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Chapter 17The New Frontier and

The Great Society

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Starter #3: Tuesday 2/26

Read the Inside Story on page 526Why might radio listeners and television

viewers have had different opinions of the candidates’ performances in the debates?

How were the campaigns affected as a result of the televised debates?

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Kennedy Becomes President

Kennedy vs. NixonJFK represented youth & changeStrong Anti-Communist toneClaimed that Soviets surpassing USClose election – 120,000 votes separated

them out of 69 million

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Kennedy’s Cabinet

Surrounded himself with young influential people

“best and the brightest”Robert Kennedy (Bobby) – his brother made

him Attorney General

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The Bay of Pigs Invasion

Castro took over Cuba in 1959 with a strong anti-American message

Signed trade agreement with Soviets in 1960CIA secretly training 1500 Cuban exiles to

overthrow CastroPlanned a secret invasion to overtake Castro

– thought Cubans would join in

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Failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion

New York Times reported the plan a week before invasion

Failed to destroy Cuban air forceLand invasion on the shore of Bay of Pigs had

little chance of successExpected anti-Castro uprising never

happenedStrengthened Soviet – Cuban relations

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The Berlin Crisis

West vs. EastEarly 1961 200,000 East Berliners escaped

to the WestThreat of East taking over the West, so JFK

build up troops in the WestAugust 13, 1961 Soviets put 25,000 guards

on the border and erected a barbed wire barrier around West Berlin

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Berlin Wall

Concert Wall later replaced the barbed wire fencing

“A wall is a … lot better than a war”Wall separated families, neighborhoods,

streets, cemeteries JFK’s “I am a Berliner” speechJune 26, 1963

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West Side vs. East Side

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Cuban Missile Crisis

October 1962 – closest US came to nuclear war

Background Both countries taking a hard line Failure of Bay of Pigs, wanted another invasion of

Cuba US put missiles in Turkey Soviets felt justified in placing missiles in Cuba

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Cuban Missile Crisis

U-2 spy planes flew over Cuba and discovered SAMs (surface to air missiles)

Soviets denied, another U-2 flight found solid evidence Soviets had lied

Air Strike vs. Naval Blockade JFK decided on Blockade of Soviets into

Cuba – Soviets warned this would cause war

World waited as Soviets neared blockade, and they turned away

Soviets said would remove missiles if we never invaded Cuba – we agreed

Set up hotline for US & Soviets to communicate

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Starter #7, Tuesday 2/8

Based on the notes from yesterday:

Why were U.S. – Cuban relations strained when Kennedy took office?

Why would a strong Soviet alliance with a Latin American nation make the United States uneasy?

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Starter # 14 Friday 2/10

Read the Inside Story on page 535How did the Kennedy family embody youth

and vitality?Describe Jacqueline Kennedy and what she

did while she was First Lady.

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Chapter 17 Section 2 Kennedy’s Thousand Days

Kennedy’s New FrontierYouth and vitality Kennedy’s brought to

White House

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Image and Reality

Understood power of media Pictures of activity (sailing, swimming)

Used his wife and two young kids to create a favorable public opinion First young kids in White House since 1908

Jackie was 31 when JKF was elected Made White House the nation’s unofficial cultural

center by hosting elaborate events

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Kennedy and Congress

Liked Kennedy more than his policy of New Frontier Many Americans not reform minded

Southern Democrats and Republicans joined together to block Kennedy’s proposals Due to 1960 close election, JFK needed to

convience Congress that the people agreed with his plan

Denied the clear mandate: authorization to act

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Continued…

Congress denied his acts to lower taxes for unemployed, federal education aid, health care for the elderly

Bypassed Congress 1962, used media to pressure steel companies to lower prices

Helped lower class; raised minimum wage

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The Space Program

Symbolized the New FrontierAsked for Congress’ funding of the

unmanned exploration of space

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The Warren Court

Court responsible for changes to American society

Earl Warren: Chief Justice who granted controversial Court rulings which greatly extended individual rights and freedoms

Influential with Civil RightsWarren Court: 1960s issued series of

decisions concern several reforms

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Voting-Rights Reform

Updated boundaries of legislative districtsSome had not been updated since 1901

Densely populated urban areas have same votes as rural regions

Violated 14th Amendment; denied voters equal protections of the law Reform guaranteed each citizen’s vote had equal

weight: “one person, one vote”Baker v. Carr Westberry v. Sanders

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The Rights of the Accused

Extended the Bill of Rights to the actions of state government

Mapp v. Ohio – search warrantsGideon v. Wainwright – free attorneys Miranda v. Arizona – Miranda Rights

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Religious Freedom

Engel v. Vitale: banned formal prayers in Public Schools

Violated 1st Amendment, that government would not make any religion the nation’s official religion

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The Kennedy Assassination

November 22, 1963 flew to Texas to help win back support of Southern Democrats for re-election Dallas in open car motorcade with Jackie Shots fired from building Died hours later, Johnson sworn in as President

aboard Air Force One

“The legacy of hope died with him. You never had that same sense again that we were

moving forward.”

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The Warren Commission

Arrested Lee Harvey Oswald with shooting of JFK Had connections with Soviet Union and Cuba

2 days later during transfer Jack Ruby shot Oswald

President Johnson named to commission to investigate After 10 months; determined no conspiracy

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An end to a beginning

Assassination affected the nation Jackie planned funeral to rival that of Lincoln Buried hillside at Arlington with eternal flame

Legacy: Improved relations with Soviet Union and created the Peace Corps

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Starter #4: Thursday 2/28

Read the Inside Story on page 541.Describe the “Johnson Treatment”Why was this treatment so effective in

getting him what he wanted?

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Starter #5

Look at Chart on pg 546Which Great Society program do you think

has been most beneficial to American society? Why

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Chapter 17 Section 3The Great Society

Johnson Becomes President While vice president, he missed the power he had in

the Senate Might have better served JFK in Senate, policies may

have gone through Opposite of JFK

Rugged, battle scars, crude language Great Depression got job through NYA

State Director for TX, Congress, Senate

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Continued…

After one year, elected Senate Majority Leader Close relationship with Eisenhower, many policies

pushed through, well liked DemocratDiffered with JFK in policies

Expanded role for government, concern for poor & underprivileged

“All I have I would have given gladly not to be standing here today.”

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Enacting Kennedy’s Agenda

Vowed to carry on Kennedy’s policies New Frontier

“Let us here highly resolve that John Fitzgerald did not live – or die– in vain.”

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Creating the Great Society

Own presidency, pushed his policiesEducation Acts

Aide to schools, college students, Head StartHealth Care

Medicare & MedicaidImprove quality of life, environmental laws

Highway Beautification ActMajor programs listed on page 546

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Decline of the Great Society

Peak 1965-1966, passed 181 of 200 billsMidterm Republicans gained seats, slowed

down legislationsPublic Broadcasting Act 1967

PBS & NPR, alternatives to offerings of commercial television and radio

Truth-in-Lending Act 1967 Lenders inform consumers of costs of credit

transactionsGreat Society policies still around today

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Johnson’s Foreign Policy

Vietnam War, caused decline in domestic affairs

385,000 troops sent to Vietnam 1966 Spent $2.5 billion each month “We cannot have guns and butter”

Chose guns; stop spread of communism

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The War on Poverty

JFK motivated by The Other America Excerpt page 543, not all Americans benefited

from postwar prosperityNotified first day of office

Johnson gave it top priorityWar on Poverty; mentioned in State of

Union address Jan 1964 Passed the Economic Opportunity Act

Job Corps: Work Training for unemployed youth

VISTA: domestic version of Peace Corps

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Other Initiatives Passed

Tax Cut Bill & Civil Rights Legislation Economy grew 10%, unemployed declined Civil Rights Act of 1964

Civil Rights in memory of JFK

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The Great Society

Johnson had own plans…speech page 545The 1964 Election

Great Society: term used for domestic policies Barry Goldwater, Republican candidate

Democrats made look like radical who would lead country to nuclear war, referred to in Vietnam War

Compared Great Society to communism Johnson received 61% of popular vote

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Continued…

Johnson Doctrine Sent troops to Dominican Republic to put down

uprising Justified by declaring not just local concerns

when “the object is the establishment of a Communist dictatorship.”

Improve relations with Soviet Union Negotiated first treaty since 1917

Pueblo Incident North Korea captured US ship & crew Sent in 14,000, negotiated but kept the ship