1 Workshop on APA Style Morning Session I WSU College of Nursing October 24, 2008 Ellen Barton...

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Workshop on APA StyleWorkshop on APA StyleMorning Session IMorning Session I

WSU College of NursingWSU College of NursingOctober 24, 2008October 24, 2008

Ellen BartonEllen BartonLinguistics/EnglishLinguistics/English

WSU Director of CompositionWSU Director of Composition

Workshop on APA StyleWorkshop on APA StyleWSU College of NursingWSU College of Nursing

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IntroductionIntroduction

Why are we here?Why are we here? to consider graduate level writingto consider graduate level writing

classes, seminars, exams, DNP classes, seminars, exams, DNP projects, PhD dissertationsprojects, PhD dissertations

to understand faculty expectationsto understand faculty expectations state thesis and develop argumentstate thesis and develop argument papers “suitable for publication”papers “suitable for publication” ““know APA backward and forward”know APA backward and forward”

““stylestyle as well as format” as well as format”


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Overview -- TopicsOverview -- Topics

writing processwriting process top-down and bottom-uptop-down and bottom-up

top-down – genres and outlinestop-down – genres and outlines bottom-up – language (paragraphs bottom-up – language (paragraphs

and sentences) and formatand sentences) and format draftsdrafts

11stst draft – finding info/outlining draft – finding info/outlining 22ndnd draft – organizing/APA headings draft – organizing/APA headings 33rdrd draft – editing and formatting draft – editing and formatting


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Overview -- TimelineOverview -- Timeline

AM – genres and sectionsAM – genres and sections I. 9:00 – 10:15 – Introduction, I. 9:00 – 10:15 – Introduction,

Background/Literature ReviewBackground/Literature Review II. 10:30 – 12:00 – Method, Results, II. 10:30 – 12:00 – Method, Results,

Discussion, Conclusion, AbstractDiscussion, Conclusion, Abstract PM – language and formatPM – language and format

III. 1:00 – 2:15 – paragraphs and III. 1:00 – 2:15 – paragraphs and sentencessentences

IV. 2:30 – 4:00 – citations and IV. 2:30 – 4:00 – citations and referencesreferences


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Genres and OutlinesGenres and Outlines

central genre – APA research central genre – APA research paper/article/project/dissertation paper/article/project/dissertation

II IntroductionIntroduction MM MethodMethod RR ResultsResults DD DiscussionDiscussion

other genres – review, theoretical, other genres – review, theoretical, methodological, case study articlemethodological, case study article

assignments – adapted genresassignments – adapted genres


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Genres and OutlinesGenres and Outlines

IMRD definitions IMRD definitions (APA, 2001, p. 7)(APA, 2001, p. 7) I – development of the problem under I – development of the problem under

investigation and statement of the investigation and statement of the purpose of the investigationpurpose of the investigation backgroundbackground claim (thesis)claim (thesis)

M – description of the method used to M – description of the method used to conduct the investigationconduct the investigation

R – report of the resultsR – report of the results D – interpretation and implications of D – interpretation and implications of

the resultsthe results


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Introduction -- OutlineIntroduction -- Outline

I. Introduction I. Introduction (APA, 2001, pp. 15-17)(APA, 2001, pp. 15-17) A. introduce the research problemA. introduce the research problem

specificspecific problem problem B. develop the B. develop the pertinentpertinent background background

need for investigation – “gap”need for investigation – “gap” C. state the C. state the purposepurpose of the project of the project

define termsdefine terms state claim (thesis)state claim (thesis)


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Introduction -- AnalysisIntroduction -- Analysis

Introduction Introduction (Aldridge and Barton, 2007)(Aldridge and Barton, 2007) A. what is the A. what is the specific specific problem problem

statement?statement? what are the categories of literature in what are the categories of literature in

the background?the background? B. what is the “B. what is the “gapgap” statement?” statement? C. what is the C. what is the purposepurpose statement? statement?

what are the key terms?what are the key terms? what is the claim/thesis?what is the claim/thesis?


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Introduction –TemplatesIntroduction –Templates

A. point to the research problemA. point to the research problem use the word use the word problemproblem use contrastive words – use contrastive words – howeverhowever, , butbut, ,

yetyet, , althoughalthough . . . . . . B. point to the gapB. point to the gap

organize literature into categories (¶s)organize literature into categories (¶s) identify limitations – identify limitations – few studiesfew studies, ,

overlooked areas/populations/ variablesoverlooked areas/populations/ variables, , methodological flawsmethodological flaws . . . . . .


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Introduction -- TemplatesIntroduction -- Templates

C. highlight the purpose statement – C. highlight the purpose statement – qualitative study qualitative study (modified from Cresswell, (modified from Cresswell, 2003)2003) The purpose of this __________ The purpose of this __________

(qualitative/ethnographic/case) study was to (qualitative/ethnographic/case) study was to __________ (understand, describe, analyze, __________ (understand, describe, analyze, develop) the _________ (central phenomenon develop) the _________ (central phenomenon being studied) for __________ (participants, being studied) for __________ (participants, site). __________ (central phenomenon) is site). __________ (central phenomenon) is defined as _________. The major claims of the defined as _________. The major claims of the analysis are ________ (thesis).analysis are ________ (thesis).


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C. highlight the purpose statement – C. highlight the purpose statement – quantitative study quantitative study (modified from (modified from Cresswell, 2003)Cresswell, 2003) The purpose of this __________ (clinical/survey) The purpose of this __________ (clinical/survey)

study/research was to ___________ study/research was to ___________ (test/support/determine) the __________ (test/support/determine) the __________ (idea/hypothesis/relationship) that/between (idea/hypothesis/relationship) that/between __________ (independent variable) and __________ (independent variable) and __________ (dependent variables). The major __________ (dependent variables). The major findings of the study are _________ (thesis). findings of the study are _________ (thesis).


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quantitative purpose statement quantitative purpose statement (adapted from Thomas, 2008, p. 8)(adapted from Thomas, 2008, p. 8) The Changing Needs of Family Caregivers of The Changing Needs of Family Caregivers of

Persons with Advanced CancerPersons with Advanced Cancer The purpose of the survey research was to The purpose of the survey research was to

determine if there is a relationship between determine if there is a relationship between the identified needs of different caregivers and the identified needs of different caregivers and the relationship of the caregiver to the patient, the relationship of the caregiver to the patient, type of cancer the patient was diagnosed with, type of cancer the patient was diagnosed with, gender of the caregiver, and other gender of the caregiver, and other demographic variables.demographic variables.


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Introduction -- ExerciseIntroduction -- Exercise

on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline the on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline the Introduction to your current research Introduction to your current research project/paperproject/paper A. A. specificspecific research problem research problem B. the B. the gapgap C. C. purposepurpose statement statement

definition of termsdefinition of terms main claim(s) (thesis)main claim(s) (thesis)

write the purpose statement for your study write the purpose statement for your study using the templatesusing the templates


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Background/Literature ReviewBackground/Literature Review

types of literature reviewtypes of literature review research article Introduction – research article Introduction – pertinentpertinent

literature w/ r. to research problem, gap, and literature w/ r. to research problem, gap, and purposepurpose

Background – optional sectionBackground – optional section review/theoretical articles – review/theoretical articles – comprehensive comprehensive

and and criticalcritical review review graduate writing assignments – graduate writing assignments –

response/synthesis papers, exams, DNP/PhD response/synthesis papers, exams, DNP/PhD chapterschapters

thesis—argument structurethesis—argument structure


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Literature Review -- OutlineLiterature Review -- Outline

II. Review ArticleII. Review Article (APA, 2001, pp. 7-8)(APA, 2001, pp. 7-8)

A. identify and define topic (problem)A. identify and define topic (problem) thesis (if required for assignment)thesis (if required for assignment)

B. summarize previous researchB. summarize previous research comprehensive -- organize literature by comprehensive -- organize literature by

category/sections/APA headingscategory/sections/APA headings critical – (a) identify critical – (a) identify relationsrelations among among

studies; (b) identify gaps, studies; (b) identify gaps, limitationslimitations, , inconsistencies, and contradictions of inconsistencies, and contradictions of studiesstudies

C. discuss current/future research C. discuss current/future research


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Literature Review -- AnalysisLiterature Review -- Analysis

Background Background (Aldridge and Barton, 2007)(Aldridge and Barton, 2007) A. what is the A. what is the specificspecific topic of the literature topic of the literature

review in the Background?review in the Background?

B. how are the B. how are the comprehensive comprehensive summaries summaries organized? organized?

study, method, key findingsstudy, method, key findings why different lengths?why different lengths?

C. what is the C. what is the criticalcritical perspective? perspective? (hint: it’s just one word!)(hint: it’s just one word!)


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Organizing the Lit ReviewOrganizing the Lit Review

A. topic – A. topic – specific specific working titleworking title include only relevant studiesinclude only relevant studies

B. summarize the previous researchB. summarize the previous research 1. summarize each study -- full citation1. summarize each study -- full citation

study purpose, method, key resultsstudy purpose, method, key results 2. write a comment on each study2. write a comment on each study

relationrelation to other studies to other studies gaps/gaps/limitationslimitations/flaws in study/flaws in study


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B. organize the previous researchB. organize the previous research 3. categorize summaries – sections3. categorize summaries – sections

literature map literature map (Cresswell, 2003)(Cresswell, 2003) 4. outline a concluding paragraph for 4. outline a concluding paragraph for

each category/sectioneach category/section relationsrelations among studies in category among studies in category gaps/gaps/limitationslimitations/flaws in category /flaws in category

of studiesof studies


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Organizing the Literature ReviewOrganizing the Literature Review

C. outline a discussion sectionC. outline a discussion section 1. general directions and limitations of 1. general directions and limitations of

previous researchprevious research 2. suggestions for future research2. suggestions for future research

including your project!including your project!

use words to indicate relations (use words to indicate relations (addsadds, , also findsalso finds, , continuescontinues, , expandsexpands, , confirmsconfirms, , questionsquestions, , does not does not findfind, , contradictscontradicts, …), …)

use words to indicate gaps and limitations use words to indicate gaps and limitations ((howeverhowever, , limitationslimitations, , does not does not investigate/considerinvestigate/consider, , fails tofails to, , flaws offlaws of …) …)


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assignments – lit review w/ thesisassignments – lit review w/ thesis use the writing process to find your use the writing process to find your

thesisthesis 11stst draft – summarize/categorize/ draft – summarize/categorize/

critique studies and categoriescritique studies and categories draft the discussion sectiondraft the discussion section

22ndnd draft – look to 1 draft – look to 1stst draft discussion draft discussion section to find your thesis!section to find your thesis!

move to Intro to focus argumentmove to Intro to focus argument


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sample thesis statementssample thesis statements Thomas (2008, p. 10)Thomas (2008, p. 10)

However, a review of the literature will allow However, a review of the literature will allow the reader to appreciate the advances that the reader to appreciate the advances that have been made in assisting the family have been made in assisting the family caregiver, as well as identify areas that still caregiver, as well as identify areas that still need to be addressed.need to be addressed.

Crawford (2008, p. 4)Crawford (2008, p. 4) This paper will examine the disparities of pain This paper will examine the disparities of pain

management and the indigent. . . . Nurses who management and the indigent. . . . Nurses who provide client-centered care can better provide client-centered care can better recognize and assist a client with their pain. recognize and assist a client with their pain.


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Organizing the Literature ReviewOrganizing the Literature Review

2nd draft -- APA headings 2nd draft -- APA headings (APA, 2001, pp. 111-115, pp. (APA, 2001, pp. 111-115, pp. 289-290)289-290)

hierarchy of ideas – sequence and hierarchy of ideas – sequence and importanceimportance (Lit Review headings handout)(Lit Review headings handout)

levels of heading – 2, *3*, 4, 5levels of heading – 2, *3*, 4, 5 Level 1Level 1

Level 2Level 2 Level 3.Level 3. Level 3.Level 3.

Level 2Level 2


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Literature Review -- ExerciseLiterature Review -- Exercise

on the Basic APA Style Outline, write a on the Basic APA Style Outline, write a specific specific working title for your lit reviewworking title for your lit review

outline categories for your lit reviewoutline categories for your lit review convert categories to APA headings convert categories to APA headings

write a summary-critique of one studywrite a summary-critique of one study sentence 1 – study, method, resultssentence 1 – study, method, results sentence 2 – sentence 2 – relationrelation to other studies to other studies

and/orand/or gaps/ gaps/limitationslimitations of the study of the study


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Genres and SectionsGenres and Sections

IntroductionIntroduction specific specific problem, problem, pertinentpertinent literature literature

(gap)(gap), , purpose statement (thesis)purpose statement (thesis) Background/Literature ReviewBackground/Literature Review

specific specific topic and thesis, previous topic and thesis, previous research, discussion research, discussion categories/sections/APA headingscategories/sections/APA headings summaries (purpose, method, key summaries (purpose, method, key

results)results) critical perspective (critical perspective (relationsrelations and/orand/or

gaps/gaps/limitationslimitations))

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