- Opioid Analgesics
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Transcript of - Opioid Analgesics
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Raw opium
Raw opium: is the air dried latex obtained
by the incisions from the unripe capsules
ofPapaver somniferum(Papaveraceae).
Latex is
Opium is the source of many alkaloids,
including morphine, thebaine, codeine,
papaverine, and noscapine.
Morphine is the predominant one.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaveraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noscapinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noscapinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaveraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex -
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papaver_April_2010-13.jpg -
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slaapbol_R0017601.JPG -
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Overview
Opiates are constituents or derivatives ofconstituents found in opium.
Opiates are narcotic analgesic.
Narcotic refers to the pain-relieving andsleep-inducing properties of these highly-addictive alkaloids, including morphine,
codeine and thebaine. Morphine is named after Morpheus the
god of sleep, while (somniferum) means"to sleep" in Latin.
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The major biologically active alkaloids found in
opium are morphine, codeine, thebaine,
papaverine and noscapine.
Papaverine and noscapine, have little to noeffect on the human central nervous system, and
are not usually considered to be narcotic.
They have have a different mechanism of action.
papaverine is smooth-muscle relaxant and
noscapine is antitussive.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaverinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine -
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Classification
Naturalopiates:are alkaloids contained inthe latex of opium as morphine, codeine, and
thebaine.
Semi-syntheticopioids: created from thenatural opiates, such as heroin, oxycodone,
and hydrocodone are derived from morphine,
codeine, and thebaine.
(heroin is diacetylmorphine)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocodonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocodonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin -
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Fully syntheticopioids: such as pethidine,
methadone, tramadol.
Endogenousopioid peptides, produced
naturally in the body, such as endorphins,
enkephalins, dynorphins, and endomorphins.
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Opium alkaloids
Classification
Phenanthrene group
Benzylisoquinoline group,
Phenylethylamine group.
Bis-isoquinoline group.
Opium alkaloids occur naturally combined
with specific acid (meconic acid). Meconic acid test.
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Opium alkaloids (cont.)
Phenanthrene gp.
Benzylisoquinoline gp.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Benzylisoquinoline_structure.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Benzylisoquinoline_structure.svg -
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Phenylethylamine gp.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Fenyloetyloamina.svg -
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Pharmacology and uses
Opiates and Opioids bind to specific opioidreceptors in the central nervous system andother tissues.
They have long been used to treat acute pain
(such as post-operative pain). They have also been found to be valuable in
palliative care (cancer, and degenerativeconditions such as rheumatoid arthritis )
In palliative or painkilling care the goal is toprevent and relieve suffering and to improvequality of life for people with serious andcomplex illness.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufferinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufferinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptor -
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Adverse side effects
Common adverse reactions in patients taking
opiates and opioids for pain relief include:
nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, itching,
dry mouth, miosis, and constipation.
These effects are overcome by medication
during the course of treatment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowsinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowsinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea -
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Opiate poisoning
Opiate poisoning can range from
discomfort like constipation to death from
respiratory depression.
Alcohol and other sedatives enhance the
effect of opiates, especially respiratory
depression