monarchy

Metternich dominated Austria, Italy, and German Metternich dominated Austria, Italy, and German ConfederationConfederation• Carlsbad Decrees- 38 German member states were Carlsbad Decrees- 38 German member states were

required to root out subversive ideas in universities and required to root out subversive ideas in universities and newspapersnewspapers

Metternich’s ConservatismMetternich’s Conservatism

Prince Klemens von Metternich Prince Klemens von Metternich remained loyal to hi noble rootsremained loyal to hi noble roots

Believed that the liberalism of Believed that the liberalism of America and France had been America and France had been responsible for the untold bloodshedresponsible for the untold bloodshed• Liberals believed that each people had Liberals believed that each people had

the right to establish its own the right to establish its own governmentgovernment

• Metternich’s Austrian Empire was Multi-Metternich’s Austrian Empire was Multi-ethnicethnic

LiberalismLiberalism

Demanded representative governmentDemanded representative government• For the landedFor the landed

Laissez faire- unrestricted private Laissez faire- unrestricted private enterpriseenterprise

Equality under the law as opposed to firm Equality under the law as opposed to firm class systemsclass systems• In theory- yet in practice some were more In theory- yet in practice some were more

equal than othersequal than others Individual freedomsIndividual freedoms

NationalismNationalism

Had its immediate origins in the Had its immediate origins in the Napoleonic eraNapoleonic era

Each people had its own cultural Each people had its own cultural unityunity

Language was an issue- ItalyLanguage was an issue- Italy Well-defined boundaries in a nation-Well-defined boundaries in a nation-

statestate Developing a sense of We and TheyDeveloping a sense of We and They Giuseppe Mazzini- 784-5Giuseppe Mazzini- 784-5

SocialismSocialism

Began in FranceBegan in France Feared that Laissez Faire and Industry Feared that Laissez Faire and Industry

inculcated excessive individualisminculcated excessive individualism Felt that the government should rationally Felt that the government should rationally

organize the economy to eliminate organize the economy to eliminate unnecessary competitionunnecessary competition• Parasites needed to gave way to the doersParasites needed to gave way to the doers

Highly moralistic- justice for the poorHighly moralistic- justice for the poor

Karl MarxKarl Marx The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto Karl was the atheist son of a Jewish lawyer Karl was the atheist son of a Jewish lawyer

that became Christianthat became Christian Felt that one class has always dominated Felt that one class has always dominated

the otherthe other Industry increased the gap between the Industry increased the gap between the

bourgeoisie and the proletariatbourgeoisie and the proletariat The bourgeoisie had beaten the The bourgeoisie had beaten the

aristocracy after feudalism fell and he aristocracy after feudalism fell and he predicted that the proletariat would do the predicted that the proletariat would do the samesame

18481848 1840s were difficult economically, socially and politically1840s were difficult economically, socially and politically Popular revolt in Paris- Barricade goes up Feb. 22 and by the Popular revolt in Paris- Barricade goes up Feb. 22 and by the

2424thth Louis Philippe abdicated the throne to his grandson Louis Philippe abdicated the throne to his grandson• The people refused another monarchy and a republic was set up The people refused another monarchy and a republic was set up

againagain News reached Austria and they began to demand constitutionsNews reached Austria and they began to demand constitutions

• Hungary then demanded independence from AustriaHungary then demanded independence from Austria They got it but were taken over by Tsar Nicholas I of RussiaThey got it but were taken over by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia

Prussians also demanded a constitution which was granted by Prussians also demanded a constitution which was granted by Frederick William IV on March 21Frederick William IV on March 21• Became a German National stateBecame a German National state

In Italy Italians fought to end Austrian dominance in northern In Italy Italians fought to end Austrian dominance in northern Italy, and to demand liberal, political reform. Garibaldi and Italy, and to demand liberal, political reform. Garibaldi and Mazzini came to build a Mazzini came to build a Rome of the PeopleRome of the People, and the , and the Roman RepublicRoman Republic was proclaimed was proclaimed • By February 1849 Pope Pious IX lost the papal states under the By February 1849 Pope Pious IX lost the papal states under the

name of a democratic republic. He appealed to France, Austria, name of a democratic republic. He appealed to France, Austria, Spain, and Naples. Spain, and Naples.