Post on 08-Mar-2021
Bread Wheat Improvement in Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) Region:Relevance to Australia
Francis C. Ogbonnaya & Osman S. Abdalla
ICARDA/CIMMYT Wheat Improvement Program (ICWIP)Biodiversity and Integrated Gene Management Program;
ICARDA
Wheat Production in CWANA
Wheat is the main staple food in CWANA Region Wheat consumption in CWANA is about 185 kg/capita/yearAbout 50 million hectares in CWANAWheat productivity and total wheat production in CWANA is generally low.Many countries in the region are substantial net importers of wheat.
0500
1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
YEARS
PR
OD
UC
TIO
N (
1000 M
t) MoroccoAlgeriaEgyptSyriaTunisia
Wheat Production during 1990-1999 in Selected CWANA Countries
Mean Rainfall Relative to LTA at T. Hadya, Syria, during 1998/99 to 2004/05 Seasons
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/ 04
SEASONS
Me
an
Ra
infa
ll %
of
Lo
ng
T
erm
Av
era
ge
1998/9 1999/00 2004/5
Rainfall Distribution at T. Haya during 2002-03 to 2004-05 Seasons
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Sep Oct Novr Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Month
Pre
cipi
tati
on (
l mm
)
2002/ 03 2003/ 04 2004/05 Long term
GOAL
Enhancement of Productivity and Production Sustainability of Spring Wheat Cropping Systems in CWANA Region
Target Environments
• Spring Bread Wheat improvement targets all wheat growing areas in CWANA with focus on:
Semiarid (Mediterranean Rainfed) environments
Favorable irrigated environments including low latitudes of CWANA
Constraints Temperate Continental Low latitudeDrought √ √High temperature √Water use efficiency √Terminal heat √ √Salinity √ √Cold √Leaf rust √ √Stem rust √ √Yellow rust √ √Septoria tritici blotch √Hessian fly √Sawfly √ √
RWA √
Sunn pestBunts √
Aphids √ √
Targeted Environments and Major Stresses
334
600
384450
254
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Breda-N-RF T. Hadya-N-RF
T. Hadya-N-RF+1SI
T. Hadya-E-RF+2SI
Terbol -Fav
Test Environments
Long
Ter
m A
vera
ge R
ainf
all (
mm
)Moisture Gradient for Germplasm Selection
Genotypic Response to Environmental Variability
Wide Adaptation: The relative ability of a genotype to consistently yield in the upper percentile across different locations (Spatially)
Stability: The relative ability of a genotype to consistently yield in the upper percentile over years (Temporally)
Multilocation Testing: a procedure to gauge spatial adaptation used extensively by BW improvement programs to identify temporally Stable, Drought Tolerant germplasm
AWYT2-LR-04: Performance of 24 Genotypes under Moisture Extremes
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Yield under Moisture Stress (280 mm)
Yie
ld u
nd
er
No
Mo
istu
re S
tress (
441 m
m)
524
504
522523
509
515
505508
506 510511
512
519 517516
503
518507
520 502
513
514501
521
Mean = 1562 kg/ha
Mea
n =
6279
kg/
ha
(A) (B)
(C)
(D)
Breeding Methodology
Targeted Crossing Program that emphasizes broadening the genetic base:
- Utilization of old varieties and elite locally adapted cultivars
- Utilization of wheat relatives and derived synthetic wheat
Breeding Methodology
CWANA Drylands – a Cradle of Agriculture
Center of crop origin & diversity (Vavilov)
WheatBarleyChickpeaLentil
Status of ex situ Collections (2005)
Crop Gene Pool
No. Accessions
Wild Species & Landraces
(with long/Lat)
Global Rank
Wheat 37,930 25,400 No.1 (Aegilops, W. Triticum; T.
durum)
Barley 26,181 13,800 No. 2 (USDA 30,000)
Lentil 10,520 4,380 No. 1
Chickpea 12,421 4,126 No.2 (ICRISAT 17,000)
Faba bean 10,649 2,087 No.1
Forage/Pasture 35,120 23,420 N.A
TOTAL 132,831 73,200
Enhancing Diversity
Alien gene pools, in particular Aegilops squarrossa, and wild triticum and landracesutilized to enhance genetic variability of traits relevant for wheat improvement, with emphasis on stress tolerance
Aegilops squarossa
Wild Triticum
Environment information
Enhancing Diversity:Use of Landraces and CWANA Adapted Cultivars
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Fre
qu
en
cy
dis
trib
uti
on
(%
)
R MR MS S
Reaction type
Relative resistance levels to yellow rust in wild relatives of wheat
Aegilops sp.Triticum sp.W.Land Race
Enhancing Diversity: Tapping the Gene Pool for Rust Resistance
COLD DAMAGE
• In Continental areas of WANA cold damage can occur around tillering and anthesis.
• Early planting :(1st to 2nd week of Oct) facilitates selection for cold tolerance.
Heat Tolerance• Late Planting
(March):Terminal Heat Stress.
• Summer Planting:Heat all through the crop cycle.
• Screening at Hot Spots:Wad Medani, central Sudan
Breeding for Biotic Stress:HESSIAN FLY DAMAGE
SusceptibleResistant
HF
Total Damage
Use of Spreader Rows
Relevance to Australia
Similar environments with similar production constraints Exploitation of genetic variation that exist in gene stocks derived and collected from dry areas in CWANA Opportunity to exploit genetic variation associated with adaptive genes for harsh environment because of the long evolutionary mutations accumulated in response to co-existence with natureGeneration of drought stress tolerant germplasm in Australian genetic background via targeted evaluation in appropriate environments measured as yield increases and enhanced WUE in wheat under Mediterranean environments
Relevance to Australia
Bench marking of selected Australian varieties with key ICARDA’s wheat germplasm that potentially exhibit drought tolerance measured as yield increases and enhanced WUE in wheat under Mediterranean environments
Hartog, Wyalkatchem, Gladius, Calingiri, Bonnie Rock, Westonia, Excalibar, Axe, Yitpi, Young, Sunvale and Bolac
Relevance to Australia
Crossing with selected Australian leading varieties and elite lines
Distribution of segregating and fixed lines with stress tolerance to Australian breeding entities
Knowledge of stress tolerance and appropriate tools for incorporation and selection in breeding programs
Breeders visit to ICARDA?
Acknowledgements
Funding Agencies Staff
Staff of the wheat program, GRU and pathology groups at ICARDA