1 What is energy? Energy makes objects move. makes things stop. is needed to “do work”.
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Transcript of 1 What is energy? Energy makes objects move. makes things stop. is needed to “do work”.
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What is energy?
Energy
• makes objects move.
• makes things stop.
• is needed to “do work”.
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What is Work ?
Work is done when
• you climb.• you lift a bag of
groceries.• you ride a bicycle.• you breathe.• your heart pumps
blood.• water goes over a
dam.
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What is potential Energy?
Potential energy: energy stored for use
ata later time.
Examples are
• water behind a dam.
• a compressed spring.
• chemical bonds in gasoline, coal, or food.
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What is kinetic energy?
Kinetic energy: energy of matter in
motion.
Examples are
• swimming.• water flowing over a
dam.• working out.• burning gasoline.
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What is a calorimeter?Heat is measured in joules or
calories1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000
calories (cal)A calorimeter • measure heat transfer.• can be made with
coffee cup and thermometer.
• Indicates heat lost by sample
• Indicates heat gained by water.
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Caloric Food ValuesOn food labels, energy shown as
nutritionalCalorie, written with a capital C. caloric or energy values for foods indicate number of kcal(Cal) provided by 1 g of
each typeof food.
Carbohydrate: 4 kcal 1 g
Fat (lipid): 9 kcal 1 g
Protein: 4 kcal 1 g
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Energy Values for Some Foods
amount of energy needed each day depends on age, sex, and physical activity
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A cup of whole milk contains 12 g of carbohydrate, 9.0 g of fat, and 5.0 g of protein. How many kcal (Cal) does a cup of milk contain?
12 g carbohydrates x 4 kcal/g= 50 kcal (1 SF) 9.0 g fat x 9 kcal/g = 80 kcal (1 SF)5.0 g protein x 4 kcal/g = 20 kcal (1 SF)
150 kcal
Problem:
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Temperature
Temperature • measure of how hot or cold an
object compared to another object.
• Indicates heat flows from object with higher temperature to object with lower temperature.
• is measured using a thermometer.
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Different Temperature Scales
Temperature Scales
• are Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin.
• have reference points for boiling and freezing points of water.
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• Fahrenheit scale, there are 180°F between the freezing and boiling points and on Celsius scale, there are 100°C.
180°F = 9°F = 1.8°F
100°C 5°C 1°C• Fahrenheit temperature, adding 32
adjusts zero point of water from 0°C to 32°F.
TF = 9/5 TC + 32 or
TF = 1.8 TC + 32
Fahrenheit Formula
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• TC is obtained by rearranging equation for TF.
TF = 1.8TC + 32• Subtract 32 from both sides.
TF - 32 = 1.8TC ( +32 - 32)
TF - 32 = 1.8TC
• Divide by 1.8 = °F - 32 = 1.8 TC
1.8 1.8 TF - 32 = TC
1.8
Celsius Formula
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Solving A Temperature Problem
A person with hypothermia has abody temperature of 34.8°C. What is that temperature in °F?
TF = 1.8 TC + 32
TF = 1.8 (34.8°C) + 32° exact tenth's exact
= 62.6 + 32° = 94.6°F tenth’s
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The normal temperature of a chickadee is 105.8°F. What is that temperature on the Celsius scale?
TC = (TF - 32°) 1.8
= (105.8 - 32°) 1.8
= 73.8°F = 41.0°C 1.8°
Problem:
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A pepperoni pizza is baked at 455°F. What temperature is needed on the Celsius scale?
TF - 32° = TC 1.8
(455 - 32°) = 235°C 1.8
Problem:
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On a cold winter day, the temperature is –15°C.
What is that temperature in °F?
TF = 1.8 TC + 32
TF = 1.8(–15°C) + 32°= – 27 + 32°= 5°F
Note: Be sure to use the change sign key on your calculator to enter the minus – sign. 1.8 x 15 +/ – = –27
Problem:
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Kelvin temperature scale• has 100 units between freezing and boiling
points of water. 100 K = 100°Cor 1 K = 1°C
• is obtained by adding 273 to Celsius temperature.
TK = TC + 273
• Contains lowest possible temperature, absolute zero (0 K).
0 K = –273°C
Kelvin Temperature Scale
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What is normal body temperature of 37°C in kelvins?
TK = TC + 273 = 37°C + 273 = 310. K
Problem:
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States of Matter : Solids
Solids have • a definite shape.• a definite volume. • particles that are
close together in a fixed arrangement.
• particles that move very slowly.
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States of Matter: Liquids
Liquids have• an indefinite
shape, but a definite volume.
• the same shape as their container.
• particles that are close together, but mobile.
• particles that move slowly.
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States of Matter: Gases
Gases have • an indefinite shape. • an indefinite volume.• the same shape and
volume as their container.
• particles that are far apart.
• particles that move very fast.
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Summary of the states of matter
Solid Liquid Gas
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Changes of state: Melting and Freezing
A substance • is melting while it changes from a solid to a
liquid.• is freezing while it changes from a liquid to a
solid.• such as water has a freezing (melting) point of
0°C.
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Changes of state: Sublimation
Sublimation• occurs when particles
change directly from solid to a gas.
• is typical of dry ice, which sublimes at -78C.
• takes place in frost-free refrigerators.
• is used to prepare freeze-dried foods for long-term storage.
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Changes of state: Evaporation and Condensation
Water• evaporates when
molecules on the surface gain sufficient energy to form a gas.
• condenses when gas molecules lose energy and form a liquid.
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Changes of state: Boiling
At boiling, • all the water
molecules acquire enough energy to form a gas.
• bubbles appear throughout the liquid.
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Heating Curve
A heating curve • Illustrates changes
of state as solid is heated.
• uses sloped lines to show an increase in temperature.
• uses plateaus (flat lines) to indicate a change of state.
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Cooling Curve
A cooling curve • illustrates the
changes of state as a gas is cooled.
• uses sloped lines to indicate a decrease in temperature.
• uses plateaus (flat lines) to indicate a change of state.