طرق قياس وتركيب كراسي المحاور

315

MaintenanceProducts andLubrication Charts

316

SKF develops and markets maintenance tools, lubricantsand lubricators to optimize mounting, dismounting andlubrication of bearings. The product assortment includesmechanical tools, heaters, oil injection equipment,instruments, lubricants and lubricators (see the catalogue“SKF Maintenance and Lubrication Products” or online atwww.mapro.skf.com).

Mechanical tools Mechanical tools are used mainly for mounting anddismounting small and medium-sized bearings. The SKFrange comprises tools for the installation and removal ofbearings and locking devices. The range also containsbearing handling tools for safe and rapid lifting andpositioning of bearings up to 500 kg.

Hook and impact spannersSKF hook spanners have the exact radius to suit theappropriate lock nut. This enables safe and efficienttightening and minimizes the risk of damage to both thenut and shaft.

Impact spanners are made of spheroidal graphite castiron and have a special impact face to transmit amaximum torque to the nut. Each spanner can be usedwith several nut sizes.

Lock nut spanners and axial lock nut sockets To mount SKF self-aligning ball bearings on adaptersleeves in housings, a special bearing lock nut spannerset is available. Using these spanners, the correcttightening angle is easy to achieve and this enablesconsistently accurate bearing mounting.

Axial lock nut sockets are especially useful if there isinsufficient space around the lock nut. They have driveconnections suitable for use with power tools or torquewrenches.

Maintenance and lubrication products

317

Bearing fitting tools SKF bearing fitting tools enable small bearings to be coldmounted on a shaft. They can also be used to mountbushings, seals and pulleys. The kits consist of impactrings and sleeves and a dead blow hammer.

Jaw pullersSKF jaw pullers enable a wide range of bearings to bedismounted. One of the puller series, designated TMMA,which design is unique to SKF, incorporates a springallowing easy opening and closing of the arms, while aspecial safety solution helps to prevent dangerousoverload. A range of hydraulic spindles and rams are alsoavailable for increased puller forces. The SKF jaw pullerrange contains pullers with withdrawal forces up to 500 kN.

Strong back pullersSKF strong back pullers are supplied as kits with allnecessary accessories to cover the most difficult pullingoperations. Strong back pullers consist of either a two orthree-piece separable yoke, which when placed behindthe bearing makes a “strong back”. The pulling force canbe applied using a mechanical spindle, a hydraulicspindle or a hydraulic ram.

Internal and blind pullersTo dismount a wide range of deep groove ball bearings fromblind housing bores quickly and easily, SKF has developedblind housing puller kits. These pullers have hinged arms withspecially machined ends so that they fit into the bearing race-way(s), allowing the bearing to be extracted from the housing.

Puller kits for removing bearings from housings, using aninternal pull, consist of a number of adjustable collets thatcan be expanded to fit on the rear side of the bearingbore. A slide hammer arrangement allows large forces tobe applied to the bearing in order to remove it.


318

Bearing heatersA fast and very efficient way to heat a bearing formounting is to use an induction heater. These heaters,which only heat metallic components, control bearingtemperature safely and accurately, to minimize the risk ofbearing damage caused by excessive heat.

Induction heaters SKF pioneered the use of induction heaters for bearingapplications. SKF TIH induction heaters cover a widerange of bearing types and sizes. The smaller heaters arerecommended for bearings weighing up to 80 kg while thelargest floor model can be used for bearings up to 700 kg.

Large heaters are also suitable for heating smallerbearings, as a power reduction feature is incorporated.SKF induction heaters can be controlled by means oftime or temperature. In addition, they feature a bearingheating mode to help prevent damage to bearingsthrough over-heating. At the end of each heating cycle,the bearings are automatically demagnetized.

Portable induction heaterThe portable SKF induction heater heats bearings andother components with a bore diameter up to 100 mmand a maximum weight of 5 kg. It uses a patentedmethod of heating based on high frequency induction foroptimized efficiency. This truly portable unit weighs just4.5 kg and is supplied with a heating clamp, temperatureprobe, power cable and a carrying case.


319

Hot platesThe SKF electric hot plate heats small bearings and othermachinery components. It is suitable for bearings with anoutside diameter up to approximately 170 mm or with aweight up to 4 kg. A lid for retaining the heat alsoprevents dirt from entering the bearing.

Heating devices to remove inner ringsA range of special heating devices for removingcylindrical roller bearing inner rings from shafts isavailable from SKF. Aluminium heating rings are designedfor dismounting inner rings of small and medium-sizecylindrical roller bearings. Adjustable induction heatersare also available for frequent dismounting of varioussizes of cylindrical roller bearing inner rings. Two sizes areavailable covering raceway diameters from 80 to 170 mm.Non-adjustable induction heaters are designed to suit aparticular bearing and application. They are normally usedto dismount inner rings of multi-row cylindrical rollerbearings.

GlovesSKF heat resistant gloves specially designed for the handlingof heated bearings and other machine components.


320

Hydraulic toolsA variety of hydraulic tools is available to mount anddismount bearings in a safe and controlled manner. TheSKF oil injection method enables easy working while theSKF Drive-up Method provides accurate results.

Hydraulic nutsHMV .. E type hydraulic nuts enable mounting anddismounting of bearings with tapered bores of 50 mm andabove. When compared with mechanical methods, theyconsiderably reduce the time and effort needed to installor remove a bearing. SKF HMV .. E nuts are availablewith metric or imperial threads or with a plain bore.

SKF HMV .. E nuts, when used in conjunction with SKFpumps fitted with a digital pressure gauge and a dialindicator, allow the full advantages of the SKF Drive-upMethod to be realized.


Hydraulic pumps and oil injectorsSKF hand-operated hydraulic pumps can developpressures up to 150 MPa. They can be supplied with ahighly accurate pressure gauge, which allows the SKFDrive-up Method to be employed. All pumps arecontained in a sturdy carrying case complete with a hose,quick connection coupling, nipple and mounting fluid.

Oil Injectors can supply oil pressures up to 400 MPa. TheSKF range comprises single injectors as well as anumber of kits, which contain an injector and a selectionof the most common accessories such as an adapterblock, high-pressure pipes and nipples.

For large bearings and applications requiring a largervolume of oil, several air-driven portable pumps andinjectors providing pressures up to 300 MPa areavailable.

Hydraulic accessoriesTo facilitate connections between hydraulic tools andmost applications, SKF offers a wide range of accessoriesincluding pressure gauges, high pressure pipes,connection nipples and mounting and dismounting fluids.


321

322

InstrumentsTo realize maximum bearing life, it is important todetermine the operating condition of machinery and their bearings. With the SKF measuring instrument range,critical environmental conditions can be analysed toachieve optimum bearing performance.

TachometersOptical measurement is a safe and reliable technique todetermine rotational speed. Using non-contactinstruments is often essential to meet industrial safetyregulations. SKF provides a range of highly accurate optical tachometers. A range of accessories enableslinear and direct contact rotational speeds to bemeasured.

ThermometersThe temperature of a bearing or bearing housing is aquick and easy indication of the running conditions of the bearing. SKF provides a range of contact and non-contact thermometers from the indispensable ThermoPenup to a highly accurate, advanced dual channel, widerange thermometer. A comprehensive range oftemperature probes for a variety of applications is also available.

Electronic stethoscopeThe noise of a machine can help indicate troublesomeparts such as damaged bearings, valve chatter, tappetnoise, piston slap and gear and pump noise. The SKFelectronic stethoscope is a hand-held instrument thatpicks up the noise or vibration from a machine via aprobe and helps the user locate the source of the noise.


323

Oil check monitorThe SKF oil check monitor determines oil condition byanalysing the contamination levels and electro-chemicalchanges in both mineral and synthetic based oils. It wasdeveloped originally for engine oils but is suitable for gearand lubrication oils. It can also help to detect water, anti-freeze or metallic particles in an oil sample.

Alignment instruments and shimsSKF has developed laser alignment tools to make themachinery alignment process faster, easier and morereliable. Using the latest laser technology, the SKF shaftalignment tool measures both the parallel and angularalignment of shafts to be connected.

SKF's belt alignment tool aligns the grooves in a pulleyrather than the pulley face, facilitating accurate andsimultaneous adjustment of belt tension and pulleyalignment.

A comprehensive range of pre-cut machinery shims in bothmetric and inch dimensions is available as well as stainlesssteel double slot shims for use with many housings.



324

Lubricants and lubricatorsThe formulation of all SKF bearing greases is based onextensive research, grease performance testing and fieldexperience.

SKF developed many of the internationally acceptedbearing-related grease testing parameters. For correctlubricant application, a range of lubrication equipment isavailable from SKF.

GreasesSKF offers a range of high quality lubricating greases tosuit many bearing applications and conditions. Thegreases have been developed specifically to meet theneeds of rolling bearings and their application conditions.A guide to select the most suitable SKF grease can befound on pages 328-330.

Grease guns and pumpsThe SKF range also includes grease guns, manual andair-driven grease pumps and grease filler pumps. Greasefiller pumps are used to fill grease guns and greasepackers from standard SKF grease drums.

Grease meterThe SKF grease meter can accurately measure thevolume of grease pumped into a bearing. A wide range ofaccessories is available.

325

SYSTEM 24 single point automatic lubricatorSKF SYSTEM 24 is a single point automatic lubricator,pre-filled with SKF grease or oil. Compared with traditionalmanual relubrication techniques, SKF SYSTEM 24provides a more accurate control of the quantity oflubricant supplied. It can be set to continuously supply thecorrect amount of quality lubricant over a given timeperiod, up to a maximum of one year.

DialSet 3.0The new version of the SKF re-lubrication calculationprogram has been updated according to the latestlubrication theories published by SKF in the GeneralCatalogue (5000), released in 2003. This program isavailable on CD-ROM in six languages and suitable forPC’s working with MS Windows 95 or later. A web versionof the DialSet is currently being developed.

SYSTEM MultiPoint automatic lubricatorSKF SYSTEM MultiPoint is a microprocessor controlledautomatic lubricator. Grease can be supplied to up to eightpoints, using standard SKF grease cartridges. Thecartridges assure the user that only clean fresh grease isused. SYSTEM MultiPoint lubricator has been tested andapproved for use with all SKF bearing greases.

Oil levellerThe SKF oil levellers are designed for automaticadjustment of the optimal oil level in oil bath lubricatedapplications. They effectively solve the problem ofadjusting the correct oil level during operation or due toleakage rather than just during standstill.


BearingGreasesHighest quality grease for bearing lubrication

Guarantee of consistent quality as each product is manufactured at one location to the same formulation

A complete product programme for general and specific bearing lubrication requirements

International standardisation of the SKF grease testing methods and equipment

327

SKF grease for all-important applications

328

‡ Agricultural equipment ‡ Automotive wheel bearings

‡ Conveyors ‡ Small electric motors

All purpose bearing grease for a wide range ofindustrial and automotive applications

LGMT 2

‡ Bearings >100 mm shaft size ‡ Outer ring rotation‡ Vertical shaft applications

‡ Continuous high ambienttemperatures >35 °C

‡ Propeller shafts

All purpose bearing grease for a wide range ofapplications like LGMT 2 where higher consistency is required

LGMT 3

‡ Pulp and paper making machines‡ Jaw crushers

‡ Traction motors for rail vehicles‡ Dam gates

EP bearing grease for a wide range of industrial andautomotive applications

LGEP 2

‡ Textile spinning spindles‡ Machine tool spindles‡ Instruments and

control equipment

‡ Small electric motors used inmedical and dental equipment

Low temperature bearing grease for high speedand low noise applications

LGLT 2

‡ Electric motors‡ Hot fans‡ Water pumps‡ Rolling bearings in textile, paper

processing and drying machines

‡ Applications with high speed ballbearings operating at mediumand high temperatures

‡ Replaces LGHQ 3

High performance, wide temperature, long life, high speed polyurea thickened bearing grease

LGHP 2

‡ Bakery equipment‡ Food processing equipment ‡ Multipack cassette bearings

‡ Wrapping machines‡ Conveyor bearings

Food processing bearing grease NSF H1LGFP 2

‡ Agricultural and forestryequipment

‡ Construction and earthmovingequipment

‡ Mining and conveying equipment‡ Water treatment and irrigation‡ Turf, lawn, golf equipment

‡ Locks, dams, bridges‡ Linkages, rod ends‡ Pleasure craft propellers

and shafts‡ Other applications where

contamination of the environment is a concern

Green biodegradable low toxicity bearing greaseLGGB 2

‡ Wheel bearings in cars and trucks

‡ Washing machines‡ Electric motors

Wide temperature, long-life bearing greaseLGWA 2

‡ Steel on steel plain bearings‡ Pulp and paper making machines‡ Asphalt vibrating screens‡ Continuous casting machines

‡ Sealed spherical roller bearingsoperating up to 150 °C/300 °F

‡ Withstands peak temperatures of 200 °C/392 °F

EP bearing grease for high temperature industrial applications

LGHB 2

‡ Bakery equipment (ovens)‡ Hot fans‡ Kiln truck wheels‡ Load rollers in copying machines

‡ Any applications operating underextremely high temperatureand/or in aggressiveenvironments

Extreme temperature, high performance, long life,fluorinated bearing grease

LGET 2

‡ Rolling element bearings runningat low speed and very high loads

‡ Jaw crushers‡ Track laying machines

‡ Lift mast wheels‡ Building machines such as

mechanical rams, crane arms,crane hooks

EP bearing grease with molybdenum disulphide forindustrial and heavy equipment

LGEM 2

‡ Windmills ‡ Screw conveyorsEP bearing grease for low temperature applicationsLGWM 1

‡ Trunnion bearings on rotating drums

‡ Support and thrust rollers on rotary kilns and dryers

‡ Bucket wheel excavators‡ Slewing ring bearings‡ High pressure roller mills

EP bearing grease with molybdenum disulphide forheavy industrial applications

LGEV 2

Standard bearing greases Special bearing greases

SKF Bearing Grease Selection

Main additional properties Grease recommended

LGMT 3

LGFP 2

LGGB 2

LGEP 2

LGWM 1

LGHB 2

LGEM 2

LGEV 2

LGHB 2

LGHP 2

LGLT 2

LGHB 2

LGWA 2

LGMT 2

Temp Speed Load

Temperature

Speed for ball bearings

Load

Speed for roller bearings

LGMT 2

LGHP 2

LGLT 2

LGEP 2

LGFP 2

LGGB 2

Unless:

Green biodegradable, demands for low toxicity

Food processing industry

Shock loads, heavy loads, vibrations

Low ambient -50 ̊ C/-58 ̊ F, expected bearing temperature < 50 ̊ C/122 ̊ F

Expected bearing temperature continuously > 100 ̊ C/212 ̊ F

Green biodegradable

Food processing

High load

Low temperature

High temperature

Note: - For areas with relatively high ambient temperatures, use LGMT 3 instead of LGMT 2- For special operating conditions, refer to the range of special SKF bearing greases

Generally use

M = Medium -30 to 110 ̊ C/-22 to 230 ̊ FH = High -20 to 130 ̊ C/-4 to 266 ̊ FL = Low -50 to 80 ̊ C/-58 to 176 ̊ F

EH = Extremely High n.dm over 700.000VH = Very High n.dm up to 700.000H = High n.dm up to 500.000M = Medium n.dm up to 300.000

VH = Very high C/P < 2H = High C/P = 2-5M = Medium C/P = 5-10L = Low C/P > 10

H = High n.dm over 150.000M = Medium n.dm up to 150.000L = Low n.dm up to 75.000VL = Very Low n.dm below 30.000

M M M

M M M

M M M

M M M+H

M L H

M L H

M L H

M VL VH

M VL VH

M VL VH

L EH L

M+H M+H M

H L+M H

H L+M M+H

General purpose for small/medium-sized bearings

General purpose for larger bearings (or high ambient temp.)

Food compatible

Biodegradable, low toxicity, EP/anti-wear

EP/anti-wear, good corrosion inhibition

EP/anti-wear, good low temperature performance, anti-brinelling

EP/anti-wear, severe vibrations, anti-brinelling, water resistance

Excellent EP/anti-wear (solid additives), high viscosity

Excellent EP/anti-wear (solid additives), extremely high viscosity

Extremely good EP, anti-brinelling, water resistance

Quiet running, very low start-up temperature

Excellent corrosion protection, water resistance, long grease life

Extremely good EP, anti-brinelling, water resistance

EP/anti-wear, leakage resistant, water resistance

Quick bearing grease selection guide

Basic bearing grease selection

n.dm= rotational speed, r/min x 0,5 (D+d), mm / Note: For bearing temperatures > 200 ºC / 392 ºF (up to 260 ºC / 500 ºF) refer to LGET 2

Bearing operating parameters

All-purpose

329

LGMT 2

(*1) mm2/s at 40 °C/104 °F = cSt. (*3) LGWA 2 can withstand peak temperatures of 220 °C/428 °F (*2) For continuous operation: max. temperatures 90 °C/194 °F (*4) LGHB 2 can withstand peak temperatures of 200 °C/392 °F

All purpose industrial and automotive

-30/120 °C-22/250 °F

Lithium soap/mineral oil

110 35, 200 g tube, 420 ml cartridge,1, 5, 18, 50, 180 kg

LGMT 3All purpose industrial and automotive

-30/120 °C-22/250 °F


120-130 420 ml cartridge, 1, 5, 18, 50, 180 kg

LGEP 2Extreme pressure -20/110 °C

-4/230 °FLithium soap/mineral oil

200 420 ml cartridge, 1, 5, 18, 50, 180 kg

LGLT 2Low temperature -55/110 °C

-65/230 °FLithium soap/di-ester oil

15 200 g tube, 1, 180 kg

LGHP 2High performancepolyurea grease

-40/150 °C-40/300 °F

Di-urea/mineral oil

96 420 ml cartridge, 1, 5, 18, 50, 180 kgSYSTEM 24

LGFP 2Food compatible -20/110 °C

-4/230 °FAluminium complex/medical white oil

130 420 ml cartridge, 1, 18, 180 kgSYSTEM 24

Bearing working conditions

Description Temperature range

Thickener/ base oil

Base oil viscosity (*1)

Available pack sizes

Technical specifications

LGGB 2Green biodegradable low toxicity

-40/120 °C (*2)-40/250 °F

Lithium-calcium soap/synthetic ester oil

110 420 ml cartridge5, 18, 180 kgSYSTEM 24

LGWA 2Wide temperature (*3) -30/140 °C

-22/284 °FLithium complex soap/mineral oil

185 35, 200 g tube, 420 ml cartridge, 1, 5, 50, 180 kgSYSTEM 24

LGHB 2

LGET 2

EP high viscosity high temperature (*4)

-20/150 °C-4/300 °F

Complex calciumsulphonate/mineral oil

400-450 420 ml cartridge, 5, 18, 50, 180 kgSYSTEM 24

LGEM 2

Extreme temperature -40/260 °C-40/500 °F

PTFE/Synthetic(fluorinated polyether)

400 50 g (25 ml) syringe

LGEV 2

High viscosity plus solid lubricants

-20/120 °C-4/250 °F


500 420 ml cartridge, 5, 18, 180 kgSYSTEM 24

LGWM 1

Extremely high viscositywith solid lubricants

-10/120 °C14/250 °F

Lithium-calcium soap/mineral oil

1.020 35 g tube,420 ml cartridge5, 18, 50, 180 kg

Extreme pressure low temperature

-30/110 °C-22/230 °F


200 420 ml cartridge, 5, 50, 180 kg

Standard bearing greases

Special bearing greases

SKF Bearing Grease Technical Specifications

330

طرق قياس وتركيب كراسي المحاور

Documents

Transcript of طرق قياس وتركيب كراسي المحاور