World War I:World War I:Russian Revolution and Peace TreatiesRussian Revolution and Peace Treaties

Chapters 27.3 – 27.5Chapters 27.3 – 27.5

Russia in WWIRussia in WWI

WWI highlighted Russia’s WWI highlighted Russia’s weaknesses weaknesses

Spring of 1917 – the Russian people Spring of 1917 – the Russian people lost faith in their government and in lost faith in their government and in the czarthe czar

The czar disbanded the Duma The czar disbanded the Duma March 1917 – the czar gave up the March 1917 – the czar gave up the

throne throne

Lenin and the BolsheviksLenin and the Bolsheviks The Petograd Soviet Workers’ and Soldiers’ The Petograd Soviet Workers’ and Soldiers’

Deputies began to gain a following Deputies began to gain a following The Provisional constitutional assembly The Provisional constitutional assembly

government pledged to continue the war government pledged to continue the war The The Mensheviks Mensheviks lost a battle to control the lost a battle to control the

Socialist party to the Socialist party to the Bolsheviks Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks led the Bolsheviks Lenin’s version of Marxism formed the basis of Lenin’s version of Marxism formed the basis of

communism communism Nov. 7, 1917 – the Bolsheviks overthrew the Nov. 7, 1917 – the Bolsheviks overthrew the

provisional government, took control, and provisional government, took control, and renamed themselves the renamed themselves the Communist Party Communist Party

Peace and Civil WarPeace and Civil War

March 1918 – Lenin signed a peace treaty March 1918 – Lenin signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers with the Central Powers

Civil war soon broke out in Russia Civil war soon broke out in Russia Three year civil war: the Three year civil war: the Red Army Red Army vs. vs.

the Whites the Whites The Allies were angry about the separate The Allies were angry about the separate

peace treaty Russia signed peace treaty Russia signed 1921 – the Communists won – renamed 1921 – the Communists won – renamed

Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Republics

The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points January 18, 1918: Wilson delivers his famous January 18, 1918: Wilson delivers his famous

Fourteen Points Fourteen Points speech to Congress:speech to Congress: First five points were issues Wilson thought were First five points were issues Wilson thought were

necessary to prevent another war:necessary to prevent another war:• There should be no There should be no secret secret treaties among nations.treaties among nations.• Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all.Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all.• Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should

be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade.be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade.• Arms should be reduced “to the lowest point consistent Arms should be reduced “to the lowest point consistent

with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses” during diplomatic crises.military responses” during diplomatic crises.

• Colonial policies should consider the interests of the Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples as well as the interests of the imperialist colonial peoples as well as the interests of the imperialist powers.powers.

• 6.-13. Dealt with boundary changes 6.-13. Dealt with boundary changes • 14. Called for the creation of the 14. Called for the creation of the League of NationsLeague of Nations

Defeat of the Central PowersDefeat of the Central Powers

Treaty of Brest Litovsk allowed Germans to Treaty of Brest Litovsk allowed Germans to abandon the Eastern Front abandon the Eastern Front

Under the command of Under the command of Ferdinand FochFerdinand Foch, , an Allied force stopped Germany at an Allied force stopped Germany at Chateau-Theirry Chateau-Theirry

The Central Powers began falling apart The Central Powers began falling apart The Kaiser gave up his throne and a The Kaiser gave up his throne and a

German republic was set up – signed an German republic was set up – signed an armistice armistice in November, 1918in November, 1918

The Final TollThe Final Toll Bloodiest war in history up to that time:Bloodiest war in history up to that time:

• 22 million dead 22 million dead • 21 million wounded 21 million wounded • Germany and Russia lost 1.8 million, France Germany and Russia lost 1.8 million, France

lost 1.4 million, Austria-Hungary and Britain lost 1.4 million, Austria-Hungary and Britain lost about 1 million each lost about 1 million each

• 10 million became refugees10 million became refugees• Cost about $338 billion dollarsCost about $338 billion dollars

Toll on the U.S.:Toll on the U.S.:• 48,000 died in battle48,000 died in battle• 62,000 died of disease62,000 died of disease• 200,000 were wounded200,000 were wounded

The Paris Peace ConferenceThe Paris Peace Conference Wilson failed to recognize how angry the other Wilson failed to recognize how angry the other

Allied leaders were at GermanyAllied leaders were at Germany Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau had lived through two had lived through two

German invasions of France German invasions of France David Lloyd George David Lloyd George had just won reelection on had just won reelection on

the slogan, “Make Germany Pay” the slogan, “Make Germany Pay” Vittorio Orlando also wanted concessions Vittorio Orlando also wanted concessions The The Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference failed to include failed to include

the defeated nations the defeated nations The “Big Four” worked out details on the treaty The “Big Four” worked out details on the treaty

on their own on their own

Debating the Treaty of VersaillesDebating the Treaty of Versailles

June 28, 1919: The June 28, 1919: The Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles is finally signed is finally signed

The Treaty barred Germany from The Treaty barred Germany from maintaining an army and forced them to maintaining an army and forced them to pay pay reparations reparations

Also included a Also included a war-guilt clausewar-guilt clause This treatment of Germany weakened the This treatment of Germany weakened the

ability of the Treaty to provide a lasting ability of the Treaty to provide a lasting peace peace

Furthermore, the treaty angered the Furthermore, the treaty angered the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R.

Fates of Former TerritoriesFates of Former Territories The Allies made separate treaties with Austria The Allies made separate treaties with Austria

and Hungary and Hungary National self-determination became a major issue National self-determination became a major issue During WWI, the Turks launched a During WWI, the Turks launched a genocide genocide

against the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire against the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915 – 2 million Armenians in the Ottoman 1915 – 2 million Armenians in the Ottoman

Empire; 1923 – nearly non-existent Empire; 1923 – nearly non-existent Bulgaria lost territory to GreeceBulgaria lost territory to Greece The Ottoman Empire lost all of its territory except The Ottoman Empire lost all of its territory except

for present-day Turkey for present-day Turkey Again, Russia lost much of its territories Again, Russia lost much of its territories

New CountriesNew Countries

The League of NationsThe League of Nations Wilson felt the League of Nations could fix Wilson felt the League of Nations could fix

any shortcomings in the peace treatiesany shortcomings in the peace treaties The League had 2 goals: 1. Promote The League had 2 goals: 1. Promote

international cooperation, 2. Keep peace international cooperation, 2. Keep peace among nations among nations

The League would work alongside the The League would work alongside the World Court World Court

Each nation got 1 vote in the League’s Each nation got 1 vote in the League’s Assembly Assembly

The members of the League agreed not to The members of the League agreed not to go to war to settle disputesgo to war to settle disputes

The league could impose The league could impose economic economic sanctions sanctions on nations who broke this on nations who broke this agreementagreement

Mandates and the Start of the Mandates and the Start of the LeagueLeague

The League set aside newly The League set aside newly independent colonies as independent colonies as mandates mandates

The U.S. never actually became a The U.S. never actually became a member of the League member of the League

1920 – first meeting in Geneva 1920 – first meeting in Geneva Germany joined the League in 1926; Germany joined the League in 1926;

Soviet Union in 1934Soviet Union in 1934