Revolutions of 1848 - France
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Transcript of Revolutions of 1848 - France
1846 – Economic Problems lead to hardships◦Lower-middle class, workers, peasants
Middle class wanted right to vote◦Gov’t refused to make changes
1848 – monarchy overthrown◦Provisional government created◦Constitutional Assembly Elected by Universal Male Suffrage
Revolutions of 1848 - France
Nov. 4, 1848 – Second Republic created◦Single legislature elected by all males
December 1848 – Elect Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte president◦Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
Italy ruled by many groups◦Austria Venetia and Lombardy
◦Spanish Bourbons Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Italians don’t want to live under separate rulers◦1815 – 1848 – move toward unification
Italian Unification
1848 – nationalists look to Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership◦Largest and most powerful Italian state
◦Liberal constitution1849 – King Victor Emmanuel II
1852 – Camillo di Cavour appointed prime minister◦Expanded economy to increase gov’t revenues
◦Created army Not large enough to defeat Austrians
◦Cavour allies w/France 1858 – Louis-Napoleon Combined army takes over northern Italy, except Venetia
Cavour Secretly helped rebels in southern Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi leads Red Shirts◦Capture Sicily◦Conquers Southern Italy◦Given permission by people to unite North and South
March 17, 1861 – Italy finally unified◦Garibaldi turns over control to King Victor Emmanuel III
Southern Italy
◦1866 – Venetia becomes part of Italy
◦1870 – Italians take Papal StatesRuled by popeRome becomes capital of Italy
1839 – German Confederation◦39 German states formed into a loose grouping
◦Dominated by largest states Austria-Hungary Prussia has advantages Mainly German population Powerful army industrialized
Bismarck Unites Germany
Prussia Leads German Unification◦Authoritarian gov’t King had control over gov’t and military
◦1861 – Wilhelm I succeeds throne Reforms army and doubles military Liberal parliament refuses to give money
Seen as challenge to authority Supported by Junkers – conservative wealthy landowners
Wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck prime minister◦Realpolitik “Politics of reality” Power politics w/no room for idealism Based on practical matters not theory
◦Ruled w/out consent of parliament and budget Ruled by “Blood and Iron”
Prussia Expands◦1864- forms alliance w/Austria War w/Denmark to win Schleswig and Holstein
Seven Weeks’ War◦Causes conflict w/Austria over Schleswig
and Holstein Austria declares war in 1866
◦7 Weeks’ War Prussian victory Austrians lose Venetia to Italy Prussia controls northern Germany Joins eastern and western parts of Prussia 1867 – North German Confederation
dominated by Prussia
Franco-Prussian War◦war with France◦Bismarck claims French insulted Wilhelm I
◦French declare war on July 19, 1870◦Southern Germany joins Prussia Nationalism joins territories
◦January, 28, 1871 – French surrender Pay 5 billion francs Give up Alsace and Lorraine
Wilhelm I crowned kaiser (emperor) at Versailles◦Second Reich◦Dominance through “blood and iron” War and military strength
A Shift in Power Following Congress of Vienna 5 Great Powers◦Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
By 1871 – 2 great powers◦Britain and Germany Most powerful militarily and economically
◦Austria and Russia Lag far behind
◦France in the middle Balance of Power had shifted
◦Sets up possibility of future conflict