10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
-
Upload
vladislav-railean -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 1/44
1A.1
CGEGreenhouse Gas Inventory
Hands-on Training Workshop
Energy Sector
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 2/44
1A.2
Outline – Fuel Combustion
Fuel combustion
References (slide ?)
Basic emission processes (slide ?)
Methodologies (slide ?)
Relationships with other sources and sectors (slide ?)
Uncertainty (slide ?)
Quality control and completeness (slide ?)
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 3/44
1A.3
Outline – Fugitive Emissions
Fugitives
Introduction
Coal mining and handling
Oil and natural gas systems
Data issues
References
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 4/44
1A.4
Survey says…?
Audience poll…
Who has prepared a national inventory for your
country?
Who has worked on the Energy Sector?
Please share…
Problems you have faced in preparing estimates for the
Energy Sector Your plans for the future to improve your inventory
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 5/44
1A.5
Reference materials
UNFCCC (COP decisions, reporting guidelines,
etc.)
IPCC
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
IPCC Good Practice Guidance
IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB)
IPCC Working Group I Assessment Reports
Use “old” Second Assessment Report (SAR)
Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for reporting
International Energy Agency
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 6/44
1A.6
IPCC guidance
Fundamental methods laid out in 1996 Revised
Guidelines
IPCC good practice guidance clarifies some issues
(e.g. international bunker fuels) and provides someupdated factors…
…but no major changes made for fuel combustion!
2006 IPCC Guidelines provide new information onNon-Energy Use, new Tier 2 method for oil systems
fugitives, guidance on abandoned coal mines
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 7/441A.7
Key Category Analysis
Level assessment based on share of total nationalemissions for each source category
Trend assessment based on contribution of category to changes in emission trends
Qualitative criteria
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 8/441A.8
Key Category Analysis
Idea of key sources based on a measure of
which sources contribute to uncertainty in
inventory
Most if not all source categories in theEnergy Sector will be Key Source Categories
Analysis only as good as original emissions
data
You probably already know your keycategories
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 9/441A.9
Energy Sector –
Fuel CombustionEmissions
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 10/44
1A.10
Stationary sources
Energy Industries
Extraction, production and transformation
Electricity generation, petroleum refining
Autoproduction of electricity
Manufacturing Industries and Construction Iron and steel production
Non-ferrous metal production
Chemical manufacturing
Pulp, paper and print
Food processing, beverages and tobacco
Commercial/Institutional
Residential
Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 11/44
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 12/44
1A.12
Autoproducers
Note: p. 1.32 of the IPCC Guidelines, Reference Manual - Volume 3
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 13/44
1A.13
Mobile sources
Civil Aviation
Road Transportation
Cars
Light duty trucks
Heavy duty trucks and buses
Motorcycles
Railways
Navigation
International Bunker Fuels are reported separately
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 14/44
1A.14
Carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions
Methodology is mass-balance-based
Oxidation of the carbon in fuels during
combustion
In perfect combustion conditions, totalcarbon content of fuels would be converted
to CO2
Real combustion processes result in small
amounts of partially oxidized andunoxidized carbon
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 15/44
1A.15
Carbon flow for a typicalcombustion process
Most carbon is emitted as CO2 immediately
Small fraction emitted as non-CO2 gases
CH4, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds
(NMVOCs) Ultimately oxidizes to CO2 in the atmosphere
Integrated into overall calculation of CO2 emissions
Each carbon atom has two atmospheric lifetimes
Remaining part of the fuel carbon is unburnt Assumed to remain as solid (ash and soot)
Account by using oxidation factors
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 16/44
1A.16
Non-CO2 emissions
Direct greenhouse gases
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Precursors and SO2
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Non-methane volatile organic compounds(NMVOCs)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 17/44
1A.17
Require detailedprocess information
Combustion conditions
Size and vintage of the combustion
technology
Maintenance Operational practices
Emission controls
Fuel characteristics
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 18/44
1A.18
Methane (CH4)
Emissions a function of:
methane content of the fuel
hydrocarbons passing unburnt through engine
engine type post-combustion controls
Depends on temperature in boiler/kiln/stove
Highest emissions in residential applications
(e.g. small stoves, open biomass burning,
charcoal production)
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 19/44
1A.19
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Lower combustion temperatures tend to lead tohigher N2O emissions
Emission controls (catalysts) on vehicles canincrease the rate of N2O generation, depending
on: driving practices (i.e. number of cold starts) type and age of the catalyst
Significant emissions for countries with a highpenetration of vehicles with catalysts
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2004/sbsta/inf03.pdf
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 20/44
1A.20
Methods for estimating CO2
Reference Approach (Tier 1)
Estimates based on national energy balance(production + imports - exports) by fuel type withoutinformation on activities
Performed quickly if basic energy balance sheet isavailable
Way of cross-checking emission estimates of CO2 withthe Sectoral Approach
Sectoral Approach (Tier 1)
Estimates based on fuel consumption data by sectoralactivity
Bottom-Up Approaches (Tier 2 or 3)
More detailed activity and fuel data
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 21/44
1A.21
Fundamental equation
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 22/44
1A.22
Six basic steps
1. Collect fuel consumption data
2. Convert fuel data to a common energy unit
3. Select carbon content factors for each fossil
fuel/product type and estimate the totalcarbon content of fuels consumed
4. Subtract the amount of carbon stored inproducts for long periods of time
5. Multiply by an oxidation factor 6. Convert carbon to full molecular weight of
CO2 and sum across all fuels
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 23/44
1A.23
1. Consumption data
Reference Approach
Estimate apparent consumption of fuelswithin the country
Sectoral Approach
Collect actual consumption statistics by fueltype and economic sector
Tier 2 or 3
Collect actual fuel consumption statistics byfuel type, economic sector and combustiontechnology type
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 24/44
1A.24
Data collection issues
IPCC sectoral approach can still be used even if
energy data are not collected using same sector
categories
Focus on completeness and use judgement or proxy
data to allocate to various subsectors Biomass combustion not needed for CO2 estimation,
but reported for information purposes
Informal sector fuel use is important issue if not
captured in energy statistics Household kerosene use can be approximated based
on expert judgement or proxy data
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 25/44
1A.25
2. Common energy unit
Convert fuel data into a common energy unit
Production and consumption of solid and liquid
fuels in tonnes
Gaseous fuels in cubic meters Original units converted into energy units using
calorific values (i.e. heating values)
Reference approach: use different calorific
values for production, imports and exports
Calorific values used should be reported
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 26/44
1A.26
3. Estimate total carboncontent of fuels consumed
Natural gas
Depends on composition (methane, ethane, propane,butane and heavier hydrocarbons)
Natural gas flared at the production site will usually be “wet’’ – its carbon content factor will be different
Typical: 15 to 17 tonnes C/TJOil
Lower carbon content for light refined petroleum productssuch as gasoline
Higher for heavier products such as residual fuel oil
Typical for crude oil is 20 tonnes C/TJ
Coal
Depend on coal's rank and composition of hydrogen, sulfur,ash, oxygen and nitrogen
Typical ranges from 25 to 28 tonnes C/TJ
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 27/44
1A.27
4. Subtract non-energy uses
Oil refineries: asphalt and bitumen for road construction,naphthas, lubricants and plastics
Natural gas: for ammonia production
Liquid petroleum gas (LPG): solvents and synthetic rubber
Coking: metals industry Attempt to use country-specific data instead of IPCC defaultcarbon storage factors.
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 28/44
1A.28
5. Oxidation factor
Multiply by an oxidation factor
to account for the small
amount of unoxidized carbon
that is left in ash or soot.
Amount of carbon remainingunoxidized should be low for
oil and natural gas
combustion…
…but can be larger and more
variable for coal combustion
When national oxidationfactors are not available, use
IPCC default factors
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 29/44
1A.29
Oxidation factor values
Natural gas Less than 1% left unburnt
Remains as soot in the burner, stack or environment
IPCC default oxidation factor = 99.5%
Higher for flares in the oil and gas industry
Closer to 100% for efficient turbines
Oil 1.5 ± 1 per cent left unburnt
IPCC default oxidation factor = 99%
Recent research has shown 100% in autos
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 30/44
1A.30
Coal Range from 0.6% to 6.6% unburnt
Primarily in the form of bottom and fly ash
IPCC default oxidation factor = 98%
Biomass Can range widely, especially for open
combustion
For closed combustion (e.g. boiler), the rangeis from 1% to 10%
No IPCC default
Oxidation factor values (cont.)
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 31/44
1A.31
6. Convert to full molecular weight and sum
Convert carbon to full molecular weight of
CO2 and add across all fuels
To express the results as CO2, multiply the
quantity of carbon oxidized by the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C (44:12)
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 32/44
1A.32
International bunker fuels
CO2 emissions arising from fuels used inships or aircraft for international transport,not to be included in the national total
Fuels delivered to and consumed byinternational bunkers should be subtractedfrom the fuel supply to the country
Bunker fuel emissions should be mentionedin a separate table as a memo item
See IPCC decision trees on marine andaviation transport emission allocation
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 33/44
1A.33
Biomass fuels
CO2 emissions from biomass fuels should not be included
in national emission totals from fuel combustion
Reported for information only…
household fuelwood
ethanol and biodiesel for transport Account for mixed fuels (e.g. ethanol blends)
Net CO2 emissions implicitly accounted for under the Land
Use Change and Forestry Sector
Non-CO2 emissions from biomass combustion should be
estimated and reported under the Energy Sector!
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 34/44
1A.34
Methods for non-CO2 emissions
Tier 1
Multiply fuel consumed by an average emission factor
Does not require detailed activity data
Rely on widely available fuel supply data that assume anaverage combustion technology is used
Tiers 2/3
Multiply fuel consumed by detailed fuel type and technology-specific emission factors
Tier 2 methods use data that are disaggregated accordingto technology types
Tier 3 methods estimate emissions according to activitytypes (km traveled or tonne-km carried) and specific fuelefficiency or fuel rates
Use most disaggregated technology-specific and country-specificemission factors available
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 35/44
1A.35
Fundamental equation
Emissions =
Σ(Emission Factor abc
• Fuel Consumptionabc
)
Where,
a = fuel type
b = sector activity
c = technology type including emissions controls
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 36/44
1A.36
Stationary combustion
Default emission factors for CH4, N2O, NOx,CO and NMVOCs by major technology andfuel type are presented in the IPCCGuidelines
Most notable: CH4 emissions from openburning and biomass combustion
Charcoal production is likely to producemethane emissions at a rate that is several
orders of magnitude greater than from other combustion processes
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 37/44
1A.37
Mobile combustion
Major transport activity (road, air, rail and
ships)
Most notable: N2O emissions from road
transportation, affected by the type of emission control technologies
Non-Annex I Parties should focus their
efforts on collecting data on the number of
vehicles with catalytic emissions controldevices that operate in their country
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 38/44
1A.38
Mobile combustion (cont.)
Road transport activity data
Assume vast majority of motor gasoline used for
transport
Check data with equipment counts or vehicle
sales/import/export data Base assumptions of vehicle type and emission control
technology on vehicle vintage data (i.e. model year of
sale) and assumed activity level (i.e. vkt/vehicle)
Consider national emission standards, leaded gasoline
prevalence, and compliance with standards
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 39/44
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 40/44
1A.40
Relationships with other sources and sectors
Industrial Processes Sector Non-energy fossil fuel feedstocks data, if
available, may not be reliable
Petrochemical “feedstocks” may actually be
used for energy Coal purchased by iron and steel industry
may be used to make coke
Focus on petrochemical industry and metalproduction (e.g. iron and steel)
Conservative estimate: Assume plastics,asphalt, and some lubricants stored
Subtract carbon content from these products
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 41/44
1A.41
Relationships with other sources and sectors (cont.)
Waste Sector
Combustion of wastes for energy purposesincluded in Energy Sector
Incineration of plastics
Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector
Biomass carbon implicitly accounted for
Autoproduction of electricity
Fuel use for military purposes Mobile sources in agriculture
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 42/44
1A.42
Quality control andcompleteness checks
All gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O)
All source and sub-source categories
All national territories addressed
Bunker fuels and military operations
All fossil-fuel-fired electric power stations
Blast furnaces and coke production
Waste combustion with energy recovery
Black market fuels
Non-metered fuel use for pipelines by compressor
stations
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 43/44
1A.43
Uncertainty
Uncertainty in carbon content and calorific values for fuels is related to the variability in fuel compositionand frequency of actual measurements. Likely to besmall for all countries.
For most non-Annex I Parties the uncertainty inactivity data (i.e. fuel consumption data) will be thedominant issue!
Effort should focus on collection of fuel consumptiondata
Country-specific carbon content factors are unlikely toimprove CO2 estimates significantly
It is important to document the likely causes of uncertainty and discuss steps taken to reduceuncertainties.
UNFCCC f d
7/29/2019 10 - Energy - Fuel Combustion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/10-energy-fuel-combustion 44/44
UNFCCC software andreporting tables
UNFCCC Software to aid in preparation of
greenhouse gas inventories
Provides IPCC default (i.e. Tier 1) methods
National factors can be used whereavailable