IDEOLOGIES & UPHEAVALSTHE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 & 1848

1800’S IDEOLOGIES (“-ISMS”)What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815), and what were the driving ideologies behind their goals? What challenges did the participants of the Congress of Vienna face following implementation of their goals around Europe? What competing ideologies made the Congress’ goals difficult to implement successfully? Choose one “-ism” from your packet that was appropriate for the time period and defend/justify this ideology based on the historical circumstances. Choose one “-ism” from your packet that was radically wrong, and discuss the best way to keep that “-ism” suppressed.

1800’S IDEOLOGIES (“-ISMS”)

Reasserted Conservatism (Metternich)

Classical Liberalism (ECON/POL)Nationalism (POL/CUL)French “Utopian” Socialism (POL/ECON)

Marxist Socialism (POL/ECON)Romanticism (CUL)

VS.

Anarchism (POL)

LIBERALISMLiberalism

Desires:

Representative Govt. Equality before the Law Limited Male Suffrage Freedoms of speech, press, assembly, no arbitrary arrests Doctrine of Laissez-Faire

NATIONALISMWe have a real or imagined cultural unity right now!

That must stem from our commonality of language and culture!

The spirit and character of our government

should really reflect the spirit and character of

our people!

Is it just me, or are Liberty and Nationalism totally synonymous at

this time?

THE “DUAL REVOLUTION”

Both French Rev. and Industrial Rev. usher in Modernity

French Rev. = Indust. Rev. =

Post-1815, revolutions fused to create a “dual revolution”

Demands of sans-culottes = rise of socialist thinkers Growth of M/C = desire for liberal govt. “Dual Revolution”

Politics - Classical Liberalism Economics - Laissez-faire capitalism Dual Revolution

MAINTAINING STATUS QUO

I’ve got 99 problems, and Napoleon still

is one!

MAINTAINING STATUS QUO

GREEK REVOLUTION

BRITISH REFORMLiberal Reform in Great Britain

Parliament = undemocratic approx 8% male suffrage

Tory Govt.— landed aristocracy (CONSERVATIVE)

controls on press eliminated mass meetings “Battle of Peterloo”

Liberal Industrialists (Whigs)

“rotten buroughs” 50% increase of suffrage

“People’s Charter” of 1838 Call for universal male suffrage Repeal of Corn Laws (1846) Ten Hours Act (1847)

FRANCE: REVOLUTION OF 1830Louis XVIII’s

“gift” to the people MC & peasants keeps gains of French Rev. Intellectual/artistic freedom Representative Parliament

Approx. 100,000 “notable people” receive vote (30 million pop) (r. 1824-30)

Repudiated Const. Charter (July, 1830)

“Three glorious days” (r. 1830-48)

Const. Charter re’est Revolutionary Flag Merely the “king of the French people”

Problems: Vote Bourgeois Control

JUNE REBELLION OF 1832

FRANCE: REVOLUTION OF 1848

Causes Bad Harvests Unemployment in cities “Pre-revolutionary” outbreaks

Louis Philippe’s

Feb 24 - LP abdicates Provisional Republic (10 man) Second French Republic

Univ. male suffrage Attempted Socialism

— socialist “right to work”

April Elections — Clash of Ideologies & Classes

“June Days”

FRANCE: REVOLUTION OF 1848

REVOLUTIONS OF 1848What factors brought about the the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe? Group 1 - You are a group of students, poor workers, and liberal intellectuals from either Prussia, Austria, or the Italian City-States (you pick). How do you feel about the Rev in France? What do you want to do to enact change in your country? Group 2 - You are the autocratic leaders of either Prussia, Austria, or an Italian City-State. How do you feel about the Rev in France? How do you plan to keep a Rev from happening in your country?

“When Paris sneezes, Europe catches cold.”

(Klemens von Metternich)

AUSTRIA: REVOLUTION OF 1848Austrian Empire, 1848

Hungarian Demands: Nat’l autonomy Full civil liberties Universal suffrage

Spring 1848 — Const. Monarchy — Land — Classical Liberalism

Coalition of March Nationalism divides Serfdom abolished MC - fear urban socialism

Francis Joseph II (r. 1848-1916) and

PRUSSIA: REVOLUTION OF 1848German Unification? March 1848 —

Const. & unification Schleswig-Holstein Elect FW as Emperor of unified Germany

Reaction: “Crown from the Gutter” 1850, Austria/Russia force Prussia to renounce all claims for unification

REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

JAN - MAY

FEB - APRILMARCH-MAY

MARCH-MAY

Commonalities: Political freedom + Class Conflict Reflect the failures of restoration Effects of a generation of social change Rapid information -- technology Authorities realize the power of nationalism and popular opinion

By late Aug. 1849, all revolutions suppressed Some liberalism remains in tact, but mostly a conservative victory

1848 = “the turning-point at which modern history failed to turn” (Trevelyan) ...Reasons?

Constitutions no wide support (primarily urban MC) Radical phases alienate MC... Results = suppression Est’d authorities left intact Nationalism divides rather than unites No major intervention in favor of Rev.

REVOLUTIONS OF 1848