Module ITopics: International Business Cooperation.

English as a World Language.

Customs, Traditions and Holidays.

Mass Media

Grammar: Sequence of Tenses. Reported (Indirect Speech).

Unit I

TEXT A

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS COOPERATION

Business is a word that is commonly used in many languages. It is a combination of different activities: production, distribution, sale and making profit.For efficient business, nations export or import goods. Countries naturally export those things that they can produce better or less expensively than other countries and on the other hand they import things that cannot be produced efficiently at home.

For example, Saudi Arabia imports automobiles and exports petroleum; Japan, imports bananas and exports computers, etc. Ukraine is rich in natural resources so it exports them while it tends to import technical equipment.

These international relations are organized through joint ventures, stock exchange or different multinational companies. The names and products of many of the multinationals have become well-known in the world marketplace: International Business Machines (IBM), General Motors, Royal Dutch Shell, Sony, Coca-Cola and Volkswagen.

A multinational corporation operates in a complex business environment. Cultural, social, economic, political, and technological systems change from country to country.

Doing business with other countries business people often attend meetings, speak over the phone with foreign partners, make presentations, participate in conferences. They have informal and formal conversations during their meetings so they must understand what other people want to say and express their own ideas and thoughts. For this purpose the language of communication is needed and English performs such function now.

NOTES:distribution

profit

efficient

produce

expensively

petroleum,

joint ventures

stock exchange

marketplace

attend

purpose

perform

Ex. 2. Find in the text the answers to the following questions:

1. What is business?

2. What factor is important in business in addition to production, distribution and sale?

3. What do companies do to make their business efficient?

4. What do countries usually export?

5. What do they usually import?

6. What does our country tend to export and import? Why?

7. What kinds of establishments are all these relations organized through?

8. What systems and environment do multinationals operate in?

9. Why do business people need to know one common language of communication?

10. What language performs such function nowadays?

Ex.3. Match the equivalents between the English and Ukrainian words and expressions.

1) complex business environment, 2) efficiently, 3) become well-known, 4) social systems, 5) operate, 6) export or import goods, 7) tend to, 8) foreign partners, 9) through, 10) different activities.

1) , 2) ( ), 3) , 4), 5) , 6) , 7) (), 8) , 9) ( ), 10) .

Ex. 4. Use the words to make the meaningful sentences.

1. Used, many, a, word, languages, is, business, in.

2. Export, countries, those, naturally, things, that, produce, they, better, can.

3. Equipment, Ukraine, technical, to import, tends.

4. Corporation, environment, operates, in a complex, a multinational, business.

5. Spend, business people, every, in, conferences, time, a lot of.

Ex.5. Choose one or two answers that are correct.

1. Nations import goods they

a) produce efficiently.

b) specialize in.

c) lack or cannot produce efficiently.

2. Specialization often results in

a) growth of population.

b) increased output.

c) decreased costs.

3. Ukraine is able to natural resourses.

a) import

b) design

c) export

4. These international are organized through joint ventures, stock exchange or different multinational companies.

c) meetings

d) relations

c) conversations

5. During meetings business people must their own ideas and thoughts.

a) express.

b) discuss.

c) proclaim.

Ex.6. Translate the words in the brackets and put the sentences into the right order to make the text.

1. English () such function now.

2. For () business, nations export or import goods.

3. For this () the language of communication is needed.

4. They have informal and formal () during their meetings.

5. These international relations are organized through ( ), () or different multinational companies.

6. A multinational corporation operates in a () business environment.

7. Business is a combination of different activities: production, distribution, sale and making ().

8. Ukraine exports natural () and imports technical equipment.

9. Countries naturally export those things that they can produce better or less ().

10. Business people often () meetings, make presentations, participate in conferences.

Ex.7. Translate the sentences to the text.

1. : , , , .

2. .

3. , .

4. , .

5. .

6. , .

7. .

8. , , ..

9. .

10. .

Ex.8. Speak on the topic: International business cooperation. Grammar Exercises

Ex.1. Consult and study the Grammar Focus (p.105)

Ex.2. Choose the right variant. 1. He said he (is leaving the office/was leaving the office).

2. I assured my partners that our company (will finish/would finish) the work on time.

3. We learnt that he (was/had been) absent the previous meeting.

4. He realized that he (had lost/lose) the key in the cafe.

5. I was sure that we (will be/would be) able to sell all our equipment.

6. They knew that I (am/was) ill and (cannot/ could not) come to the conference.

7. Mary says that she (has organized/had organized) this business trip herself.

8. My friend says that I (may/might) come to his party.

9. He told us they (have had/had had) dinner an hour before.

10. We understood that she (is going/was going) to stay in the city for long.

Ex. 3. Translate the sentences and underline the verbs of the main and subbordinate clause. 1. I know that he lives in Britain.

2. I knew that he lived in Britain.

3. She thinks that he is working in the office now.

4. She thought that he was working in the office that moment.

5. We found that they completed the report yesterday.

6. They found that we had completed the report by the day before.

7. When she learned that all her colleagues had left, she was very surprised

8. Their boss promises that he will pay out the salary to the employees on time.

9. Their boss promised that he would pay out the salary to the employees on time.

10. We were sure that he was telling the truth about what had happened and what he would undertake in future.

Ex. 4. Translate the sentences and underline the verbs of the main and subbordinate clause.1. She is a student.I know that ..

I knew that ..

2. Mark does not perform duties at work well.I find that .....

Last year I found that ..... , but I hope he does now.

3. Our office workers learn English.I know that .....

When I worked in a big corporation I knew that our .....

4. They are passing exams this month.I am sure that .....

I was sure then that .....

5. My groupmates have just come from Germany.

My groupmates boast that.....

Last week my groupmates boasted that.....

6. He will be an excellent worker in future.The Director thinks that .....

The Director thought that .....

7. The secretary will not cope with this matter.

I am afraid that .....

I was afraid that .....

8. This country exported a lot of gas when it was rich in natural resourses.

Newspapers write that ..

10 years ago newspapers wrote that ..

Ex. 5. Change the main clause to the past and adjust the dependent clause as necessary.Model: We hope that he will be able to attend the match.

We hoped that he would be able to attend the match.

1. He says that he finished the project last week.

2. Mark thinks he is going to participate at the international meeting.

3. Steve says that he will invite the guests.

4. Sue tells her friends that they are good businessmen.

5. Mary says that she learns English every day.

6. They say that they will move to France next year.

7. He says that he is looking for a job.

8. We hope that you can join us.

9. I know that they made a contract last week.

10. They say the secretary has left.

Ex. 6. Say / Tell

Write the correct form of say or tell in the following sentences. Be careful to observe sequence of tenses.

1. Jack ----- (that )he had already seen the movie.

2. James-----me (that) he had already done his homework.

3. Jarry ----- (that) his friends would be going camping next week.4. Hamlet ---. To be or not to be, that is the question.

5. My brother ----- us (that) he had passed the exam.

Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with the right tense form.

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

Im going out, he said.He said (that) he . going out.

We don't know him, they said to us. They told us (that) they . him.

They work in Rome, she said to us. She told us (that) they in Rome.

Shes found her keys, he said.He said (that) she . her keys.

I lost my money , he said to her.He told her (that) he his money.

I cant forget this accident, she said to him.She told him (that) she . forget that accident.

Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with the right tense name.

DIRECT SPEECHREPORTED SPEECH

Present Simple

Past Continious

Past Simple

Present Perfect

Future-in-the Past

could

may

might

had to

Ex. 9. Complete the table.

DIRECT SPEECHREPORTED SPEECH

today

then

the day before

tomorrow

here

that

ago

Ex. 11. Work in pairs and complete the conversation.Adam is talking to Beatrice about a friend, George. B has not heard the same as A.

Model: A. George doesnt like his new job.

B. But he told me he loved (love) it!a) A. He loves living in London.

B. But he told me _______ ! (hate)

b) A. Hes moving to Canada.

B. But he told me _______ ! (Australia)

c) A. His girlfriend has left him.

B. But he told me ________! (he / leave / her)

d) A. Shell be thirty next week.

B. But she told me ________! (twenty - one)

e) A. He went to Amsterdam for his last holiday

B. But he told me ________! (Barbodos)

f) A. He cant give up smoking!

B. But he told me ________! (three years ago)

g) A. He was given the sack last week.

B. But he told me ________! (promotion)

h) A. Hes fallen in love with a French girl.

B. But he told me _________! (with me)

Ex. 10. Transform the following sentences into indirect speech, observing all the necessary changes of verbs, pronouns, etc.

1. She said, We are enjoying our vacation.

2. Ill meet you at the stadium at 6 oclock tomorrow, she said to them.

3. He said, I havent heard the sports news today.

4. She said, I was late for my classes yesterday.

5. He said, We are having a test on finances now.

6. She said to me, I missed my train yesterday.

7. They said, We often see this actor here.

8. Mary said, Two years ago I went to Italy.

9. Lary said, I am sure she will be here next Sunday.

10. I said to the teacher, I read this book last year.

Ex. 10. Transform the following sentences with modal verbs into indirect speech.1. She said, You may go with me.

2. Tom said, I would like some white coffee without sugar.

3. The General Manager said, You must wear suits at work.

4. You sould understand the problems of your children and help them, my friend advised me.

5. They said, Our plant cannot produce such technical equipment.

6. You must not speak over the phone during the lessons, the teacher warned his students.

7. Mary said to Bill, I think you can make good presentations.

Ex. 8. Turn these reported sentences into direct questions.

1. Ann said that she was very busy writing the report.

2. She said she had just arrived from the airport.

3. The guest said that he had to go home in some minutes.

4. He said that he was sure Tom would come very soon.

5. She said that they might come in and write the test.

1. All newspapers wrote that this currency rate was growing those days.

2. The Director reported that our company had made a good profit the previous year.

3. We were said that our equipment was not working then.

4. My groupmate said that the next lecture would be on the second floor.

5. The news announcer said that the petroleum price had risen very fast last week.

1. Ex. 11. Translate the sentences into English.

2. , .

3. , .

4. , .

5. , (to miss) .

6. , .

1. , .

2. , .

3. , .

4. (guide) , .

5. , .

Unit II

TEXT A

ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANGUAGE

Everybody can agree that English is the most influential language in the world.

It is the official language in 44 countries. More than 350 million people speak English as their first or native language. About the same number use it as a second language. No one knows how many people speak it as a foreign language.There are many reasons why English is so widely spoken today. Here are some of them.

Firstly English is the official language in many of Britains former colonies such as America, Australia, New Zealand. Nowadays it is the official language of governments in such countries as South Africa, India, Nigeria and others.

Secondly entertainment has helped to spread the use of English, because of the popularity of English-language films, TV-programs and pop-music.

Officially English has become an international language of travel and tourism, technology and computers, business and medicine.

Now it is the language of international communication. 80% of e-mails on the Internet are in English, 60% of the worlds radio stations broadcast in English.

It currently dominates science, commerce, mass media and popular culture.

During the meetings and trade negotiations businessmen use English to discuss their needs and make contracts and transactions.

NOTES:influential

official language

native language

foreign language

reason

widely

entertainment

spread

communication

broadcast

dominate

science

negotiations

make contract

transaction

Ex.1. Answer the questions:

1. What language is the most influential in the world nowadays?2. How many countries consider English as their official language?3. How many people use English as the first and second language?4. Why has this language become a world language?5. In what spheres has English become an international language?6. In what cases do people use English?7. Where do businessmen use English?Ex.2. Match the equivalents between the English and Ukrainian words and expressions.

1) entertainment, 2) the same number, 3) popularity, 4) reasons, 5) mass media, 6) influential language, 7) language of international communication, 8) former colonies, 9) trade negotiations, 10) governments.

1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , 6) , 7) , 8) , 9) , 10) .

Ex.3. Are these sentences true or false? Express your agreement or disagreement. Use the phrases:

Agreement phrasesDisagreement phrases

Certainly

It is really so

Exactly soNothing of the kind

I dont think so

Im afraid you are wrong

1. By 1900 England had had a lot of colonies in Asia, Africa and the South Pacific.

2. Everybody knows how many people speak English as a foreign language.

3. English dominates science, business and technology.

4. More than 250 million people speak English as the native language.

5. Nowadays English is a mother tongue in all the countries all over the world.

6. English is an official language in former British colonies.

7. The world-wide popularity of Hollywood films helped to spread the use of English.

8. Businessmen do not need English in their work.

Ex.4. Translate the words in the brackets and put the sentences into the right order to make the text.1. English is an international language of () and tourism, () and computers, business.

2. () has helped to spread the use of English.

3. They also use English to make () and ().

4. There are many () why English is so () spoken today.

5. It currently () in science, commerce, ( ) and popular culture.

6. It is the language of international ().7. English is the official language in many of Britains () colonies.

8. Businessmen use English at the meetings and ().

9. It is the ( ) in 44 countries.

10. English is the most ( ) in the world. Ex.5. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. .2. 350 .

3. 44 .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. , , , .

8. , , .

Ex.6. Speak on the topic: English as a world language.

Grammar Exercises

Ex. 1. Study the table and consult the Grammar Focus.( p.106)Ex. 2. Rewrite the sentences into the Reported Speech and translate them.

1. Its important to keep a positive atmosphere during negotiations, the chairman said.

2. The partners set goals, suggest alternatives and say what they want, commented the correspondent.

3. Setting the agenda for the next meeting is the most important job, they said.

4. They made lots of suggestions, reported Tom.

5. Manager said, The production of the factory increased when ten new workers were hired.

6. They answered, Nations without technological resources cannot produce their own computer systems.

Ex.4. Make the following General questions indirect:1. I asked a man, Do you work for this company?

2. Does your friend live in London?, I asked Boris.

3. I asked Tom, Have you already had breakfast?

4. I asked my sister, Will you stay at home or go for a walk after dinner?

5. I asked a young man, Can you call a taxi for me?

6. She asked, Are you going to this conference?

7. Did you borrow this book from me?, I asked Tom.

8. Would you like some coffee?, the waiter asked me.

9. Have you found your book?, my friend asked me.

10. Were you at those last trade negotiations?, they asked me.

Ex.5. Make the following Special questions indirect:

1. What do you think of our canteen?, I asked my cousin.2. When did you stop smoking?, the nurse asked the patient.3. How much is the bus fare?, my guest asked me.4. Why do people go in for sports?, the boy asked his father.5. Who was this book written by?, the teacher asked the student.

6. He asked me: Who will come to the cinema with me?

7. How did Maria get to the Academy today?, the teacher asked.

8. What time does the meeting start?, we asked the secretary.

9. Her mother asked,When will you be back?

10. How many times have you been to our country?, we asked our guest.

Ex.6. Report these sentences from direct into indirect speech.

1. When I arrived in England I thought I knew English, Mary said.

2. Are those 500 words the average Englishmen uses enough for communication? the tourist asked.

3. Why do all foreigners have trouble in English speaking? they wondered.

4. All our e-mails abroad are in English, said our secretary.

5. This month our company is having intensive negotiations, the department director informed his colleague.

6. Two thousands years ago English did not exist, said the guide.

7. The English grammar is simpler than in other languages but the spelling is difficult, answered the guide.

Ex.7. Report the questions of Ex.4 beginning with the words:The tourists asked

Ex. 8. Turn these reported questions into direct questions. Model: Where do you work?, he asked her.

He asked where she worked.1. She was asked what her favorite sport was.

2. He asked if she heard the sports news.

3. She asked why he disliked his business partner.

4. She asked when he was going to participate in the conference.

5. I asked him what he would do if he didn`t pass the exam.

6. She asked what had happened.

7. Mary asked me how long had I known my friend.

8. The teacher asked her pupils where they had spent their holidays.

9. Tom asked his colleague if she had ever travelled abroad.

10. They were asked if they would discuss all the points of the contract with the partners.

Ex. 9. Translate the sentences into English.

1. , .

2. ( passer-by) , - .

3. , .

4. , .

5. , .

6. , .

7. , .

8. , .

9. , .

10. ,

Mass media

Today we can`t imagine our life without mass media. The mass media include newspapers, magazines, radio and television. They serve to inform people of different events that take place or may happen, entertain people.

The earliest kind of mass media was newspaper. The first newspaper started in 59 BC. Newspapers can present and comment on the news in much detail in comparison to radio and TV newscasts.

Radio and TV appeared only in the last century. The most exciting and entertaining kind of mass media is television. It brings moving pictures and sounds directly to peoples homes.

Radio is widespread for its portability. People like listening to the radio on the beach or picnic, while driving a car or just walking down the street. The main kind of radio entertainment is music.

But the most important thing that newspapers, radio or TV bring to people is information. Complete and accurate information is very important to get nowadays.

Usually daily mass media carry some international, state and local news, focus public attention on the most urgent problems of the society. They also contain some other topics like health care, arts and so on.

Advertising is also paid much attention to in mass media. It helps people to get oriented in variety of goods and services on the market.

The beginning of the Ukrainian press is considered the Kharkiv Weekly, founded in 1812.

Today Ukraine has a large variety of newspapers and magazines of all kinds: national and local, official and private, special newspapers for children, women, etc. There are also a lot of free newspapers in our country, which specialize only in advertising.

TV in Ukraine is mostly presented with private TV channels, there are local channels, each serving a different part of the country or a city.

Nearly 5,000 periodicals are published in the United Kingdom. They are usually classed as either quality or popular papers. The popular papers try to attract more general readers, with pictures and sensational stories. The quality papers are for more serious readers, they comment on events of international, political or economic interest, etc.

The most popular television and radio company in Great Britain is the BBC (British Broadcasting Company). The BBC has two television channels: BBC1 and BBC2. The BBC is financed by payments which are made by all people who have TV-sets. There is no advertising on any BBC program.

NOTES:imagine

events

take place

widespread

complete information

accurate information

attention

urgent

health care '

variety

to be considered

advertising

present

periodicals

attract

payments,

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What kinds of mass media do you know?

2. What was the earliest kind of mass media?

3. Why is the television so exciting?

4. What is the reason for widespread use of the radio?

5. What kind of information do people need?

6. What kind of problems do mass media carry public attention?

7. Why is advertising paid much attention to in mass media?

8. What periodical is considered the beginning of the Ukrainian press?

9. What kinds of newspapers can you find in our country? Give some names of different kinds of Ukrainian newspapers or magazines.

10. What kinds of TV channels do we have on Ukrainian TV?

11. How many periodicals are published in the UK?12. What do the terms quality or popular papers mean?

13. What is the BBC? (Interpret the abbreviation first.)14. Who finances the BBC?15. Is advertising placed in any BBC programmes? Why (not)?Ex. 2. Find in the text the English correspondences to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations in the box.

1) a large variety of newspapers, 2) to be financed by, 3) entertain people, 4) comment on the news, 5) in comparison to, 6) complete and accurate information, 7) to class, 8) focus public attention, 9) to get oriented, 10) can`t imagine, 11) specialize in advertising, 12) sensational stories, 13) attract readers, 14) serve to inform people, 15) urgent problems.

1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , 6) , 7) () , 8) , 9) , 10) , 11) , 12) , 13) , 14) , 15) .

Ex. 3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from text B.1) Nearly 5 thousand ______ are published in the UK.2) No __ is placed in any BBC radio or TV programs.3) All English newspapers are normally classed as ____ or popular papers.4) In Ukraine there is a large variety of newspapers and magazines of all kinds: national and ______, ______and private, etc.5) The British Broadcasting Corporation is the most popular ___ and___ company in GB.6) It is financed by ____ which are made by all people who have TV-sets.7) The most important thing that mass media bring to people is ______ .8) The main kind of radio ______ is music.9) The mass media serve to _____ people of different events.10) Television is the most ______ and ______ kind of mass media.Ex. 4. Translate the words in the brackets and put the sentences into the right order to make the text.

1. TV in Ukraine is mostly () with private, local channels, etc.2. The BBC is financed by () made by all people who have TV-sets.3. The most important thing that newspapers, radio or TV bring to people is ().4. They serve to inform people of different () that ( ) or may happen.5. Mass media carry some international state and local news, focus public () on the most () problems of the society.6. The earliest kind of ( ) was newspaper.7. Advertising helps people to get oriented in a variety of goods and () on the market.8. The mass media () newspapers, magazines, radio and television.9. Radio and TV () only in the last century.10. The ( ) in the United Kingdom are usually classed as either quality or popular papers.11. The most () television and radio company in Great Britain is the BBC. 12. Ukraine has a large () of newspapers and magazines of all kinds.Ex. 5. Translate the sentences to the text.

1. , , . 2. , . 3. . 4. , . 5. , . 6. .7. . 8. . 9. .10. BBC . 11. BBC , . Ex.6. Speak on the topic: Mass media.Grammar Exercises

Ex. 1. Consult and study the Grammar Focus (p.107)

Ex. 2. Make these orders and requests indirect.

1. Stop smoking and drinking, the doctor advised the sick man.

2. Dont lose hope, the father said to his son.

3. Come to the cinema with me, he asked her.

4. Dont forget to take the dictionary, I said to my sister.

5. Look to your left before crossing the street, the mother said to her daughter.

6. Lucy, show me your test, the teacher asked her student.

7. Don`t be afraid to pass the exam, Tom advised his groupmate.

8. The professor said to us, Come at 5 tomorrow and don`t be late, please.

9. Help me with the exercise if you are free, my brother asked me.

10. Don`t leave the office before I get back, she kindly asked her colleague.

Ex. 3. Transform the different types of sentences into reported speech.1. Will you be at home tonight?, she asked me.

2. I said to him: Please dont be angry .

3. She said: This exercise is very easy.

4. He said to me: Ive never been here before.

5. She said: I was working hard all the time.

6. He said to them: Shell be here in an hour.

7. He asked her: Did anybody call this morning?

8. Dont run to the door when you hear the bell, said the woman to her little daughter.

9. He said: I am sure it will rain tomorrow.

10. She said to me: What are you going to do when you come home?

Ex. 4. Report each stage of the following conversations in separate sentences:A: Nick:Its Dianas birthday next week. What shall we give her?

Sandy:Lets give her some roses.

Nick:No, not flowers. Lets give her a record.

B: Mary:Havent you invited Jane?

Ann:Yes, I have. I dont know why she hasnt come yet.

John:She may still come, you know. Its only six.

Peter:Im sure she will be coming soon. She is always late. Itll be

strange if she isnt. Here she comes. What did I say?

C: A.:Are you good at foreign languages?

B.:Not really. It was very difficult for me to learn English at

first.

A.:Is it any easier now?

B.:Yes. My teacher says Im doing quite well now.

D: A.:How was the party? B.:It was brilliant. Actually, it was the best party Id ever been

to.

A.:What about the food?

B.:It was delicious, and the people were really interesting. Im

sorry you couldnt make it.

E.: A.:Are you free tonight?

B.:Why? Are you going to invite me somewhere?

A.:Yes, Ive got tickets for King Lear.

B.:Its the first night, isnt it? How did you manage to get seats?

A.:Dont ask me questions, just say whether you are coming or

not.

B.:Of course, I am. How can I miss a chance like that?Ex. 5. Rewrite these sentences into reported speech.

Model: They said the holiday was very exciting.

They said, The holiday is very exciting.

1. He told them he would return late.

2. She asked me if you were a good runner.

3. I told Peter not to leave the house.

4. I promised my mother I would be home early.

5. She asked everybody in our office if we had seen Mary that day.

6. He told us that he had written the report the day before.

7. He told me he would write to me every week.

8. My friend asked me what time I was planning to leave the next day.

9. She asked where she could find a ticket office.

10. That man says that he knows our Director.

Ex. 6. Translate into English.

1. , .

2. , .

3. .

4. , .

5. , - .

6. , .

7. , .

8. .

9. , .

10. , .

Module I Unit I

distribution (n)

profit (n)

efficient (adj)

variety of goods(n)

(to) produce (v)

joint venture (n)

stock exchange (n)

(to) attend the meeting (v)

exchange (n)

item, goods, product (n)

(to) tend to (v)

(to) increase (v)

(to) perform (v)

activity (n)

production (n)

expensively

petroleum (n)

through (n),

joint venture (n)

stock exchange (n)

different (adj)

multinational company

well-known (adj)

marketplace (n)

(to) operate (v)

complex (adj)

environment (n)

(to) change (v)

(to) attend (v)

(to) participate (v)

conversation (n)

(to) express (v)

thoughts (n)

own (adj)

purpose (n),

(to) perform (v)

communication (n)

Module I Unit II. Text A

official (adj)

influential (adj)

native (adj)

the same number

reason (n)

widely (adv)

foreign (adj)

former (adj),

entertainment (n)

popularity (n)

(to) dominate (v),

science (n)

communication (n)

(to) broadcast (v)

negotiation(talks) (n)

(to) make contract (v)

transaction (n)

needs (n)

(to) spread (v)()

Module I Unit III

dvertising (n), ,

(to) imagine (v)

without

(to) include (v) ( ),

(to) serve (v)

event (n)

(to) take place (v) , ,

(to) present (v)

in comparison to

(to) appear (v)

exciting (adj)

widespread (adj),

portability

complete (adj),

accurate (adj)

attention (n)

urgent (adj)

health care

attention (n)

payment (n),

(to) attract (v),

(to) broadcast (v), ,

detail (n)

(to) entertain (v)

entertainment(n),

event (n)

(to) get oriented (v),

(to) pay attention(v)

society (n)

(to) take place (v) , ,

variety (n)

widespread (adj),

GRAMMAR FOCUS

SEQUENCE OF TENSES

REPORTED (INDIRECT) SPEECH

- . , - .

- , , , Past Indefinite Past Continuous.

Say and respond as in the model:

I enjoy skiing.

And I thought you enjoyed skating

Prompts:

1. to play football

2. to be going to the Academy

3. to like ice-cream

4. to go to the swimming pool

5. to be busy with translation

II - , , Past Perfect. .

Say and respond as in the model:

He won a very important game.

I didnt know that he had won a very important game.

, .

Prompts:

1. to watch an interesting film2. to play football in his childhood

3. to win an important victory

4. to congratulate their parents on Wedding anniversary

5. to be given a watch as a present

III - , , Future-in-the-Past ( ).

Future in the Past

Would/Should +V1

Say and respond as in the model:

The performance will be interesting.

And I thought it would be boring.

Prompts:

1. to play cricket.

2. to swim in the river

3. to see firework display

4. to meet colleagues at the airport

5. to be angryIV , .

The chemistry teacher said that water boils at 100 C. , t 100.

The doctor said that it is important to keep fit. , .

- , , :

Present Simple Past Simple

Present Continuous - Past Continuous

Present Perfect - Past Perfect

Past Simple - Past Perfect

Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous

Future Simple - Future in-the - Past

Indirect (Reported) Speech that, .

He says: The hockey match begins at seven.He says that the hockey match begins at seven.

.

She says: Im going to the party.She says that she is going to the party.

She says: He has brought his textbook.She says that he has brought his textbook.

to say , , ( to), to say to tell, .

to say , .

She says to him: You will become a good lawyer.She tells him that he will become a good lawyer.

He says: I want to be a world champion.He says that he wants to be a world champion.

Indirect (Reported) Speech. Questions.

, , (indirect questions) . : ( ). do /does/ did .

to say to ask .

, if whether.

( ) .

Do you know the secretary?, I asked them.I asked them if (whether) they knew the secretary.

What country do you come from?, she asked Bill.Bill asked what country I came from.

Why did you decide to go to Ethiopia?, he asked her.He asked her why she had decided to go to Ethiopia.

Indirect (Reported Speech). Imperatives (requests, commands etc.)

. not.

to say to ask, to tell, to order .

Close the door at once, he said to the boy.He told the boy to close the door at once.

Please, dont give up, the mother asked her son.The mother asked her son not to give up.

:

thisthat

thesethose

nowthen

herethere

todaythat day

yesterdaythe day before

tomorrowthe next day

agobefore

nextthe next

the following

lastthe previous

Direct speechIndirect speech

She said, I write reports every day

Present SimpleShe said that she wrote reports every day

Past Simple

She said, I am writing the report nowPresent ContiniousShe said that she was writing the report then.Past Continious

She said, I have writen the report by now.

Present PerfectShe said that she had writen the report by that time

Past Perfect

She said, I wrote the report yesterday.

Past SimpleShe said that she had writen the report the day before.Past Perfect

She said, I will write the report tomorrow

Future SimpleShe said that she would write the report the next day.

Futurein-the-Past

She said, I can write this report

She said that she could write that report.

She said, I may write this report

She said that she might write that report.

She said, I might write this reportShe said that she might write that report.

She said, I must write this reportShe said that she had to write that report.

She said, I would like to write this reportShe said that she would like to write that report.

She said, I ought to write this reportShe said that she ought to write that report.

She said, I have to write this reportShe said that she had to write that report.

She said, Do it.She said to do it.

She said, Don`t do it.She said not to do it.

She said, Do you work in this office?She asked if I worked in that office

She said, Where do you live?She asked where I lived.

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