Post on 19-Jan-2016
YOUTH YOUTH
AGGRESSION&VIOAGGRESSION&VIOLENCELENCE
BYBY
HAZLINDA ZAINOLHAZLINDA ZAINOLNAHDIYA ZAINAL ABIDINNAHDIYA ZAINAL ABIDIN
SITI MUSLIHA NOR AL-DINSITI MUSLIHA NOR AL-DINWAN HUMAIRAH WAN WAN HUMAIRAH WAN
HUSSINHUSSIN
DEFINITIONDEFINITIONYOUTHYOUTH
A group of person that in the time of life between childhood A group of person that in the time of life between childhood and adulthood (maturity)and adulthood (maturity)
Commonly 10 - 25 years old:-Commonly 10 - 25 years old:- juveniles = 10 -17 years oldjuveniles = 10 -17 years old middle teenagers = 18 - 20 years oldmiddle teenagers = 18 - 20 years old late teenagers/young adults = 21 - 25 years oldlate teenagers/young adults = 21 - 25 years old
Islam:-Islam:- reaching puberty (akhil baligh) is considered as reaching puberty (akhil baligh) is considered as
beginning of the youthbeginning of the youth Boy =15 years old or has the ‘wet dream’ Boy =15 years old or has the ‘wet dream’ Girl = around 9 until 15 years old when she has her first Girl = around 9 until 15 years old when she has her first
periodperiod
AGGRESSIONAGGRESSION
An angry feeling that makes you An angry feeling that makes you want to attack or defeat someone want to attack or defeat someone else (Macmillan)else (Macmillan)
A disposition to behave aggressively A disposition to behave aggressively or refers as a feeling of hostility that or refers as a feeling of hostility that arouses thoughts of attackarouses thoughts of attack
VIOLENCEVIOLENCE Violent behaviour- involving the use of physical Violent behaviour- involving the use of physical
force, with the deliberate intention of causing force, with the deliberate intention of causing damage to property or injury or death to people damage to property or injury or death to people (Macmillan)(Macmillan)
Violence is often associated with aggressionViolence is often associated with aggression
Two kinds of violence: Two kinds of violence: random violence = small-scale acts of random random violence = small-scale acts of random
or targeted violence (vandalism, fighting)or targeted violence (vandalism, fighting) coordinated violence = actions carried out by coordinated violence = actions carried out by
sanctioned or unsanctioned violent groups sanctioned or unsanctioned violent groups (war,terrorism)(war,terrorism)
YOUTH AGGRESSION & YOUTH AGGRESSION & VIOLENCEVIOLENCE
Aggression and violence actions that are done by Aggression and violence actions that are done by the youththe youth
The perpetration by teenagers of interpersonal The perpetration by teenagers of interpersonal physical assault that carries a significant risk of physical assault that carries a significant risk of injury or death as well as the damage of propertyinjury or death as well as the damage of property
Behavioral patterns marked by aggressiveness, Behavioral patterns marked by aggressiveness,
antisocial behavior, verbal abuse, and antisocial behavior, verbal abuse, and externalizing the negative feelingsexternalizing the negative feelings
Type of Offences Type of Offences 19971997 19981998 19991999 20002000 20012001
Related to property Related to property 29322932 39503950 37903790 34013401 20762076
Related to peopleRelated to people 341341 586586 497497 467467 238238
Sexual offencesSexual offences 5353 8484 8484 9898 4545
Breaking ordinancesBreaking ordinances 3838 6565 6868 2222 2323
DetentionDetention 476476 559559 428428 442442 381381
DrugsDrugs 132132 139139 8888 9898 9090
GamblingGambling 5555 5656 4747 5959 4444
FirearmsFirearms 287287 522522 427427 389389 247247
Traffic OffencesTraffic Offences 3939 5555 3939 3838 3434
Possessing firearmsPossessing firearms 227227 322322 232232 270270 301301
TotalTotal 45904590 63386338 57005700 52845284 34793479
SSTTAATTIISSTTIICC
Juvenile Offences (1997-2001)Source: NST May 2004
TYPESTYPES
AGGRESSION & VIOLENCE TO SELFAGGRESSION & VIOLENCE TO SELF
AGGRESSION & VIOLENCE TO AGGRESSION & VIOLENCE TO OTHERSOTHERS
AGGRESSION & VIOLENCE TO AGGRESSION & VIOLENCE TO SELFSELF
Drug abuse, commit suicide, alcohol addict, free-Drug abuse, commit suicide, alcohol addict, free-sex activities, etc.sex activities, etc.
Example of cases:Example of cases: Drug abuse and free-sex activities:Drug abuse and free-sex activities:
19801980 A A 15 years old girl involved in drugs (cannabis) and 15 years old girl involved in drugs (cannabis) and
ectasy (upjohn pills and roche)ectasy (upjohn pills and roche) involved in the most popular hippies group – ‘Geng involved in the most popular hippies group – ‘Geng
Budak Padang’ – always hanged around and had night Budak Padang’ – always hanged around and had night stand around Selangor Club Field. They mixed the stand around Selangor Club Field. They mixed the abuse of various drugs with the free-sex activities. abuse of various drugs with the free-sex activities.
10-14 15-19YEA
RTOTAL NO % NO %
1980
7154 21 0.3 758 10.6
1981
10391 21 0.2 1988 19.1
1982
13363 13 0.1 1149 8.6
1983
14426 14 0.1 1313 9.1
1984
11915 12 0.1 1227 10.3
1985
9591 10 0.1 959 10.0
1986
7329 7 0.1 959 13.1
1987
7596 0 0.0 470 6.2
1988
9710 8 0.1 1088 11.2
1989
6960 14 0.2 912 13.1
1990
7372 15 0.2 922 12.5
1991
7790 23 0.3 1130 14.5
New cases of drug addicts by age
Source: Anti Drug Taskforce, Council of Internal Security
Commit suicide:Commit suicide:
various methods:various methods: Taking an overdose of sleeping pillsTaking an overdose of sleeping pills Jump from building or high placeJump from building or high place Hang themselvesHang themselves Cut themselvesCut themselves Etc.Etc.
M. Valsala Menon ,18,M. Valsala Menon ,18, tried to commit suicide by tried to commit suicide by jumping from level 3 of one of her school’s jumping from level 3 of one of her school’s building (building (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan (SMK) Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan (SMK) Perlis)Perlis) because she frustrated with her SPM’s because she frustrated with her SPM’s results. –results. –March 13, 2006March 13, 2006
AGGRESSION & VIOLENCE TO AGGRESSION & VIOLENCE TO OTHERSOTHERS
parents, siblings, friends, neighbours, parents, siblings, friends, neighbours, members of society, strangers, members of society, strangers, animals, properties (homicide, animals, properties (homicide, robbery, assault rape, vandalism, robbery, assault rape, vandalism, etc.) etc.)
Example of cases:Example of cases:
Aggravated Assault/ Aggravated Assault/ Gangsterism:Gangsterism: Mohd Afiq Qusyairi Baharuddin, 13, from Mohd Afiq Qusyairi Baharuddin, 13, from
SM Agama Al-Maidah Addiniyyah in SM Agama Al-Maidah Addiniyyah in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, was warded for Kuala Lipis, Pahang, was warded for spinal injuries after he was beaten up by spinal injuries after he was beaten up by his schoolmates. He almost risked his schoolmates. He almost risked becoming paralysed. becoming paralysed.
Criminal Homicide:Criminal Homicide: Asrin Mohsin,18, who was bashed up by Asrin Mohsin,18, who was bashed up by
a group of youths a group of youths in front of Evergreen in front of Evergreen Laurel Hotel in Persiaran Gurney Laurel Hotel in Persiaran Gurney between 3am and 3.30am on June 25, between 3am and 3.30am on June 25, lapsed into a coma on Saturday, died at lapsed into a coma on Saturday, died at the Penang Hospital early Wednesday at the Penang Hospital early Wednesday at 4am. Therein, 6 teenagers were charged 4am. Therein, 6 teenagers were charged upon murdered him. upon murdered him. Bernama,Bernama, June 29, June 29, 2005 2005
Robbery:Robbery:
Dayang Nurafri Awang Sahari, 17, totally Dayang Nurafri Awang Sahari, 17, totally shocked as one of her necklace’s snatch shocked as one of her necklace’s snatch thieves was her own brother (early 20s)- thieves was her own brother (early 20s)- June 14, 2005June 14, 2005
Forcible Rape:Forcible Rape:
Nurul Hanis Kamil, 16, was raped, Nurul Hanis Kamil, 16, was raped, sodomised and murdered by her 17-year-sodomised and murdered by her 17-year-old schoolmate with her name scribbled old schoolmate with her name scribbled with blood over her school uniform while with blood over her school uniform while returning home from school in Malacca. returning home from school in Malacca. Poor Nurul Hanis was strangled with the Poor Nurul Hanis was strangled with the strap of her schoolbag strap of her schoolbag – – July 3,2001 July 3,2001
Threat:Threat:
Zainuddin Salleh’s Proton Wira has been Zainuddin Salleh’s Proton Wira has been burned down after just give his students burned down after just give his students an advice to focus more on their studies an advice to focus more on their studies early this morning – August 8, 2005early this morning – August 8, 2005
Vandalism:Vandalism:
Several groups of punk teenagers and ‘skinhead’ that always made chaos in the public and involved in the vandalism and fight, has been ambushed by the police and 80 of them, in early 20s, were investigated for the charge of bashing a 14 years teenager and robbed his RM20 near Suria KLCC. 11 of them were positively tested of drug abuse and another two were arrested as believed as the major suspects in robbery cases
WARNING SIGNS:WARNING SIGNS:
EARLY WARNING SIGNSEARLY WARNING SIGNS
IMMINENT WARNING SIGNSIMMINENT WARNING SIGNS
EARLY WARNING SIGNSEARLY WARNING SIGNS
It is inappropriate and potentially It is inappropriate and potentially harmful to use as a checklist.harmful to use as a checklist.
It is used only as an aid in identifying It is used only as an aid in identifying and referring youth who may need and referring youth who may need help.help.
•THE EARLY WARNING SIGNS:THE EARLY WARNING SIGNS:
1)1) Excessive feelings of rejection.Excessive feelings of rejection. Some aggressive youth who rejected by Some aggressive youth who rejected by
non-aggressive peers seek out aggressive non-aggressive peers seek out aggressive friends who in turn reinforce their violent friends who in turn reinforce their violent tendencies.tendencies.
2)2) Excessive feelings of isolation and Excessive feelings of isolation and being alone.being alone.
Research has shown that in some cases Research has shown that in some cases feeling of isolation and not having friends feeling of isolation and not having friends are associated with those who behave are associated with those who behave aggressively and violently.aggressively and violently.
3) Social withdrawal.3) Social withdrawal. The withdrawal often stem from feeling of The withdrawal often stem from feeling of
depression, rejection, persecution, depression, rejection, persecution, unworthiness and lack of confidence.unworthiness and lack of confidence.
4) Expression of violence in writing and 4) Expression of violence in writing and drawings.drawings.
An over representation of violence in An over representation of violence in writings and drawings that is directed at writings and drawings that is directed at specific individuals consistently over time specific individuals consistently over time may signal emotional problems and may signal emotional problems and potential for violence.potential for violence.
5) Uncontrolled anger.5) Uncontrolled anger. Anger that is expressed frequently and Anger that is expressed frequently and
intensely in response to minor irritants intensely in response to minor irritants may signal potential violent behavior may signal potential violent behavior towards self or other.towards self or other.
6) Intolerance for differences and 6) Intolerance for differences and prejudicial attitudes.prejudicial attitudes.
An intense prejudice towards others based An intense prejudice towards others based on racial, ethics, religious, language, on racial, ethics, religious, language, gender, sexual orientation, ability and gender, sexual orientation, ability and physical appearance etc.physical appearance etc.
7) Inappropriate accesses to firearms.7) Inappropriate accesses to firearms. Children and youth that inappropriately Children and youth that inappropriately
possess or have access to firearms can possess or have access to firearms can have an increased risk for violence. have an increased risk for violence. Research shows that such youngster also Research shows that such youngster also have a higher probability of becoming have a higher probability of becoming victims.victims.
8) Serious threats of violence.8) Serious threats of violence. One of the most reliable indicators that a One of the most reliable indicators that a
youth is likely to commit a dangerous act youth is likely to commit a dangerous act is a detailed threat to use violence.is a detailed threat to use violence.
IMMINENT WARNING SIGNSIMMINENT WARNING SIGNS
Usually presented as a sequence of Usually presented as a sequence of overt, serious, hostile behaviors or overt, serious, hostile behaviors or threats directed at peers or other threats directed at peers or other individuals.individuals.
THE IMMINENT WARNING SINGS:THE IMMINENT WARNING SINGS:
1)1) Serious physical fighting with peers Serious physical fighting with peers or family members.or family members.
2)2) Severe destruction of property.Severe destruction of property.
3)3) Severe rage for seemingly minor Severe rage for seemingly minor reasons.reasons.
4) Detailed threats of lethal violence.4) Detailed threats of lethal violence.
5) Self-injurious behaviors or threats of 5) Self-injurious behaviors or threats of suicide.suicide.
6) Has a detailed plan (time, place, 6) Has a detailed plan (time, place, method) to harm or kill others.method) to harm or kill others.
FACTORSFACTORS
1) PARENTS/FAMILY1) PARENTS/FAMILY
Poor parenting skills.Poor parenting skills. Fail to satisfy youth who are fragile, sensitive and Fail to satisfy youth who are fragile, sensitive and confused. Poor understanding their own confused. Poor understanding their own responsibility towards children.responsibility towards children.
Harsh and ineffective parental discipline.Harsh and ineffective parental discipline.Children are not taught to be order and discipline/ Children are not taught to be order and discipline/ free to do what they are willing to do.free to do what they are willing to do.
Parental criminality.Parental criminality.Involvement in criminal: firearms, suicide, abuse, Involvement in criminal: firearms, suicide, abuse, incest-rape.incest-rape.
Lack of parental involvement.Lack of parental involvement.Poor family functioning, fail to monitor the Poor family functioning, fail to monitor the children, lack of time spent together (quality time children, lack of time spent together (quality time with fruitful purposes).with fruitful purposes).
Family conflict.Family conflict.Family breakup, quarrelling, neglecting, poverty, Family breakup, quarrelling, neglecting, poverty, communication breakdown.communication breakdown.
Family environment.Family environment.Fail to practice Islam as a way of life.Fail to practice Islam as a way of life.
2) SCHOOL2) SCHOOL
Low school involvement.Low school involvement.--Teachers fail to discuss and get to know Teachers fail to discuss and get to know studentsstudents-Poor administrative support.-Poor administrative support.
Lack of proper education.Lack of proper education.Concentrate on theories in teaching & Concentrate on theories in teaching & learning processlearning process . . There is no There is no implementation of Islamic practical.implementation of Islamic practical. Proper Proper education requires incorporation of moral education requires incorporation of moral values and teachings of religion in the values and teachings of religion in the body of knowledgebody of knowledge..
Disciplinary practices are inequitable.Disciplinary practices are inequitable.
3) PAST HISTORY3) PAST HISTORY
Being victim of violence from member of Being victim of violence from member of family or outsiders.family or outsiders.Raped, bullied, neglected, abused.Raped, bullied, neglected, abused.
Witness the violence.Witness the violence.Vandalism, stealing.Vandalism, stealing.
4) EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE4) EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE
Feeling loneliness and loveless ness Feeling loneliness and loveless ness developing in children.developing in children.
Lack of moral integrity.Lack of moral integrity. Lots of temptations around and no God in Lots of temptations around and no God in
their heart. their heart. It is nothing but God in the heart of man who It is nothing but God in the heart of man who saves man from all kinds of evils attractions. If saves man from all kinds of evils attractions. If God is absent in the heart of man, man can be God is absent in the heart of man, man can be swayed in all types of false and evil temptations.swayed in all types of false and evil temptations.
Incarceration.Incarceration. Death or serious illness of whom they love.Death or serious illness of whom they love. Inability to build up satisfactory interpersonal Inability to build up satisfactory interpersonal
relationship with peer and teacher.relationship with peer and teacher. There are children who suffer from severe There are children who suffer from severe
emotional disturbance such as :emotional disturbance such as :Psychotic children Psychotic children live in fantasy world.live in fantasy world.
lack normal relationship with otherslack normal relationship with others
Autistic childrenAutistic children extremely withdrawn.extremely withdrawn.
severe difficulties with language severe difficulties with language
that they may be entirely mute.that they may be entirely mute.
5) PEERS5) PEERS
Social rejection by peers.Social rejection by peers.
Children with weak social ties are those who Children with weak social ties are those who attend few social activities and have low attend few social activities and have low
popularity with conventional peerspopularity with conventional peers.. Association with delinquent peers.Association with delinquent peers.
Due to the rejection, they tend toDue to the rejection, they tend to mix up with mix up with aggressive friends.aggressive friends.
Affiliation with gangs.Affiliation with gangs.
Eager to try something new.Eager to try something new.
Commit violence as a way to get Commit violence as a way to get attentions.attentions.The low performance in academic fields couldn't The low performance in academic fields couldn't help them getting attentions from parents, help them getting attentions from parents, teachers and friends.teachers and friends.
6) MASS MEDIA/TECHNOLOGY6) MASS MEDIA/TECHNOLOGY
Misuse of technology.Misuse of technology.Accessibility to pornography website, playing Accessibility to pornography website, playing video games which include violence elements.video games which include violence elements.
Exposure to media and film violence.Exposure to media and film violence.E.g.: E.g.: -Intensive reporting of the suicide of a celebrity or -Intensive reporting of the suicide of a celebrity or the fictional representation of a suicide in a the fictional representation of a suicide in a popular movie or TV show.popular movie or TV show.-The broadcast of violent offenses and substance -The broadcast of violent offenses and substance useuse such as grand theft and alcohol.such as grand theft and alcohol.
7) ENVIRONMENT7) ENVIRONMENT
Negative culture outside the house.Negative culture outside the house.Exposure to drugs and alcohol, firearms .Exposure to drugs and alcohol, firearms .
Neglecting our tradition, values and Neglecting our tradition, values and morals in exchange for modernity.morals in exchange for modernity.The problem does not lie in forsaking of our moral The problem does not lie in forsaking of our moral values in exchange of modernity but it lies in values in exchange of modernity but it lies in mixing modernization with westernization. mixing modernization with westernization.
Violent neighborhoods.Violent neighborhoods.Crime, physically violent environment.Crime, physically violent environment.
Low level of community participation.Low level of community participation.Socially disorganized neighborhood. They tend to Socially disorganized neighborhood. They tend to anti-socialize with each others.anti-socialize with each others.
EFFECTSEFFECTS
VICTIMS
Affect both the social and academic Affect both the social and academic lives (student)lives (student) grades may suffer grades may suffer
- attention is drawn away from learningattention is drawn away from learning- fear may lead to truancy or dropping outfear may lead to truancy or dropping out- become withdrawn and depressedbecome withdrawn and depressed- if the problem persist, they may feel compelled if the problem persist, they may feel compelled
to take drastic measures, such as fighting to take drastic measures, such as fighting back, carrying a weapon.back, carrying a weapon.
“ The report found that up to one in 14 children in the UK could have poor exam results as a result of the
effects of domestic violence in their homes ”
Violence against Children and Body Shop International http://www.bbc.co.uk
Be aggressive and eventually find Be aggressive and eventually find themselves in trouble with the law, themselves in trouble with the law, or have conflict with the others. or have conflict with the others.
Instability in careerInstability in career lost concentrate and productivitylost concentrate and productivity lost wageslost wages foregone career opportunitiesforegone career opportunities
“ Women living in household with high incomes experienced less violence at the head of their
intimate partners than did women whose households were less financially secure “
When Violence Hits Home:
How Economics and Neighborhood
Leads to a decline in social standards of Leads to a decline in social standards of behavior and relationship with others behavior and relationship with others
Suicidal behavior and violence Suicidal behavior and violence
perpetrationperpetration
“ It also said youth who grew up with violence were more likely to be
abused themselves “
“ Children witnessing violence could also suffer the same effects as direct victims”
Violence against Children and Body Shop International http://www.bbc.co.uk
Affect the personality developmentAffect the personality development Traumatic stress disorderTraumatic stress disorder Temporary disfunctionTemporary disfunction
o psychomotor retardationpsychomotor retardation - - slowed thinking, slowed thinking, speech, body movementsspeech, body movements
o agitationagitation - inability to sit still, - inability to sit still,
hand-wringing, pulling at hand-wringing, pulling at
clothing, skin, or other objectsclothing, skin, or other objects Lack of confidenceLack of confidence Low self-esteemLow self-esteem
SOCIETY
Reinforce disruptive behaviorsReinforce disruptive behaviors Positive: through more attention Positive: through more attention Negative: Removing them from the Negative: Removing them from the
societysociety
Neighborhood effectsNeighborhood effects lead to biased estimates on lead to biased estimates on
youth’s outcomes. youth’s outcomes.
(eg: vandalism, shoplifting, drug (eg: vandalism, shoplifting, drug use)use)
Insecure CommunityInsecure Community ParentsParents : Worrying about their children all the : Worrying about their children all the
time (schooling time)time (schooling time) SocietySociety : Aware about their properties : Aware about their properties TeachersTeachers : Worrying about students and their : Worrying about students and their
safety as wellsafety as well
Type of aggression/violence 1990-91 1993-94
Physical conflicts among students 6.5 8.2
Robbery or Theft 3.4 4.1
Vandalism of school property 5.4 6.7
Student possession of a weapon 1.2 2.8
Verbal abuse of teachers 7.5 11.1
Student disrespect for teachers 13.0 18.5
Teachers’ perception about serious problems in their schools : Teachers’ perception about serious problems in their schools :
U.S. Department of Education and JusticeDigest of Education Statistics, 2000
StudentsStudents : Fear going to school : Fear going to school
1995 1999
Types of violencePublicSchool
PrivateSchool
PublicSchool
PrivateSchool
Violent 3.1 1.7 2.5 0.3
Serious Violent 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.0
Bullied at school 5.3 2.8
Street gangs present at school
30.7 6.9 18.6 4.4
Percentage of students aged 12 through 18 who reported criminal victimization at school
U.S. Department of Education and Justice Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2001
1989 1995 1999
PublicSchool
Private
School
PublicSchool
Private
School
PublicSchool
Private
School
Feared attack/harm at school
5.9 1.7 9.1 3.3 5.7 1.7
Feared attack/harm on the way to or from school
4.5 4.3 6.7 5.0 4.0 2.8
Percentage of students aged 12 through 18 who report fearing attack at or on the way to school
U.S. Department of Education and Justice Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2001
Violence – Continuous stress which Violence – Continuous stress which affects the whole community of peopleaffects the whole community of peopleDrug abuse Drug abuse increment of robberies increment of robberies
and and burglaries burglaries
Badly affects children Badly affects children in in family (eg: child family (eg: child abuse)abuse) Violence at Violence at home home
(eg: son killing (eg: son killing parents)parents) End up in End up in hospitals at a hospitals at a tremendous cost to hospitals.tremendous cost to hospitals.
ECONOMICSECONOMICS
Government have to draft extra Government have to draft extra budgetbudget replace/repair the destruction of the replace/repair the destruction of the
public facilities (vandalism)public facilities (vandalism) rehabilitation centrerehabilitation centre juvenile centrejuvenile centre counseling counseling
Schools are unlikely to produce an Schools are unlikely to produce an educated workforceeducated workforce
The increment unemployment and The increment unemployment and poverty problempoverty problem
High-income countries : economic High-income countries : economic losses based on foregone wages and losses based on foregone wages and incomeincome
“ A single homicide is calculated to cost, on average, $15 319 in South Africa,
$602 000 in Australia, $829 000 in New Zealand, and more than $2 million in the USA”
The economic dimensions of interpersonal violence http://www.who.int
POLITICS
Extinction of the quality generationExtinction of the quality generation Youth – violence victims & perpetratorsYouth – violence victims & perpetrators Lack of leadership skill among youthLack of leadership skill among youth
Malaysia beginning to be like Western Malaysia beginning to be like Western country (eg: America)country (eg: America) Killing and fighting are the common cases Killing and fighting are the common cases
nowadaysnowadays
Politicians and the general public frequently assert that schools are failing in their mission to educate student
PERPETRATOR
Affect the academic livesAffect the academic lives ViolenceViolence TruancyTruancy Low test scoreLow test score
School alienation School withdrawal School alienation School withdrawal UnemploymentUnemployment Poverty Poverty
Affect the social livesAffect the social lives Rejected and isolated by family, school Rejected and isolated by family, school
and societyand society
PunishmentPunishment Transferring youth to adult jails to protect Transferring youth to adult jails to protect
the public may sound tough and righteousthe public may sound tough and righteous “ “ Youth who spend time in adult jails are Youth who spend time in adult jails are
more likely to be re-arrested for increasingly more likely to be re-arrested for increasingly serious crimes compared to youth in juvenile serious crimes compared to youth in juvenile facilities” (Mendel, 2000).facilities” (Mendel, 2000).
INTERVENTION INTERVENTION MEASURESMEASURES
The authority
The counselor
The victim
The friends
The parents
The school&
teachers
The perpetrator
Non
violence
What perpetrator can do?What perpetrator can do?
Learn how to deal with disagreement in a Learn how to deal with disagreement in a proper wayproper way DiscussingDiscussing Counseling Counseling
Do not carry weaponDo not carry weapon Youth will feel superior than others by having Youth will feel superior than others by having
weapon to whack other people up.weapon to whack other people up. Avoid alcohol and drugsAvoid alcohol and drugs
During addiction, anybody won’t be able to During addiction, anybody won’t be able to think properly and make proper judgment.think properly and make proper judgment.
Do not mix around with bad influences / Do not mix around with bad influences / delinquent peersdelinquent peers
Figure out what method work the best for Figure out what method work the best for you to control your temperyou to control your temper Listening to musicListening to music MeditatingMeditating Exercising / boxingExercising / boxing
Talk to somebody over your stressTalk to somebody over your stress To widen the youth way of thinking / resolving To widen the youth way of thinking / resolving
problemsproblems
What the victim can do?What the victim can do?
Talk to a third partyTalk to a third party
Do not retaliate to respondDo not retaliate to respond Retaliation will only stimulate more Retaliation will only stimulate more
argumentsarguments
Avoid or be cautious in places / Avoid or be cautious in places / situations where conflict tend to arisesituations where conflict tend to arise
What the friends can do?What the friends can do?
Report anyone planning to hurt Report anyone planning to hurt someone to a trusted adultsomeone to a trusted adult
Call the police / Call the police / securitysecurity to stop a to stop a violence or violence or aggressive behaviouraggressive behaviour
What the parents can do?What the parents can do?
Give more concern about their Give more concern about their children needs (encouragement, children needs (encouragement, moral support, guidance in doing moral support, guidance in doing homework)homework)
Spend more time with the family to Spend more time with the family to strengthen the family bond and strengthen the family bond and increase the physical contact.increase the physical contact.
Understand that money cannot buy Understand that money cannot buy everythingeverything
Parents should provide adequate degree of Parents should provide adequate degree of supervision e.g.. know who your kids mix withsupervision e.g.. know who your kids mix with
Give guidance and advice if your kids in some Give guidance and advice if your kids in some kind of troublekind of trouble
Be open-mindedBe open-minded
Treat your children as friendsTreat your children as friends
Parents should support the child so Parents should support the child so that the child can achieve success that the child can achieve success suitable to his / her particular needs or suitable to his / her particular needs or talentstalents
Make explicit home rulesMake explicit home rules
Parents should not turn negative Parents should not turn negative school report into home problemsschool report into home problems
Parental intervention should be Parental intervention should be behavioural and not always punitivebehavioural and not always punitive
What the school/teachers can do?What the school/teachers can do?
Educate the students Educate the students how to survive in lifehow to survive in life
Instill them the skills Instill them the skills of problem solving of problem solving rather than rather than indoctrinate them indoctrinate them with normwith norm Method of reasoning Method of reasoning
and factsand facts
Guide the students to be creativeGuide the students to be creative
Create a healthy socio-environmentCreate a healthy socio-environment
Increase activity involving Increase activity involving participation of parents (Parents participation of parents (Parents Teachers Association)Teachers Association)
Monitor playgrounds closelyMonitor playgrounds closely
What the authority can do?What the authority can do?
Organize nationwide campaign such Organize nationwide campaign such as PLKNas PLKN To shape well-disciplined and all rounded To shape well-disciplined and all rounded
youthyouth To instil leadership qualities, teamwork To instil leadership qualities, teamwork
and survival skillsand survival skills To develop self-motivated youth with To develop self-motivated youth with
positive attitude, self-confident, fit, positive attitude, self-confident, fit, intellectual, and love for peace and unityintellectual, and love for peace and unity
What the counselor ought to do?What the counselor ought to do?
Voice / Body Voice / Body LanguageLanguage
1.1. Low-keyedLow-keyed
2.2. Simple sentencesSimple sentences
3.3. Non-threatening body Non-threatening body posture positionposture position
Saving faceSaving face1.1. Counselor need to be aware of the Counselor need to be aware of the
youths need to “look good”youths need to “look good”
Allowing spaceAllowing space1.1. Allowing freedom of movement and Allowing freedom of movement and
distance from people.distance from people.
ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVESISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES
Children are the blessing of Allah for parents and Children are the blessing of Allah for parents and their source of love and peace and a fountain of their source of love and peace and a fountain of satisfaction of their parental instinct.satisfaction of their parental instinct.
Children are given by Allah to parents so that Children are given by Allah to parents so that they should first and foremost make them they should first and foremost make them conscious of Allah’s injunctions in the Qur’an and conscious of Allah’s injunctions in the Qur’an and prophetic traditions. prophetic traditions.
They should enhance the faith of their children They should enhance the faith of their children and provide them such a holistic and sound and provide them such a holistic and sound education that they should turn out to be education that they should turn out to be committed vicegerent of Allah on earth. committed vicegerent of Allah on earth.
All the concepts of urbanization, mobilization and All the concepts of urbanization, mobilization and technologization (modernization) should be technologization (modernization) should be based on Islamic philosophy of life.based on Islamic philosophy of life.
Islam being the complete system of life, it Islam being the complete system of life, it prescribes certain rules and regulations so that prescribes certain rules and regulations so that man should not forget the Creator.man should not forget the Creator.
Islam provides some injunctions on ‘to be pure Islam provides some injunctions on ‘to be pure and clean’ to be followed by so that they need a and clean’ to be followed by so that they need a clean and decent life.clean and decent life.
““By (the Token of) Time (through By (the Token of) Time (through the ages), Verily Man is in loss, the ages), Verily Man is in loss, Except such as have Faith, and do Except such as have Faith, and do righteous deeds, and (join together) righteous deeds, and (join together) in the mutual teaching of Truth, and in the mutual teaching of Truth, and of Patience and Constancy”of Patience and Constancy”
(Al-’asr)(Al-’asr)
DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION1995 1999
Types of violencePublicSchool
PrivateSchool
PublicSchool
PrivateSchool
Violent 3.1 1.7 2.5 0.3
Serious Violent 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.0
Bullied at school 5.3 2.8
Street gangs present at school
30.7 6.9 18.6 4.4
1989 1995 1999
PublicSchool
Private
School
PublicSchool
Private
School
PublicSchool
Private
School
Feared attack/harm at school
5.9 1.7 9.1 3.3 5.7 1.7
Feared attack/harm on the way to or from school
4.5 4.3 6.7 5.0 4.0 2.8
Why there are differences between Why there are differences between public and private schools responses public and private schools responses regarding the cases of violence at regarding the cases of violence at school?school?
Parents ?Parents ? School system ?School system ? Students ?Students ? Environment ?Environment ?
ANSWERANSWER
The reduction in fear of violence is coming from organization within the school system rather than from student differences. School size itself has a negative effect on the level and fear of violence experienced within the school.