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Social ThinkingModule 43
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Social Psychology
Social Thinking Overview Attributing Behavior to
Persons or to Situations
Attitudes and Action
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Focuses in Social Psychology
Social psychology scientifically studies how we think about, influence, and relate
to one another.
“We cannot live for ourselves alone.”
Herman Melville
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Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations
Attribution Theory: Fritz Heider (1958) suggested that we have a tendency to
give causal explanations for
someone’s behavior, often by crediting
either the situation or the person’s disposition.
http://www.stedw
ards.edu
Fritz Heider
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Attributing Behavior to Personalities or to Situations
A teacher may wonder whether a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality
(dispositional attribution) or is a reaction to stress or abuse (a situational attribution).
http://www.bootsnall.org
Dispositions are enduring personality traits. So, if Joe is a
quiet, shy, and introverted child, he is likely to be like that in a number of situations.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Fundamental Attribution Error. The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing
the behaviors of others.
We see Joe as quiet, shy, and introverted most of the time, but with friends he is very talkative, loud, and extroverted.
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Effects of AttributionHow we explain someone’s behavior
affects how we react to it.
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Attitudes & Actions
Attitude: A belief that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to
objects, people, and events.
If we believe a person is mean, we may feel dislike for the person and act in an
unfriendly manner.
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Attitudes Can Affect Actions
Our attitudes predict our behaviors imperfectly because other factors, including the external
situation, also influence behavior.
Democratic leaders supported Bush’s attack on Iraq under public pressure. However,
they had their private reservations.
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Actions Can Affect Attitudes
Not only do people stand for what they believe in (attitude), they start believing in
what they stand for.
Cooperative actions can lead to mutual
liking (beliefs).
D. M
acD
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Small Request – Large Request
In the Korean War, Chinese communists solicited cooperation from US army
prisoners by asking them to carry out small errands. By complying to small errands they
were likely to comply to larger ones.
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon: The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small
request to comply later with a larger request.
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Role Playing Affects Attitudes
Zimbardo (1972) assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students
and found that guards and prisoners developed role- appropriate attitudes.
Link BBC 3:45 Link 29:01
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According to the Experts
• "Any deed that any human being has ever done, however horrible, is possible for any of us to do under the right or wrong situational pressures.
• Dr. Phil Zimbardo
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Actions Can Affect Attitudes
Why do actions affect attitudes? One explanation is that when our attitudes and
actions are opposed, we experience tension. This is called cognitive dissonance.
Link 4:54
To relieve ourselves of this tension we bring our attitudes closer to our actions (Festinger, 1957).
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Cognitive Dissonance
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
• When, without our awareness, schemas cause us to subtly lead people to behave in line with our expectations.
• Ex. If teachers expect particular students to do poorly in mathematics, those students may sense this expectation, exert less effort, and perform below their ability level.
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EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY(7th Edition in Modules)
David MyersPowerPoint Slides
Aneeq AhmadHenderson State
University
Worth Publishers, © 2008