Microsoft PowerPoint - 01_Surveying_EngInstructor Jen-Yu Han
[email protected] OfficeCIVL217 Office Number3366-4347 Office
Hrs: Wednesdays 15:20-16:30 (or by appointment)
Outline
Outline
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Course Website https://cool.ntu.edu.tw/courses/8239(NTU cool) PDF
files, assignments, grade records, other announcements
On-line Course Link https://meet.google.com/naa-ohdg-ipx ( Google
Meet)
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Course Objectives The main focuses on this course are to illustrate
the following subjects: (1) Surveying theories. (2) The
applications of surveying in civil engineering. (3) Surveying
instrument and methodologies. (4) The procedures of topographic
mapping and their methods.
This course also serves as a basis for “Surveying Practice” to
provide the students with the opportunity to carry out the
surveying activities in practical projects. National
examinationEngineering SurveyingProfessional Civil Engineer Plane
SurveyingProfessional Surveyor ……
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Course Objectives Designated textbook: ---
Reference books: (1) C. D. Ghilani and P. R. Wolf, 2015,
“Elementary Surveying: An Introduction
to Geomatics”, 14th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall Inc. (2) B. F.
Kavanagh, 2008, “Surveying: Principles and Applications”, 8th
Edition,
Prentice Hall Inc. (3) B. F. Kavanagh, 2010, “Surveying with
Construction Applications”, 7th Edition,
Prentice Hall Inc.
Course Schedule Week 1 (9/28)
Course Introduction; Confirming the List of Groups Basic knowledge
of surveying and types of observation
Week 2 (10/05) Fundamental Concept : Error type,
measurement accuracy representation
Week 3 (10/12) Fundamental Concept : Linear and Nonlinear
Error propagation, Taylor expansion Week 4 (10/19) Basic
Surveying : Distance Measurement
Week 5 (10/26) Basic Surveying : Leveling(I)
Week 6 (11/02) Basic Surveying : Leveling(II)
Week 7 (11/09) Basic Surveying : Angle and Direction
Measurement(I)
Week 8 (11/16) Midterm
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Course content Week 10 (11/30) Control Surveying : Introduction ;
Traverse Surveying calculation
Week 11 (12/07) Applied Surveying : Image surveying
Week 12 (12/14) Applied Surveying : GPS Surveying
Week 13 (12/21) Applied Surveying : Route Surveying
Week 14 (12/28) Applied Surveying : LiDAR Surveying
Week 15 (01/04) Lab Competition
Week 16 (01/11) Final exam
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Grading Policy
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Regulation of Assignments & Labs [1] According to the progress
of the course, the assignment will be handed out
for the week, and announced in CEIBA. [2] The assignment should be
handed in prior to the class on due date. [3] For the late hand-in,
the score will be 10% lower than the lowest score
among the class. [4] The assignment should be written in A4 papers.
The calculation part needs to
detail the calculation process or the attached program source code.
[5] The correct answer will be announced by the TA in CEIBA. [6]
For other regulations, the notice will be announced
separately.
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Regulation of Labs [1] It is expected to complete several Labs this
semester. [2] It takes teamwork to complete Lab1, and each team
contains at most 3 students. [3] In addition to the written
reports, students may be required to give a presentation
and display the actual work in class.
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Grading Scale 10: excellent :D 09: very good :D 08: good : ) 07:
more than sufficient : ) 06: sufficient : | 05: almost sufficient :
( 04: insufficient : ( 03: bad 8o| 02: very bad 8o| 01: terrible
8o| 00: no answer is given at all (U)
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Registration 1. For freshman students in CE department, please be
sure that you already
registered for Surveying Practice Class 02 or Class 03. 2. For
international students who feel much comfortable using English,
you
are suggested to take Class 01.
To be finished today Decide the group members
Note: Those who take Civil Engineering Concept Design() and
Surveying Practice()
are encouraged to work with the same group members.
Overview of
Definition: Techniques for determining the relative position of
points around the Earth’s surface.
The science, art, and technology of determining the relative
positions of points above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface, of
establishing such points (Wolf & Ghilani)
Surveying
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Surveying
Any theory and method for collecting, calculating and analyzing
spatial information are the scope of measurement.
Basic subjects involve: mathematics, statistics, optics,
electromagnetism, computer science……
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Narrow sense: The distance, the angle, the azimuth, the slope, and
the height between the points on the surface of the ground are
measured to determine the relative position of these points. Or
invert the distance, angle, direction, area, volume, and so
on.
General sense: Technology that measures, processes, distributes,
and applies spatial information in a variety of ways.
Surveying
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History: The earliest measurement technique records began with the
classification of taxable land in the ancient Egyptian period
(~1400B.C.). SELF READ: read Ghilani & Wolf, Section 1-3.
(Historical aspects)
Earth radius method for the ancient Greek scientist Eratosthenes
(~200B.C.) Using “Stadia” (=157.5m) as measuring units -R = 6267 km
-only -2% difference to the mean spherical earth radius
(6371km)
Surveying
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Geodesy() Study the gravitational field of the Earth, the density
distribution of the magnetic field and the internal mass of the
Earth (physical geodesy), and determine the shape and size of the
Earth (geometric geodesy).
Topographic Surveying () Determining topography and the location,
shape, area of features on the surface of the site, and presenting
the results in maps, archives or diagrams.
Engineering Surveying () Guide and check the construction of
various engineering structures (buildings, tunnels, dams, etc.) to
ensure that they are correctly built. In addition, monitoring
information is provided for the safety of engineering and
construction operations.
Application Areas
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Navigation () Positioning of moving objects in the air at sea or on
the ground. Positioning of features (including artificial
structures) inside and outside the earth’s surface in
real-time.
Cadastral Surveys () Determination of land boundary and land
registration.
Geographic/Land Information System () Collection, storage,
retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data (including
geography and land)
Application Areas
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Depending on the size of the measurement area and required
accuracy:
1. Plane Surveying () - Assume that the earth’s surface is a
horizontal plane - Computation is simple but less precise Planar
trigonometry - Suitable for small areas or measurement operations
with low precision requirements (e.g., construction survey)
2. Geodetic Surveying () - The surface of the earth is an
(irregular) ellipsoid (surface) - High computational complexity
spherical trigonometry and calculus - Mainly used for a wide range
of high precision measurement operations (determination of national
control points)
Plane and Geodetic Surveying
Plane Surveying Instrument Distance Measurement: Electronic
Distance Measurement, E.D.M. Angle Measurement: Theodolite Leveling
Measurement: Level
In recent years, in engineering measurement, most of the survey
work use total station instruments
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Geodetic Surveying Reference Ellipsoid: The actual shape of the
earth is a very irregular ellipsoid. In order to make the surface
measurement results become a basis for calculation, an ellipsoid
with an ideal shape is defined as a reference, which is called a
reference ellipsoid. According to different specifications or
requirements, it is possible to make a different reference
ellipsoid.
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Geodetic Surveying Geodesy is used to measure the relative position
between points in a large area. Considering the fact that the
surface of the earth is curved, the distance and angle of
observation on the ground surface must be calculated with respect
to the sphere or ellipsoid of the reference, and the coordinate
calculations are performed on the sphere or ellipsoid. The
coordinate calculation of the point must be processed by the
spherical trigonometry.
The results of Geodetic Surveying mainly provide: (1) High quality
control points (as a basis for the Plane Surveying) (2) Scientific
research requiring high precision (such as crustal deformation,
etc.)
The work of Geodetic Surveying has gradually been replaced by
satellite positioning technology in recent years. Today, GPS
(Global Positioning System) is the most popular technology. The
recent development trend is to try to use GPS to replace all
traditional surveying work.
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General Surveying Work Procedure 1. Develop a work plan (Planning):
Planning of objectives, work areas, time, budget, personnel,
instruments, etc.
2. Surveying work preparation (Preparation): Staff training,
instrument preparation and calibration.
3. Field work: Establish measurement points, control survey, detail
survey, results recording, and sketching.
4. Paper work (in Office): Organize records, results calculation
analysis, mapping and reporting.
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Types of Surveying (Differentiate by Purposes)
1. Control Surveys () Determine the coordinates (plane coordinates
and elevation) of points in a region to provide the basis or
reference for the measurement.
2. Topographic Surveys () The terrain and features in a region are
mapped and the final measurement results are represented in the
form of a map.
Topographic Surveying Procedures () Control Survey Topographic
mapping This course focuses on Control Survey and Topographic
mapping
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3. Cadastral Surveys () Defining the land boundaries within a
region, measuring each area of the land, investigate the land
utilization, tenure, and make a record.
4. Hydrographic Surveys () Hydrographic Surveys: Mapping underwater
terrain for navigation or research.
5. Route Surveys () Measurements carried out for the construction
of roads, railways and various pipelines.
Types of Surveying (Differentiate by Purposes)
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6. Construction Surveys () During the construction of the project,
the straight (curved) line, slope, height, horizontal position and
angle are provided to guide the personnel for the betterment of the
construction. [Construction must be carried out according to the
prior design]
7. Layout Surveys () The coordinates, shape and size of the main
corner of the building, determined by the designer, are nailed to
the to-be-constructed location corresponding to the design
coordinates. [Layout is the bridge between design and
construction]
Types of Surveying (Differentiate by Purposes)
Modern Surveying Instruments
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EDM
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Total Station A system that combines an electronic distance
measuring (EDM) with an electronic angle measuring.
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Global Positioning System The distances to multiple satellites are
measured, and the position of the receiver can be determined.
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Aerial Survey and Remote Sensing A technique using an airborne
(aircraft or satellite) camera/sensor to collect ground surface
information.
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Land and Geographic Information System Land Information System
(LIS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) refer
to the storage, integration, analyses, retrieval, and presentation
of various
spatially-related information by means of computers. Space-related
information
can consist of measurement data, maps, charts, aerial or satellite
photos, and
statistics…etc. Both naturally- and artificially-acquired
information can be
stored by forms of various layers.
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Administrative Boundary
Population Distribution
Land Use
Land Ownership
Transportation Facilities
All must be constructed in the same geographic coordinate system
and be stored in and analyzed by computers.
Ideal LIS or GIS workers: Surveyors and those equipped with
sufficient knowledge about computers
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Surveying Profession - Multi-discipline and high-tech - Used in
daily life as well as in engineering applications - Also crucial
for national development and scientific researches - Plane (Text
and Image) Information Science in the past 3D Information
Science (Spatial Information) now and in the future
- Ex: Google Earth SLAM (Simultaneous Location and Mapping)
Challenges: large amount of data collected by modern surveying
methods (big data) required highly efficient (smart) processing
techniques Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Self-study
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Basic Geometric Theory of Measurement The basic principle of
measurement is to start from the known point (control point) and
match the length of the side and angle. To determine the
coordinates of unknown points, the common methods can be resorted
to. These are divided into the following:
Intersection by Distances () Points A and B are known. Observe the
length of the PA and PB sides and determine the coordinates of the
P point.
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Basic Geometric Theory of Measurement Offset Method () Points A and
B are known. From point P to point B, the foot length is observed.
Observe the side length PD and AD (or BD), and then P can be
determined.
Intersection Method () Points A and B are known. From point P to
point B, the foot length is observed. Observe the side length PD
and AD (or BD), and then P can be determined.
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Basic Geometric Theory of Measurement Traverse Method () Points A
and B are known. Observe the AP side length and ∠PAB, and then the
P point coordinates can be determined.
Deflection Angle Method () When points A and B are known, the AP
cannot be observed. The P point can be determined by observing the
BP side length and the ∠PAB.
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Basic Geometric Theory of Measurement Intersection Method () Points
A and B are known. Observe ∠PAB and ∠PBA to determine the
coordinates of point P.
Three Points Method () Points A, B, and C are known. Observe ∠APB
and ∠BPC to determine the coordinates of point P.
Any Questions?Any Questions?