Post on 16-Jan-2016
World War One (The Great War)
And the Russian Revolution
KWL-WWI• K-What do you know (or think you know)– Who fought, who won,
where fought, famous people, types of weapons, movies, etc.
• W-What do you want to learn (do not say “nothing….history is stoooooopid”)
• L-What I learned-Leave blank for now
“The war to end all wars”
Causes of the War(pages 270-273)
• I. Nationalism– not all ethnic groups became nations
• Irish, Polish & some in the Balkans
• II. Imperialism– competition overseas– Africa
• III. Militarism– Industrialization shipbuilding &
chemicals. Bigger armies & navies– Conscription = military draft
• Russia =1.3 M, Fr. & Germ. =900K• Br, It. & A-H =250K- 500K• Complex plans for quick mobilization
Causes (cont.)• IV. Entangled Alliances
– Triple Alliance(1882)• Germany, A-H, & Italy
– Triple Entente (1907)• France, Britain, & Russia
– Alliances are tested • Crisis in the Balkans (1908-
13)– Balkans in purple
– Result: angry & wanting revenge
The Outbreak— “The Spark”• Many Serbians resented being part
of the empire. – Russia supported Serbia
• June 1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the A-H throne
• G. Princip, Bosnian Serb assassin– Terrorist group The Black Hand– Wants Bosnia free from A-H
• Short video explanation • A-H gives list of demands to
Serbia Serbia refusesA-H declares war on Serbia.
Mobilization (p. 273)
• Mobilization=the process of assembling troops & supplies and making them ready for war.
• Russia fully mobilizes– Seen as an act of war
German’s Schlieffen Plan(p. 273)
• “You will be home before the leaves have fallen from the trees.” – Kaiser Wilhelm II
• 90% of Germany's armed forces (~ 1.5 M) to attack France
• Goal: Force Fr. to surrender before Russia was ready to use all its forces. Then hit the Eastern Front.
•
Map of Europe: On the eve of WWI
Propaganda
• What is it? Define
• Can you give examples in your every day life?
• Is propaganda seen as generally positive, negative or neutral?
Morning again
Propaganda
• Definition: ideas spread to influence public opinion for/against a cause• Bias?
• British propaganda– Germans tortured Belgians &
stabbed w/bayonets– Belgium was neutral! – “Rape of Belgium”– Hyperbole or actuality?
• Compared to the Huns
• The slogan "The Rape of Belgium" was used in the United States as a propaganda device to build popular support for American intervention in the European war.
The Western Front
• 1st Battle of the Marne (Sept. ‘14)• Germans march toward Paris.• G. propaganda leaflets• G. crossed Marne R.& Fr.
counterattack• Fr. used 2000 taxi cabs to bring in
fresh troops• G. pulled back, dug ditches, machine
guns>>>**Trench warfare begins**• Schlieffen Plan FAILED (start @ 2:55)
• Heavy casualties (250K per side)• Allied victory. Paris saved! NO short
war in sight!
Life in the trenches
• Simple at first; learned to modify• Reinforced walls to prevent
collapsing• Most attacks dawn and dusk• “No man’s land
– Land between the trenches– 10-100 yds. on average– Heavily defended
• Scene from All Quiet…
Trench warfare
Problem # 1• Trench foot
(waterlogged boots)–Numb & blue–Gangrenous
amputation –Tx: dry socks if you
could find some
• If you have never had trench feet described to you. I will tell you. Your feet swell to two or three times their normal size and go completely dead. You could stick a bayonet into them and not feel a thing. If you are fortunate enough not to lose your feet and the swelling begins to go down. It is then that the intolerable, indescribable agony begins. I have heard men cry and even scream with the pain and many had to have their feet and legs amputated.
Trench warfareProblem #2: Dysentery
–inflammation in the lg. intestines
–stomach pains & diarrhea
–lose important salts &fluids from the body
–can be fatal
Trench warfare
Problem #3=Trench rats• Quick reproduction• One soldier wrote: "The rats
were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself."
• Diseases
Trench warfareProblem #4=Lice “cooties”
• frenzied scratching, carried Typhus
• Symptoms:– shooting pains – very high fever
• 15% of all Br. sickness
If time, watch Shell Shock from 13:45-17:00
How does the clip demonstrate the futility (uselessness) of Trench Warfare?
Exit Task (3/5)
• With a partner or by yourself:
• 1. Define propaganda in your own words and where did we see near the beginning of WWI?
• 2. List and describe 3-4 problems facing soldiers in the trenches
Christmas Truce• Christmas Eve, 1914• Can you believe enemies
ceased their firing for a temporary truce & celebrate Christmas?
• Listen to reading• First hand account
– Start at :29-
• Joyeux Noel (2005)– Academy Award nominated
Eastern Front(p. 275)
• Mobility! • Enormous # of lives lost• Early Russian loses to
Germany• A-H early losses• Italy betrays their alliance
& attacks Austria.– Italy joins Tr. Entente– Now called the Allied
Powers (Allies)
Eastern Front(p. 276)
• G & A-H push Russia back
• R. casualties = 2.5M !
• Bulgaria joins the Triple Alliance(Sept. ‘15). – Serbia is eliminated from war
• ** This allows German troops to focus on the Western Front**
GQ: What made WWI more devastating than any previous wars?
• Attacks on trenches rarely worked• Battle of attrition: Wearing down the
other side w/constant attacks & heavy losses.
• New Technologies• 1. Airplanes (1st in 1915)
– Targets on the ground– Photographic surveillance– From pistol mounted machine guns.
• 2. Zeppelins– Bombed England– Little damage but frightened civilians
From Flyboys
GQ: Why did the war widen to become a world conflict?
• Reasons include:• 1. Stalemate try to gain new allies
– New source of $ and war goods• 2. 1917-Arab princes revolt agst. Ottomans (p. 277)
• 3. US enters war April 1917…why?– A. Sinking of Lusitania (1915)
• British passenger ship (128 Americans onboard)
– B. unrestricted submarine warfare (1915-1917)• Blockades & attacked supply ships
– C. Zimmerman Telegram (Note) (1917)• Intercepted note stating, “If Mexico would support Germany in the
war, that once they win, Mexico will regain lands lost to US.”
Posters advertising Liberty Bonds were designed to evoke patriotic emotions. This was most often accomplished using the image of Lady Liberty placed amid a battle scene
The Century Video Series-Shell Shock (1914-1919) Assignment #___ in packet
– Your task is to use this visual to further enhance your understanding of World War One.
– Please take notes on the back of Assignment #___
New weapon: Gas warfare(review from video clip)
• Germans used chlorine @ Ypres, Belgium – (“eep-ra” or “eep-er”)– Or did the French use it first?
• yellow-green clouds • right weather conditions
needed• Ypres: 1
Death by gas
• a slow death by asphyxiation (suffocate)
• Early defense: cotton pads soaked in urine
• Then solution of baking soda
• gas masks & respirators
Another gas-Mustard gas• 1st used by Germans in
Sept.’17 against Russians• almost odorless• Protection was more difficult
than other gasses• Symptoms:
– Skin blistered– Eyes=very sore – Vomit– internal & external bleeding – Extremely painful and most soldiers
had to be strapped to their beds – More debilitating than fatal
Mustard gas remained in soil for weeks!
• Why would that be an issue?
• It made capturing “infected” trenches dangerous.
StatisticsOverall: 1.2 M non-fatal injuries ~100,000 deaths due to poison gases
• Country Total Casualties Deaths • Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000 • British Empire 188,706 8,109 • France 190,000 8,000 • Germany 200,000 9,000 • Italy 60,000 4,627 • Russia 419,340 56,000 • USA 72,807 1,462 • Others 10,000 1,000
One who survived…..oh how history could have been different
• Famous person injured…..Adolf Hitler>>>
New weapon: Big Bertha
• Mobile howitzer– a heavy mortar-like
howitzer built and used by Germany
– 420 mm, 2,200 lb shell– 1st used in Belgium
during Schlieffen Plan
• 7-9 miles
The human face of war :Shell shock (coined in 1917)
• Symptoms included:– uncontrollable diarrhea – shaking– unrelenting anxiety– insomnia– stomach cramps – terrifying nightmareshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRv56gsqkzs
Cure?
• 80% of British men who had entered hospitals suffering from shell shock were never able to return to military duty
PTSD today
Rise in PTSD cases from two wars strains resources
-USA Today (2011)
Since the Iraq and Afghanistan wars began, 211,819 combat veterans have been treated by the VA for PTSD.
Impact of total war (p. 278-279)
• Total war =complete mobilization of resources & people, affecting ALL lives
• Home Front– Conscription – Rationing
• Food, fuel, etc..
– In Europe…• Government set up price, wage & rent
controls (forms of socialism)Planned Economies (p. 278)
– In US• Wilson praises those working the fields &
factories• More propaganda
Total War (cont.)
• New roles for women– Truck drivers, factory workers, farm
laborers, etc.
• New roles women’s suffrage movement– Germany, US, Britain & Austria
• Post war for women?– Many lost jobs to men– Those employed saw lower wages
Continue with Shell Shock (__/__15)
• Add notes to the back of your #___ worksheet. Stop at Russian Revolution
1917 Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution
• Summarize what occurred within your notes.
• Why was this significant?
• Shell Shock (10:41—14:45)
Timeline of events (no notes necessary)• Mar 8, 1917: Food riot• Mar 15, 1917: Czar Nicholas was brought down• Provisional govt. continued war• April, 1917: Germans help V. Lenin & Bolsheviks
– Meet needs of working class– Goal: Establish 1st communist state
– “Peace, Bread and Land” • Oct. 1917-Lenin leads overthrow of provisional government• Result: Bolsheviks take power, withdraw from WWI
Mar. 3, 1918-Russia signs armistice with Germany • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
– **Germany sends ALL troops to Western Front.**– One allied power gone BUT the US had entered– Bolshevism frightened world leaders. Could it spread?
John Green again(enrichment)
• 8:40-9:30 for a short version
The Last Year of the War (1918)pages 285-287
• Entry of US gives Allies a boost!• German had hope w/Russia’s leaving
the war• Last major German offensive of WWI-
2nd Battle of the Marne– Allied victory
• G. hoped to split the Fr. forces in two >>weaken them
• Brits, Italy & US assist + lg # of tanks• High casualties for Germans (~160K)
& French (~90K)
2nd Battle of the Marne (Jul-Aug.1918)
•Watch Shell Shock (0:51-8:00)•“War of movement” finally arrives. •Note major happenings
1918 Influenza
• “Spanish flu”• 50 million die worldwide• 650-700,000 Americans die
--10x more than in combat
Look how quickly it moved!
The war is over
• Armistice: A truce/agreement to end fighting
• Communists unsuccessfully try to take hold in Germany
The peace settlements(pp 287-289)
• GQ: How was a peace settlement of WWI established?
• Wilson’s 14 Points– Reducing arms– No secret pacts– League of Nations
• Goals: – 1. Bond ALL nations together– 2. Peace for all time
The Full 14 Points (If you wanted to see all of them)
• 1. No more secret agreements • 2. Free navigation of all seas.• 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.• 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.• 5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial• 6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop her
own political set-up.• 7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.• 8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine• 9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along clearly
recognizable lines of nationality."• 10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.• 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the Balkan
states.• 12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in the
old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.• 13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.• 14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial
independence of all states.
Paris Peace Conference• “The Big Three” (Britain,
France & US) + Italy
• Germany wasn’t invited
• Russia was in their civil war
• France & Britain wanted Germany severely punished!–Reparations: payment made to the victor to cover the costs of the war
Treaty of Versailles• Signed in the Hall of Mirrors @
Versailles• 5 separate treaties w/defeated• “Harsh peace” says Germany
– Pay costs– Reduced army– Loss of Alsace-Lorraine(back
to France)– Land forms a new Polish state
• Most of Wilson’s 14 points gone but not the League of Nations
Legacies of Versailles• 1. The harsh penalty on Germany will directly
cause WWII (Rise of Hitler: more later)• 2. Italy felt snubbed! They felt they deserved
land– As a result, Italy would turn to Benito Mussolini,
who vowed to avenge the humiliation. Why important?– Mussolini will ally with Hitler in WWII
• 3. New nations emerge (see map). Empires shrink or disappear
• 4. Ethnic minorities• 5. European powerhouses will govern mandates
in middle east• 6. Millions of deaths• 7. Civil liberties reduced strong central gov’ts
The reshaping of Europe
What have we learned?
• It was NOT the war to end all wars.
• Wilson’s vision, had it been followed by our allies, may have had a positive impact on the world.
• A generation of men were lost.
• Many new weapons were used
• Did any nation “win?” Charlie Brown says…?
• Europe was reshaped with many new nations emerging but ethnic tensions still existed.
The changing map
• Good review (video)– use this for test
preparation
The reshaping of Europe