The Circulatory System

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=r_RQMdqccqc&NR=1

Circulatory System and Blood

Circulatory System relates to:o Skeletal system Where blood cells are producedo Respiratory System carries oxygen/carbon dioxide to

the bodyo Lymphatic System lymph and foreign invader

defenders travel through the blood system

Functions of bloodo Fluid connective tissueo Transport dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones,

and metabolic wasteso Regulates pH and ion compositiono Restricts fluid loss at injury siteso Defense against toxins/pathogens

The composition of whole blood

46-63% Plasma 37-54% Formed Elements

o 3 components:

1. Red Blood Cells, RBC’s or erythrocytes• Most abundant• Transport oxygen/carbon dioxide

2. White Blood Cells, WBC’c or leukocytes• Involved in body’s defense mechanisms

3. Platelets• Small packets of cytoplasm that contain

enzymes and other substances for clotting• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-sKZWqsUpw

Plasma Plasma composition:

o 92% watero 7% Plasma Proteinso 1% other solutes

The composition Plasma

Plasma: Plasma Proteins

3 Primary types:1. Albumins• Regulate osmotic pressure of plasma• Transport fatty acids, hormones

2. Globulins• Antibodies that attack foreign proteins

and pathogens3. Fibrinogens• Blood clotting if platelets don’t clot

properly

Formed Elements 99.9% Erythrocytes Contain the red pigment hemoglobin Single blood drop = 260 million RBC’s Structure:

o Biconcave disc• Enables RBC’s to form smooth stacks that flow through

narrow openings• Enables bending/flexing

o During differentiation, RBC’s loose most organelles short lifespan (<120 days)

The composition Formed Elements

Red Blood Cells Elements

Hemoglobino Bloods cells with attached oxygen bright redo binds and transports oxygen/carbon dioxide to

tissues throughout the bodyo Anemia: condition where the Hemoglobin levels

are low• Interferes with oxygen delivery• Symptoms: weak, lethargic, confused• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkC5Hf-AKwo&NR=1

Red Blood Cells Elements

Blood Doping: involves harvesting an athlete's own blood before a competition or finding a matching blood donoro blood is processed to create a concentration of

red blood cells, then frozen until needed for transfusion back into the athlete shortly before the event

o the extra red blood cells will deliver more oxygen and other essential elements to the athlete's muscle tissues, which means more stamina and endurance

Blood Types http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4qkwW-Fl3E

A classification determined by presence/absence of antigenso Substances that trigger an immune response o Attached to cell membranes of RBC’s

RBC’s of individual will have either1. A antigens2. B antigens3. Both A and B antigens4. Neither A or B antigens

Blood Types Type A

o Antigen Ao 40%

Type Bo Antigen Bo 10%

Type ABo Antigens A and Bo 4%

Type Oo Neither antigenso 46%

Blood Types Rh factor

o Surface antigeno Rh+

• Presences of Rh antigen• 85%

o Rh-• Absence of Rh antigen• 15%

o Example:• O- No antigens present• AB+ A, B, and Rh antigens present

Day 2 Blood typing lab

Blood Types Why do we need to be aware of blood types?

o Agglutinins: cells in plasma that attack antigens on “misplaced” RBC’s• When agglutinins attack the foreign RBC’s

clump together = agglutinationo If you are Type A your plasma carries anti-B

(antibodies B) which will attack Type B surface antigens

o Universal Recipient: AB+ o Universal Donor: O-

Inheritance of Blood Types

Inherited through genes on chromosome 9 Determined by the inheritance of 1 of 3 alleles (A, B, or O) from

each parent.  The possible outcomes are shown below:

Both A and B alleles are dominant over O. The A and B alleles are codominant.  Therefore, if an A is inherited from one parent and a B from the other, the phenotype will be AB.

Parent Alleles

A B O

A AA(A)

AB(AB)

AO(A)

B AB(AB)

BB(B)

BO(B)

O AO(A)

BO(B)

OO(O)

Day 3

White Blood Cells Compared to RBC’s

o Have a nuclei, organelleso Lack hemoglobin

Functiono Defend against invasion by pathogenso Remove toxins, wastes, abnormal/damaged

cells

Movement of White Blood Cells

Use bloodstream to travel from organ to organo Detect chemical signals within the blood to

seek out the damaged area• Can move out of bloodstream• Some can do phagocytosis: the ability to

engulf large particles Types of Leukocytes

o Neutrophilso Eosinophilso Basophilso Monocyteso Lymphocytes

Types of White Blood Cells

Neutrophilso 50-76% of WBC’so The first WBC to arrive at injury siteo Specialize in attacking and engulfing bacteria

that has been marked Eosinophils

o Red in coloro 2-4% of WBC’so Phagocytize marked bacteria, parasites, or

cellular debris Basophils

o <1% of WBC’so Trigger dilation of blood vessels to avoid clotting

Types of White Blood Cells

Monocyteso 2-8% of WBC’so Aggressive phagocyteso Engulfing items larger than themselveso Release chemicals to attract other neutrophils

and monocytes Lymphocytes

o 20-30% of WBC’so 3 Classes:

1. T Cells2. B Cells3. NK Cells

Classes of Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes1. T Cells

1. Cell mediated immunity2. Against invading foreign cells and tissue

2. B Cells1. Humoral immunity2. Producing of antibodies

3. NK Cells1. “Natural Killer” cells2. Immune surveillance3. Detection of destruction4. Important in preventing cancer

White Blood Cell Disorders

Leukopenia: abnormally low #’s of leukocytes Leukocytosis: abnormally high #’s of leukocytes

o Leukemia: type of Leukocytosis, many kinds• Leukocytes fight off normal, healthy cells

within the body

Platelets Platelets: thrombocytes

o Thrombocytopenia: abnormally low platelet count• Cause: excessive bleeding

o Thrombocytosis: exceedingly high platelet count• Infection, inflammation, cancer

Functionso Release enzymes at appropriate times

to initiate clotting controlo Formation of temporary patch in walls

of damaged vessels

The Heart

Day 4

Cardiovascular Circuit

Blood pumped through the body is involved in 2 main circuits:1. Pulmonary

• Carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

2. Systemic • Transports blood to and from the rest of the body

Both circuits start and end at the hearto Circuits made up of:

• Arteries• Veins• Capillaries

Anatomy of the Heart Surrounded by the pericardial cavity

o Visceral Pericardium: lining covering the surface of the heart

o Parietal Pericardium: lining on the inside surface of the pericardial cavity

o Pericardial fluid: lubricant found between both pericardium layers to reduce the friction

Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

Anterior Viewo Aorta

• Ascending• Descending• Arch

o Right Atriumo Right Ventricleo Left Atriumo Left Ventricleo Pulmonary Trunko Superior Vena Cavao Left Pulmonary Artery

Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

Posterior View

Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

Anterior Viewo Aorta

• Archo Right Atriumo Right Ventricleo Left Atriumo Left Ventricleo Pulmonary Trunko Superior Vena Cavao Inferior Vena Cavao Left Pulmonary Arteryo Right Pulmonary Artery

Other Anatomical Structures

Interatrial Septum separates the right and left atria

Interventricular Septum separates the right and left ventricles

Atrioventricular Valves—(2 of them) valves that open between atria and ventricleso 1 on right side: “Right AV valve” or tricuspid (3 flaps)o 1 on left side: “Left AV valve” or bicuspid (2 flaps)

Pulmonary Semilunar valve valves that open between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

Aortic Semilunar valve valves that open between the left ventricle and the aorta

Other Anatomical Structures

Right Atrioventricular Valve or Tricuspid

Left Atrioventricular Valve or Bicuspid

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Chordae Tendinae: connective tissue that

pulls cusps openPapillary Muscles: attach to Chordae Tendinae and

constrict to pull cusps open

Review structures

Blood Pathway Blood from body Inferior/Superior Vena Cava's

Right Atrium Right Atrioventricular Valve/Tricuspid Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Pulmonary Artery

Lungs (BECOMES OXYGENATED)

Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Left Atrioventricular valve/bicuspid Left Ventricle Aortic Semilunar Valve Ascending Aorta Aortic Arch Descending Aorta the Body

Blood Pathway

practice

Blood Supply to the Heart

The heart, as a muscle, needs a blood supply too = coronary circulation

Coronary Arteries: (left and right) originate from the ascending aortao Supplies blood to the heart tissue

Cardiac Veins: takes blood from the heart tissue and dumps it directly into the right atriumo Removes deoxygenated blood from the

heart tissue

Coronary Circulation

Coronary Circulation (posterior)

Cats

Heartbeats and the Conduction System

Conduction Systemo Release chemical impulses to change the

Transmembrane potential of heart tissueo Components

• Sinoatrial Node (SA node)• In wall of Rt Atrium• Contains pacemaker cells---regulate heart rate

• Atrioventricular Node (AV node)• Between atriums and ventricles

• AV Bundle• Perkinje Fibers• Conducting Cells

• Interconnect the nodes• Pass electrical signals to all cells of the heart

tissue

Conduction System Heartbeat

1. SA node stimulated2. Impulse spreads and reaches the AV node3. Atrial contraction begins4. Impulse spreads with the AV Bundle 5. Impulse braches to the Perkinje fibers6. Spreads to papillary muscles for valves to

open7. Impulse spreads to ventricles for contraction

Sinoatrial Node (SA)

AtrioventricularNode (AV) AV

Bundle

Perkinje Fibers

ECG or EKG Electrocardiogram: recording of the electrical

events of your heart Features:

o P Wave: depolarization of the atria (contract)o QRS Complex: ventricles depolarize(contract)

and atria repolarize(relax) • R Wave: Ventricles contract (contraction held

due to ventricles being larger than atria)o T Wave: ventricle repolarization (relax)

Cardiac Cycle The repetitive pumping process that begins

with cardiac muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the nexto 2 phases:• Systole: contraction of the heart

chambers—pushing blood out of heart• Diastole: Relaxation of the heart

chambers---blood filling heart chambers• Used in blood pressure readings:• Systolic/Diastolic Ex: 120/80• The amount of pressure on your

vascular tissue during systole and diastole

Blood Pressure Take Blood Pressure

o Average 120/80• Abnormally Low #’s: 80/50 or lower =

body is not getting enough blood• Hypotension

• Abnormally High #’s: 140/100 or higher = heart is working too hard to get blood to body• Hypertension

Pulse Average resting 60-100 Consistently above 100 or below 60---see a

physician