World War I & Russian Revolution 1914-1928 Chapter 26 Presentation By Kathryn Raia.

World War I & Russian Revolution

1914-1928Chapter 26

Presentation By Kathryn Raia

The Great War• Lasted from 1914-1918 and the

Paris Peace Conference was in 1919.

• People knew that the “Great War” was coming and evidence can be seen in art and literature leading up to the war.

• Turning Point in warfare due to new technology

• To try to ease tensions, Europe brought back the Olympic games in Athens 1896.

• In addition the Hague Tribunal is created. This organization was an pen forum where countries could discuss their problems without warfare.

Long Term Causes: MAIN

Militarism and the Arms Race• What is militarism?• What is an arms race?• How did these things lead to war?

• Britain vs. Germany

• Competition


ALLIANCES:Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente• Why did alliances form during this

period?• Triple Alliance – Germany, Italy,

Austria – Hungry• 1914 – Germany and Austria –

Hungry Central Powers• France and Britain sign an

ENTENTE – A non-binding agreement to follow common policies

• Created the Triple Entente• Britain signed similar agreement

with Russia and they formed the “Allies”


Imperial & Economic Rivalries

• How did imperialism cause World War I?

• Imperial Rivalries• France vs. Germany• Britain vs France

• Economic Rivalries• How did economics cause rivalries?

• Britain vs. Germany


Nationalism• How were each of these groups

nationalistic? Why did that cause tension? • Germany • France • Austria-Hungary • Nationalism created a "powder keg" in the

Balkans• The Ottoman Empire (“the sick man of Europe”)

receded from the Balkans

• Pan-Slavism, a nationalist movement to unite all Slavic peoples to form their own state

• As southern Slavs’ “big brother” to the east, Russia focused on Balkan regions in Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires after its humiliating loss in the Russo-Japanese War.

Path to War

First Balkan War (1908)• Serbia, Greece, and

Bulgaria allied to drive the Turks out of the Balkans

• Serbia and Greece gained large amounts of land

Second Balkan War (1913)• Found between the Balkan

states over the spoils of the First Balkan War

• "Third Balkan War" between Austria and Serbia became World War I

Immediate Causes to World War I

• Serbia wanted to create a South Slav State (Pan-slavism) and wanted to annex Bosnia which belonged to Austria

• June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austrian heir to throne, assassinated by Serbian nationalist Princip (member Serbian "Black Hand") while visiting Bosnia-Herzegovina.

• Austria Issues Serbia an ultimatum: Punish those involved and end all anti-Austrian aggression or else.

Immediate Causes Cont..

Kaiser Wilhelm II pledges unwavering support to Austria to punish Serbia: "the blank check"

• July 28, Austria declares war on Serbia• Claimed that Serbia did not meet

the ultimatum• First military act of the war was

the Austrian bombing of Belgrade.

• Russia mobilizes against Austria & Germany on the side of their Slavic neighbor, Serbia;

• France mobilizes on Germany's western border

Immediate Causes

Aug 1, German declares war on Britain and France

Aug. 3, Germany invades Belgium; France declares war on Germany

Aug 4, Britain declares war on Germany

European TheatreTwo opposing alliances• Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman

Empire (also Bulgaria)• Allies (Triple Entente): Britain, France, Russia (later, Japan, Italy and U.S.)

The Western Front

• Schlieffen Plan: German plan to invade France through Belgium, defeat France quickly (6 weeks) by sweeping around Paris, and then move to the east to defeat Russia

• What was the purpose of this plan?

• Why did it fail?

Section 2: A New Kind of Conflict

• Early Battles – Western Front• Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914): After Germans

came within sight of Paris, French and British forces pushed German forces back. Led by General Joseph Joffre

Trench Warfare

• Trench warfare developed after Battle of the Marne; lasted four bloody years

•A long line of trenches stretched from the North Sea to the Swiss border in the south

•Despite massive causalities on both sides, few gains were made

•Creation of a four year stalemate

Trench Warfare

Early Battles – Western Front

• 1916: Battle of Verdun • Germans wanted to “Bleed

France White” and force it to sue for peace

• Franc lost 540,000 men and Germany lost 430,000

• and Battle of the Somme; horrific casualties; neither side could break through

• British and French offensive to break through German lines

• Losses men: Britain 420,000; France 200,000; Germany 650,000

Trench Warfare

• Erich Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front (1929) illustrated horrific trench warfare.

Three o’clock in the morning. The breeze is fresh and cool. The pale hour makes our faces look gray. We trudge onward in single file through the trenches and shell-holes and come again to the zone of mist. Katczinsky is

restive, that’s a bad sign. “What’s up, Kat?” says Kropp.

“I wish I were back home.” Home - he means the huts. “We’ll soon be out of it, Kat.”

He is nervous. “I don’t know, I don’t know --- “ We come to the communication trench and then to the open fields. The little wood reappears. We know every foot of ground

here. There’s the cemetery with the mounds and the black crosses. That moment, it breaks out behind us, swells, roars and thunders. We duck down - a cloud of flame shoots up a hundred yards ahead of us. The next minute under a second explosion part of the wood rises slowly in the air, three or four trees sail up and

then crash to pieces. The shells begin to hiss like safety valves - heavy fire. “Take cover!” yells somebody, “Cover!”

The fields are flat, the wood is too distant and dangerous - the only cover is the graveyard and the mounds. We stumble across in the dark and as though he had been spat there every man lies glued behind a mound.

Not a moment too soon. The dark goes mad. It heaves and raves. Darknesses blacker than the night rush on us with giant strides, over us and away. The flames of the explosions light up the graveyard. There is no escape anywhere. By the light of the shells I try to get a view of the fields. They are a surging sea, daggers of flame from the explosions leap up like fountains. It is impossible for anyone to break through it. The wood vanishes. It is pounded, crushed, torn to pieces. We must stay here in the

graveyard. …

Before me gapes the shell-hole. I grasp it with my eyes as with fists. With one leap I must be in it. There, I get a smack in the face, a hand clamps onto my shoulder - has a dead man woken up? The hand shakes me. I turn my head in the second of light I stare into the face of Katczinsky. He has his mouth wide open and is yelling. I hear nothing. He rattles me, comes nearer, in a

momentary lull his voice reaches me: “Gas – Gaas – Gaaas - Pass it on.”

An Industrialized War

• Technological advancements in war: machine gun, tanks, airplane, poison gas, Zeppelins, U-boats

A Global Conflict

• Eastern Europe• Russia was able to

push into Eastern Europe• Battle of Tannenburg

they were defeated and forced them to retreat

• Troops lacked rifles• Peasants into combat

• Why do you think Russia’s defeat was inevitable?

A Global Conflict

• Southern Europe• Bulgaria joined the central

powers to help crush its old rival Serbia

• Italy declares war on Austria-Hungry and then Germany

• Italy signs secret treaty with allies in hope to gain Austria – ruled lands inhabited by Italians

• Caporetto• October 1917• Austrians and

Germans launch major attack on Italians

• Italians forced to retreat

War Outside Europe• Japan allied with Britain - Why?• Ottoman empire joined the

central powers in 1914• Closed off allied ships from the

Dardanelles – strait connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean

• Battle of Gallipoli- 1915 allies sent troops to open up the strait

• Turkish troops tied down trapped allies on the beaches

• After 10 months and more than 200,000 casualties allies retreated

• War and the Colonies• What were the colonies used for

during the war?

Section 3: Winning The War

• Total War• Conscription• Censorship• Propaganda• Rationing

Propaganda Posters

Total War: Economics

Economic production was focused on the war effort

• Why were free market strategies abandoned?

• Why did labor unions support the war effort?

• Why ration food and supplies at home?

• War Bonds• Each side aimed at “starving

out” the enemy by cutting off vital supplies to the civilian population.

Total War: Women

• Women replaced male factory workers who were now fighting the war.• 43% of the labor force in

Russia• Changing attitudes about

women resulted in increased rights after the war (Britain, Germany, Austria and U.S.)

• War promoted greater social equality, thus blurring class distinctions and lessening the gap between rich and poor

Russia

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Dec. 1917): Lenin took Russia out of the war but forced to give Germans 1/4 of Russian territory

• What effect will Russia pulling out the war have?

The War at Sea

British and Allied Naval Blockade:

• Goal ?• Germany response?• Lusitania, 1915: U-boats sank

passenger liner killing 1,200 including 128 Americans

• Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 sinking all ships with its U-boats

• Most important reason for U.S. entry into the war

Diplomacy During the War

• 1915: Why does Italy enter the war?

• Zimmerman Note: Who sent it what did it say?

• Balfour Note (1917) Arabs & Jews in Palestine promised autonomy if they joined the Allies.• Britain declared sympathy for

idea of Jewish homeland in Palestine.

• New policy seemed to contradict British support for Arab nationalism.

Diplomacy continued…

Wilson’s 14 Points (Jan. 1918) -- plan to end the war along liberal, democratic lines

• Provisions:• Abolish secret treaties • Freedom of the seas • Remove economic barriers (e.g. tariffs)• Reduction of armament burdens • Promise of independence (“self-

determination”) to oppressed minority groups (e.g. Poles, Czechs), millions of which lived in Germany and Austria-Hungary.

• Adjustment of colonial claims in interests of both native peoples and colonizers

• Adjustment of Italy’s borders along ethnic lines.

• Autonomy for non-Turkish parts of the Turkish Empire.

• 14th point: International organization to supply collective security

• Foreshadowed League of Nations

The End of the War

• Argonne offensive (spring 1918: Germans transferred divisions from east (after defeating Russia) to the western front and mounted a massive offensive.

• Central Powers sought peace based on 14 Points (believing they would get fair treatment)• Germany and Austria-Hungary

wracked with revolution • Austria surrendered on Nov. 3• Germany surrendered on Nov.

11(Armistice signed at 11 pm); Wilhelm II abdicates and flees to Holland

Section 4: Making the Peace

• Paris Peace Conference 1919• Big Four: Lloyd George (Br.), Clemenceau (Fr.), Wilson (US),

Orlando (It)• Central powers excluded from negotiations

• What did everyone want?• France:• Italy :• Ethnic groups once in the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empire:

Paris Peace Conference 1919New German Republic – Weimar

Republic: Why did the Allies not want to sign a peace agreement with an autocratic government?

Versailles Treaty, 1919• Article 231: placed sole blame

for war on Germany; Germany would be severely punished

• Germany forced to pay huge reparations to Britain and France

• German army and navy severely reducedGermany was only allowed 100, 000 standing troops and had to reduce their navy to six ships and Germany could have no submarines or military aircraft

• Rhineland would be demilitarized; Saar coal mines taken over by France

• Germany lost all its colonies and Alsace Lorraine returned to France

Paris Peace Conference 1919

• League of Nations: • Why does it fail?

Paris Peace Conference 1919

• Why was Italy angry?• Why were the

Japanese angry?• What are mandates

and who was carved into them?• Why?

Conference Continued

• Other Settlements• Baltic States: Lithuania,

Latvia, and Estonia • Poland gained

independence • Three New Republic:

Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungry

• New South Slav State: Yugoslavia

• Members of Paris Peace conference only applied self-determination to Europe

Impact of World War I on European Society

• Massive casualties: • 10 million soldiers dead; • 10 million civilians dead, many

from influenza epidemic;• 15 million died in Russian

Revolution

• End to political dynasties• Hapsburg dynasty removed in

Austria (had lasted 500 years)• Romanov dynasty removed in

Russia (had lasted 300 years)• Hohenzollern dynasty removed

in Germany (had lasted 300 years)

• Ottoman Empire destroyed (had lasted 500 years)


• War promoted greater social equality, thus blurring class distinctions and lessening the gap between rich and poor• The Russian Revolution

abolished the nobility and gave women more rights than any other country in Europe

• Women received the right to vote in Britain the same year that the war ended; Germany soon followed

• The nobility in Germany, Austria, and Russia lost much of its influence and prestige


• Russian Revolution resulted in world's first communist country

• German nationalist resentment of harsh Versailles Treaty doomed the Weimar Republic• German anger with treaty

partially responsible for rise of Hitler in early 1930s

• The U.S. became the world’s leading creditor and greatest producer due to the drain of Europe’s resources.

• Unresolved differences lead to WWII

Section 5: The Russian Revolution

• Background:• What problems did Russia

experience that made it ripe for revolution?

February (March) Revolution 1917

• Causes:• Inept leadership (Duma had no

real power)• Calls for a constitution• Corruption in Bureaucracy• World War I:

• Strained Russian resources• Factories could not turn out

enough supplies• Transportation system broke down • Many soldiers had no rifles and no

ammunition• Large amounts of Russian

causalities

• Rasputin – Who, How?

February (March) Revolution 1917

• IMMEDIATE CAUSE: Petrograd Strikes in 1917• Workers go on strike in St.

Petersburg (Petrograd) 1917 – WHY??????? What group starts the strikes?

• Troops refused to fire on demonstrators so the government could not perform and was helpless

• Czar abdicates

Effects of the February (March) Revolution

• Duma set up provisional government under Kerensky• Begin liberal reforms • Did NOT help the peasants• Did NOT take Russia out of the war

• Revolutionary socialists (Bolsheviks) plotted their own case• Set up Soviets – councils of workers and soldiers – in

certain cities• Petrograd Soviet very influential and dominated by

Bolsheviks

Vladimir Lenin• At 17, Lenin’s brother was hanged for plotting

to kill the czar – hated monarchy ever since• Adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian

conditions• Marx said that the industrial working class

would overthrow capitalism, but Russia did not have a large urban proletariat

• He believed the peasants could be included in the revolution

• Lenin called for an “elite” to rise up – the Bolsheviks, or Majority” To set up a dictatorship of the proletariat

• Rejected socialist revisionism (western Europe) they believed more could be achieved for workers through democratic means than revolution

• Bolsheviks rejected this. • Lenin said that only revolution could

bring about the necessary changes.

The October (November) Revolution

• Causes• Provisional government

not helping the people• Kept Russia in the war• Communism has been

spreading throughout the cities by way of the Bolsheviks

• Kronstadt Sailors and military begin to support the revolution


• Events:• Lenin in exile in 1917• Germans rush him back to Russia –

why?• Leon Trotsky assisted Lenin in

planning the revolution• Lenin and the Bolsheviks promised

the people “Peace, Land and Bread”

• 1917 provisional government launched a disastrous effort against Germany

• Troops mutinied• Bolsheviks & squads of Red Guards

take over and seize the provisional government

• Moscow becomes the headquarters


• Effects:• First communist government in history• Ended private ownership of land, and distributed

land to peasants• Workers were given control of the factories and

mines• Russian Civil war

Russian Civil War• Causes:• Civil war lasted three years

• Reds – or communists who supported the Bolsheviks

• Whites – counterrevolutionaries who remained loyal to the czar

• Nationalist groups in some Russian territories broke free while others were not as successful

• Allied powers in WWI assisted the whites in hope that they would eventually assist them in the fight against Germany

This 1919 Bolshevik poster shows the three White generals Denikin, Kolchak and Yudenich as three

vicious dogs who are under the control of America, France and Britain.

Effects of the Civil War

• Effects:• Communists win • Cheka - executed ordinary citizens & killed

the Romanovs• Lenin’s War Communism – tried to set up

order• Took over banks, Mines, Factories,

Railroads• Peasants forced to deliver “surplus” food to

hungry people in the cities• Peasant laborers were drafted into the military

or into factory work• Commissars – communist party officials

assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty

• Final result: Hunger, famine and disease plagued the country

Building The Communist USSR

• Government• 1922 Constitution

• Elected legislature (Supreme Soviet)

• Gave all citizens over the age of 18 the right to vote

• All political power, resources, and means of production would belong to workers and peasants

• USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – multinational state that encompassed European and Asian peoples• In theory all republics shared equal

rights• Comintern (Third Communists

International) --created in 1919• Was to serve as the preliminary

step of the International Republic of Soviets towards the world wide victory of Communism

Economics under Lenin

Lenin’s NEP• Moved away from War

communism – which almost collapsed the economy

• 1921 Lenin adopts New Economic Policy or NEP• Was it successful?• How do you know?• Why?

Effects of Lenin’s NEP

• This was a compromise with capitalism, and it helped the economy• 1928 – food and

industrial production were back at pre-war levels

• Standard of living improved

• Lenin saw NEP as temporary

Lenin’s Impact on Soviet Society

• Old social structure abolished – titles for nobility ended

• Loss of influence for the Greek Orthodox Church

• Women gained equality (in theory)

• Russians had greater expectation of freedom than they had during the Tsar's regime

From Lenin to Stalin

• Lenin dies in 1924 suddenly

• Contenders Trotsky and Stalin

• Josef Stalin Became secretary in the Party

• Lenin didn’t like him• Stalin shrewd politician

able to get rid of Trotsky – fled in 1929

• Stalin – Totalitarian dictator

World War I & Russian Revolution 1914-1928 Chapter 26 Presentation By Kathryn Raia.

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