© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION Seventh...

© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTIONSeventh Edition

by Karen Huffman

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

Chapter 5States of Consciousness

Lynn GussmanForsyth Technical Community College


Note to the Instructor

• The following set of slides provides a basic foundation for your PowerPoint presentation of the core concepts found in Chapter 5 of Psychology in Action (7e).

• Please consult our website: http://www.wiley.com/college/huffman or the Instructor's Resource CD for additional options, including video clips, figures, tables, key terms, etc.

http://www.wiley.com/college/huffman


Lecture Overview

• Issues in Consciousness

• Sleep and Dreams

• Drugs that Influence Consciousness

• Alternate States of Consciousness


Consciousness

• Consciousness refers to an organism’s awareness of itself and its surroundings.

• Levels of awareness:– TOP: Controlled processes require attention

(and interfere with other functions)– MIDDLE: Automatic processes require minimal

attention (such as riding your bike)– LOWEST: Minimal or no awareness of the

environment


Circadian Rhythms

• Many of our behaviors display rhythmic variation.– Circadian rhythms

• One cycle lasts about 24 hours (e.g. sleep-waking cycle).

• Light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm.

• Some circadian rhythms are endogenous suggesting the existence of an internal (biological) clock.


Sleep• Sleep is a behavior AND an altered state of

consciousness.

• We spend about a third of our lives in sleep.– A basic issue is to understand the function of

sleep.


Myths of Sleep• Everyone needs 8 hrs of sleep per night to

maintain good health.• Learning of complicated subjects such as

calculus can be done during sleep.• Some people never dream.• Dreams last only a few seconds.• Genital arousal during sleep reflects dream

content.• May be a useful index of physical versus

psychological causes of impotence in males


EEG Changes During Sleep

• Electrophysiological instruments can be used in the sleep laboratory to assess the physiological changes that occur during an episode of sleep.


Stages of Sleep• Hypnagogic state: “pre-sleep” stage marked by

visual, auditory and kinesthetic sensations.• Non-REM

Stage oneStage twoStage threeStage four

• REM: rapid eyes movements, high frequency brain waves, paralysis of large muscles and dreaming


Sleep Stages During a Night


Functions of Sleep

• REM Sleep:– Consolidation of new memories– Role in learning– Absent in lower mammals

• Non-REM sleep– People deprived of all sleep show greater

time spent in non-REM sleep the next night.


Effects of Sleep Deprivation

• Reduced immunity

• Mood alteration

• Reduced concentration and motivation

• Increased irritability

• Lapses in attention

• Reduced motor skills


Theories of Sleep

• Repair/Restoration – Sleep allows for recuperation from

physical, emotional, and intellectual fatigue.

• Evolutionary/Circadian– Sleep evolved to conserve energy and

protect our ancestors from predators.


Sleep Duration in Mammals


Theories of Dreaming

• Psychoanalytic: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties.– Manifest versus latent content

• Biological: Dreams represent random activation of brain cells during sleep.

• Cognitive: Dreams help to sift and sort the events of the day.


Dysomnias• Insomnia refers to a difficulty in getting to sleep or

remaining asleep and has many causes.– Situational: related to anxiety – Drug-induced: Use of sleeping pills or other drugs can

result in insomnia

• Sleep apnea: person stops breathing and is awakened when blood levels of carbon dioxide stimulate breathing.

• Narcolepsy: Sleep appears at odd times.– Sleep attack: urge to sleep during the day


Parasomnias

• Nightmares: Anxiety-arousing dreams generally occurring during REM sleep.

• Night Terrors: Abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic.


Drugs

• Drugs are chemicals that have biological effects within the body.

• Psychoactive drugs are chemicals that change conscious awareness or perception.– Depressants slow down the nervous system.– Stimulants speed up the nervous system.– Opiates relieve pain.– Hallucinogens alter sensory perception .


Drug Use and Abuse

• Drug abuse: Drug use that causes emotional or physical harm to the user.

• Addiction results from repeated drug use.– Tolerance: more drug is required.– Drug abstinence leads to withdrawal symptoms.

• Drug dependence can be:– Physical: withdrawal reactions are noted when drug

use is terminated.– Psychological: associated with a craving for the

drug


Examples of Drug Types

• Depressants: alcohol, barbiturates

• Stimulants: caffeine, amphetamine

cocaine, nicotine

• Opiates heroin, morphine

• Hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, marijuana


Depressants• Alcohol is particularly dangerous when

combined with barbiturates.– abuse can lead to serious losses in

cognitive functioning– involved in nearly half of all murders,

suicides, spousal abuse and accidental deaths in the united states

– is the third leading cause of birth defects


Stimulants

• Nicotine is considered the single most preventable cause of death and disease in the United Sates.

• Cocaine causes physical damage, severe addiction and psychological dependence.– Cocaine can interfere with the electrical

activity of the heart.


Opiates

• Narcotics, such as morphine and heroin, produce their effects by mimicking endorphins.


Hallucinogens

• LSD- associated with “bad trips”

• Marijuana has some properties of depressants, narcotics and hallucinogens at higher doses.


“Club Drugs”

• MDMA- high doses can cause dangerous increases in body temperature and blood pressure leading to seizures, heart attacks and strokes; can produces long lasting damage to the brain.


How Drugs Work


Drug Action on Neurons


Factors that Lead to Drug Abuse

• Positive associations: the drug is portrayed in a positive fashion in the media.

• Biological factors: the drug induces a pleasurable state (usually related to dopamine activity in the brain).

• Prevention of withdrawal: person continues to take the drug to avoid withdrawal effects.

• Conditioning of drug craving: cues associated with drug use can elicit craving for the drug.


Hypnosis

• Hypnosis is an altered state of heightened suggestibility.

• The hypnotic state is characterized by:– Narrow and focused attention– Imagination– Passive receptive attitude– Reduced reaction to pain– Heightened suggestibility


Myths of Hypnosis

• People can be hypnotized against their will.

• People will do immoral things while hypnotized.

• Hypnosis improves memory recall.

• Hypnotized persons have special strength.

• Hypnosis is fake.


Altered States

• Meditation refers to a set of techniques that promote a heightened sense of awareness.– can involve body movements and posture,

focusing of attention on a focal point, or control of breathing

– can induce relaxation, lower blood pressure, and can be associated with a sense of euphoria


Why do people alter consciousness?

• Sacred rituals

• Social interactions

• Individual rewards


Copyright

Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner.

© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION Seventh...

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