Microsoft PowerPoint - 01_Surveying_EngInstructor Jen-Yu Han E-mailjyhan@ntu.edu.tw OfficeCIVL217 Office Number3366-4347 Office Hrs: Wednesdays 15:20-16:30 (or by appointment)
Outline
Outline
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Course Website https://cool.ntu.edu.tw/courses/8239(NTU cool) PDF files, assignments, grade records, other announcements
On-line Course Link https://meet.google.com/naa-ohdg-ipx ( Google Meet)
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Course Objectives The main focuses on this course are to illustrate the following subjects: (1) Surveying theories. (2) The applications of surveying in civil engineering. (3) Surveying instrument and methodologies. (4) The procedures of topographic mapping and their methods.
This course also serves as a basis for “Surveying Practice” to provide the students with the opportunity to carry out the surveying activities in practical projects. National examinationEngineering SurveyingProfessional Civil Engineer Plane SurveyingProfessional Surveyor ……
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Course Objectives Designated textbook: ---
Reference books: (1) C. D. Ghilani and P. R. Wolf, 2015, “Elementary Surveying: An Introduction
to Geomatics”, 14th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall Inc. (2) B. F. Kavanagh, 2008, “Surveying: Principles and Applications”, 8th Edition,
Prentice Hall Inc. (3) B. F. Kavanagh, 2010, “Surveying with Construction Applications”, 7th Edition,
Prentice Hall Inc.
Course Schedule Week 1 (9/28)
Course Introduction; Confirming the List of Groups Basic knowledge of surveying and types of observation
Week 2 (10/05) Fundamental Concept : Error type, measurement accuracy representation
Week 3 (10/12) Fundamental Concept : Linear and Nonlinear Error propagation, Taylor expansion Week 4 (10/19) Basic Surveying : Distance Measurement
Week 5 (10/26) Basic Surveying : Leveling(I)
Week 6 (11/02) Basic Surveying : Leveling(II)
Week 7 (11/09) Basic Surveying : Angle and Direction Measurement(I)
Week 8 (11/16) Midterm
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Course content Week 10 (11/30) Control Surveying : Introduction ; Traverse Surveying calculation
Week 11 (12/07) Applied Surveying : Image surveying
Week 12 (12/14) Applied Surveying : GPS Surveying
Week 13 (12/21) Applied Surveying : Route Surveying
Week 14 (12/28) Applied Surveying : LiDAR Surveying
Week 15 (01/04) Lab Competition
Week 16 (01/11) Final exam
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Grading Policy
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Regulation of Assignments & Labs [1] According to the progress of the course, the assignment will be handed out
for the week, and announced in CEIBA. [2] The assignment should be handed in prior to the class on due date. [3] For the late hand-in, the score will be 10% lower than the lowest score
among the class. [4] The assignment should be written in A4 papers. The calculation part needs to
detail the calculation process or the attached program source code. [5] The correct answer will be announced by the TA in CEIBA. [6] For other regulations, the notice will be announced separately.
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Regulation of Labs [1] It is expected to complete several Labs this semester. [2] It takes teamwork to complete Lab1, and each team contains at most 3 students. [3] In addition to the written reports, students may be required to give a presentation
and display the actual work in class.
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Grading Scale 10: excellent :D 09: very good :D 08: good : ) 07: more than sufficient : ) 06: sufficient : | 05: almost sufficient : ( 04: insufficient : ( 03: bad 8o| 02: very bad 8o| 01: terrible 8o| 00: no answer is given at all (U)
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Registration 1. For freshman students in CE department, please be sure that you already
registered for Surveying Practice Class 02 or Class 03. 2. For international students who feel much comfortable using English, you
are suggested to take Class 01.
To be finished today Decide the group members
Note: Those who take Civil Engineering Concept Design() and Surveying Practice()
are encouraged to work with the same group members.
Overview of
Definition: Techniques for determining the relative position of points around the Earth’s surface.
The science, art, and technology of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface, of establishing such points (Wolf & Ghilani)
Surveying
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Surveying
Any theory and method for collecting, calculating and analyzing spatial information are the scope of measurement.
Basic subjects involve: mathematics, statistics, optics, electromagnetism, computer science……
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Narrow sense: The distance, the angle, the azimuth, the slope, and the height between the points on the surface of the ground are measured to determine the relative position of these points. Or invert the distance, angle, direction, area, volume, and so on.
General sense: Technology that measures, processes, distributes, and applies spatial information in a variety of ways.
Surveying
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History: The earliest measurement technique records began with the classification of taxable land in the ancient Egyptian period (~1400B.C.). SELF READ: read Ghilani & Wolf, Section 1-3. (Historical aspects)
Earth radius method for the ancient Greek scientist Eratosthenes (~200B.C.) Using “Stadia” (=157.5m) as measuring units -R = 6267 km -only -2% difference to the mean spherical earth radius (6371km)
Surveying
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Geodesy() Study the gravitational field of the Earth, the density distribution of the magnetic field and the internal mass of the Earth (physical geodesy), and determine the shape and size of the Earth (geometric geodesy).
Topographic Surveying () Determining topography and the location, shape, area of features on the surface of the site, and presenting the results in maps, archives or diagrams.
Engineering Surveying () Guide and check the construction of various engineering structures (buildings, tunnels, dams, etc.) to ensure that they are correctly built. In addition, monitoring information is provided for the safety of engineering and construction operations.
Application Areas
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Navigation () Positioning of moving objects in the air at sea or on the ground. Positioning of features (including artificial structures) inside and outside the earth’s surface in real-time.
Cadastral Surveys () Determination of land boundary and land registration.
Geographic/Land Information System () Collection, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data (including geography and land)
Application Areas
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Depending on the size of the measurement area and required accuracy:
1. Plane Surveying () - Assume that the earth’s surface is a horizontal plane - Computation is simple but less precise Planar trigonometry - Suitable for small areas or measurement operations with low precision requirements (e.g., construction survey)
2. Geodetic Surveying () - The surface of the earth is an (irregular) ellipsoid (surface) - High computational complexity spherical trigonometry and calculus - Mainly used for a wide range of high precision measurement operations (determination of national control points)
Plane and Geodetic Surveying
Plane Surveying Instrument Distance Measurement: Electronic Distance Measurement, E.D.M. Angle Measurement: Theodolite Leveling Measurement: Level
In recent years, in engineering measurement, most of the survey work use total station instruments
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Geodetic Surveying Reference Ellipsoid: The actual shape of the earth is a very irregular ellipsoid. In order to make the surface measurement results become a basis for calculation, an ellipsoid with an ideal shape is defined as a reference, which is called a reference ellipsoid. According to different specifications or requirements, it is possible to make a different reference ellipsoid.
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Geodetic Surveying Geodesy is used to measure the relative position between points in a large area. Considering the fact that the surface of the earth is curved, the distance and angle of observation on the ground surface must be calculated with respect to the sphere or ellipsoid of the reference, and the coordinate calculations are performed on the sphere or ellipsoid. The coordinate calculation of the point must be processed by the spherical trigonometry.
The results of Geodetic Surveying mainly provide: (1) High quality control points (as a basis for the Plane Surveying) (2) Scientific research requiring high precision (such as crustal deformation, etc.)
The work of Geodetic Surveying has gradually been replaced by satellite positioning technology in recent years. Today, GPS (Global Positioning System) is the most popular technology. The recent development trend is to try to use GPS to replace all traditional surveying work.
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General Surveying Work Procedure 1. Develop a work plan (Planning): Planning of objectives, work areas, time, budget, personnel, instruments, etc.
2. Surveying work preparation (Preparation): Staff training, instrument preparation and calibration.
3. Field work: Establish measurement points, control survey, detail survey, results recording, and sketching.
4. Paper work (in Office): Organize records, results calculation analysis, mapping and reporting.
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Types of Surveying (Differentiate by Purposes)
1. Control Surveys () Determine the coordinates (plane coordinates and elevation) of points in a region to provide the basis or reference for the measurement.
2. Topographic Surveys () The terrain and features in a region are mapped and the final measurement results are represented in the form of a map.
Topographic Surveying Procedures () Control Survey Topographic mapping This course focuses on Control Survey and Topographic mapping
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3. Cadastral Surveys () Defining the land boundaries within a region, measuring each area of the land, investigate the land utilization, tenure, and make a record.
4. Hydrographic Surveys () Hydrographic Surveys: Mapping underwater terrain for navigation or research.
5. Route Surveys () Measurements carried out for the construction of roads, railways and various pipelines.
Types of Surveying (Differentiate by Purposes)
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6. Construction Surveys () During the construction of the project, the straight (curved) line, slope, height, horizontal position and angle are provided to guide the personnel for the betterment of the construction. [Construction must be carried out according to the prior design]
7. Layout Surveys () The coordinates, shape and size of the main corner of the building, determined by the designer, are nailed to the to-be-constructed location corresponding to the design coordinates. [Layout is the bridge between design and construction]
Types of Surveying (Differentiate by Purposes)
Modern Surveying Instruments
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EDM
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Total Station A system that combines an electronic distance measuring (EDM) with an electronic angle measuring.
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Global Positioning System The distances to multiple satellites are measured, and the position of the receiver can be determined.
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Aerial Survey and Remote Sensing A technique using an airborne (aircraft or satellite) camera/sensor to collect ground surface information.
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Land and Geographic Information System Land Information System (LIS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) refer
to the storage, integration, analyses, retrieval, and presentation of various
spatially-related information by means of computers. Space-related information
can consist of measurement data, maps, charts, aerial or satellite photos, and
statistics…etc. Both naturally- and artificially-acquired information can be
stored by forms of various layers.
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Administrative Boundary
Population Distribution
Land Use
Land Ownership
Transportation Facilities
All must be constructed in the same geographic coordinate system and be stored in and analyzed by computers.
Ideal LIS or GIS workers: Surveyors and those equipped with sufficient knowledge about computers
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Surveying Profession - Multi-discipline and high-tech - Used in daily life as well as in engineering applications - Also crucial for national development and scientific researches - Plane (Text and Image) Information Science in the past 3D Information
Science (Spatial Information) now and in the future
- Ex: Google Earth SLAM (Simultaneous Location and Mapping)
Challenges: large amount of data collected by modern surveying methods (big data) required highly efficient (smart) processing techniques Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Self-study
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Basic Geometric Theory of Measurement The basic principle of measurement is to start from the known point (control point) and match the length of the side and angle. To determine the coordinates of unknown points, the common methods can be resorted to. These are divided into the following:
Intersection by Distances () Points A and B are known. Observe the length of the PA and PB sides and determine the coordinates of the P point.
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Basic Geometric Theory of Measurement Offset Method () Points A and B are known. From point P to point B, the foot length is observed. Observe the side length PD and AD (or BD), and then P can be determined.
Intersection Method () Points A and B are known. From point P to point B, the foot length is observed. Observe the side length PD and AD (or BD), and then P can be determined.
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Basic Geometric Theory of Measurement Traverse Method () Points A and B are known. Observe the AP side length and ∠PAB, and then the P point coordinates can be determined.
Deflection Angle Method () When points A and B are known, the AP cannot be observed. The P point can be determined by observing the BP side length and the ∠PAB.
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Basic Geometric Theory of Measurement Intersection Method () Points A and B are known. Observe ∠PAB and ∠PBA to determine the coordinates of point P.
Three Points Method () Points A, B, and C are known. Observe ∠APB and ∠BPC to determine the coordinates of point P.
Any Questions?Any Questions?