Yield and Yield Components of Wheat as Influenced by Water Stress and Sowing Date at Sokoto

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Yield and Yield Components of Wheat as influenced by Water Stress and Sowing Date at Sokoto

description

Presentation by Dr. Ibrahim Abubakar (Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria) at Wheat for Food Security in Africa conference, Oct 9, 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Transcript of Yield and Yield Components of Wheat as Influenced by Water Stress and Sowing Date at Sokoto

Page 1: Yield and Yield Components of Wheat as Influenced by Water Stress and Sowing Date at Sokoto

Yield and Yield Components of Wheat as

influenced by Water Stress and Sowing

Date at Sokoto

Page 2: Yield and Yield Components of Wheat as Influenced by Water Stress and Sowing Date at Sokoto

Experimental plot at tillering stage

Page 3: Yield and Yield Components of Wheat as Influenced by Water Stress and Sowing Date at Sokoto

Experimental plot at grain filling

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Experimental plot at maturity

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Wheat grains after threshing

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Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important

staple food crops of the world

Wheat ranks first in area and production and contributes more

calories and proteins to the world’s human diet than any other

cereals

Wheat is grown on about 217 million hectares with total

production of about 653 million metric tons (FAO,2010).

The highest average yields are obtained in Western Europe,

with more than 8 t ha-1, in contrast to less than 1 t ha-1 in

several countries in Africa and Asia.

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Nigeria production currently stands at about 37,200 tonnes

from about 51,000 hectares according to estimate by FAO

(FAO, 2010).

Wheat is used in various local dishes in Nigeria as well as in

bread making, Spaghetti, Semolina, Macaroni and Biscuits.

The consumption of wheat in Nigeria has increased

significantly in the last due largely to urbanization. Bread is

very popular as breakfast food.

Nigeria’s requirement for wheat is about 3.7 million tons and

the country expends annually about $650 million to import

wheat.

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Introduction (Cont.) Water and Temperature stress are the critical abiotic stresses that affect

wheat production in Nigeria

Wheat production environment is characterized by terminal heat stress

accompanied by low humidity (Fischer, 1985, Pfeiffer et. al., 1989).

The effects of water and Temperature on growth, development and yield of

wheat have been documented by previous workers (Kuroyanagi and

Paulsen, 1988; Blum, 1988; Harding et al.,1990; Slafer and Rawson, 1995;

Slafer et al.,1996; Ouda et al., 2005).

Hot, dry and short season coupled with inadequate irrigation water are the

major factors responsible for the low wheat yield in Nigeria

Climate change has aggravated the effects of water and temperature

through various scenarios of drought, extreme temperatures, desertification

and flooding.

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Introduction Cont. Wheat in Nigeria is grown entirely under irrigation during the cool

hamattan period of the dry season between the months of November and

March.

As water is not unlimited, the need to use it efficiently to produce high

yield becomes paramount.

There is also the management need to irrigate the crop as frequently as

possible in order to mitigate the effects of high temperature particularly

during critical yield determining stages of crop growth.

The need also for high yielding variety that tolerates the high temperature

conditions and produce high yield to compensate the cost of irrigation

cannot be over emphasized.

Management practices that ensure the optimum utilization of the cool

period through appropriate time of sowing, use of heat tolerant variety and

determination critical period of water stress is important.

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Objectives

To evaluate the response of two wheat genotypes to water stress and sowing date

To evaluate the interaction between sowing date and water stress on yield of wheat

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Materials and Methods Location

The trials were conducted during 2009/10 and 2010/11 dry seasons at the Fadama Teaching and Research Farm, Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto (latitude 13001’N; longitude 5015’E, altitude of 350 m above sea level).

Relative humidity ranges from 26-39 % in the dry season

Maximum temperature ranges from 32 to 43 0C and Minimum temperature of 18 to 29 0C during the period of experiment

The area was previously used for the cultivation of vegetables and cereals crops

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Treatment and Experimental Design

The treatments consist of factorial combination of

Water stress which was imposed by withholding water at (Tillering, Flowering, Grain filling) and Control (No stress),

Two genotypes (STAR//TR771773/SLM and Kauz/ Weaver) and

Four planting dates (21st Nov., 5th Dec., 19th Dec. and 2nd Jan.).

The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications

Water stress and Date of planting occupied the main plot while Variety was assigned to the sub plots

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Cultural Practices Experimental materials

Two varieties (STAR//TR771773/SLM and Kauz/ Weaver) Seeds of the wheat from Lake Chard Research Institutes

Land preparations

The land was cleared, ploughed, harrowed and leveled. Basins and water channels were constructed

Gross plot size was 3m x 3m (9m2) while the net plot was (4.5m2). One meter (1m) lee-way was left between blocks and 0.5m between plots

Sowing

The seeds was treated with Apron star (20% w/w thiamethoxam, 20% w/w metalaxyl-M and 2 % w/w difenoconazole) at the rate of 10 g/ 4 kg of seed before sowing to prevent seedling diseases and sown by drilling at 20 cm inter row spacing at 2-3 cm depth at the rate of 120 kg/ha, while the date of sowing was as per the treatments

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Cultural Practices Cont. Irrigation

Four irrigations were given before imposing irrigation treatment.

The first was given immediately after sowing while the remaining 3 were given at 5 days interval for the crop to get established.

The method of irrigation used was check basin irrigation

Weeding

Weeding was done manually with a hoe. Two hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS were employed to ensure weed free plots

Fertilizer application

120, 60 and 60 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1

Half of N and all of P and K was applied at sowing

Other half applied prior to tillering

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Cultural Practices Cont.

Pest and disease control

Birds were controlled by scaring while Rodents were controlled by using baits and traps

No incidence of diseases was recorded

Harvesting, threshing and winnowing

Manually harvested from the net plot area at physiological maturity using sickles when 50% of the peduncles have turned brown

The plants was cut at ground level. The spikes was beaten out with sticks to expose the grains, which was winnowed in open air with the help of wind current

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Data Collection

Data were collected on length of spike, Number of spikelets per spike, Number of grains per spike and Grain yield t ha-1

Data analysis

The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS (2003) computer package

Least significant difference (LSD) (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) and

New Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) were used for mean

separation

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Results

Table 1: Effects of water stress, sowing date and variety on length of spike of bread wheat in

2009/10, 2010/11 dry seasons and combined at Sokoto

Treatment Length of spike (cm)

2009/10 2010/11 Combined

Water stress

Tillering 11.44b

14.20b

12.82b

Flowering 12.02a

15.03a

13.52a

Grain filling 12.12a

15.12a

13.62a

Control 12.17a

15.10a

13.67a

SE± 0.049 0.149 0.094

Sowing date

21st November 12.57

a 15.47

a 14.02

a

5th

December 12.50a

15.46a

13.98a

19th

December 11.47b

14.41b

12.94b

2nd

January 11.21b

14.18b

12.70b

SE± 0.106 0.097 0.101

Variety

Star II TR77173/SLM 11.97 14.92 13.45

Kauz/ Weaver 11.90 14.84 13.37

SE± 0.096 0.098 0.051

Interaction

S X D Ns * *

S X V Ns Ns Ns

D X V Ns * *

S X D X V Ns Ns Ns

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Table 2: Effects of water stress, sowing date and variety on number of spikelets per spike of

bread wheat in 2009/10, 2010/11 dry seasons and combined at Sokoto

Treatment Number of spikelets per spike 2009/10 2010/11 Combined

Water stress Tillering 12.11b 13.51b 12.81b Flowering 13.36b 15.65b 14.50b Grain filling 17.76a 19.91a 18.84a Control 20.59a 18.75a 19.67a Significance * * * SE± 1.004 1.175 1.077

Sowing date 21st November 22.34a 22.50a 23.42a 5th December 21.36a 22.54a 23.45a 19th December 8.73b 10.57b 9.65b 2nd January 5.38b 7.22b 6.30b Significance * * * SE± 3.092 3.229 3.160

Variety STAR//TR771773/SLM 16.36 18.35 17.35a Kauz/ Weaver 15.55 17.56 16.55b Significance Ns Ns * SE± 0.476 0.477 0.244

Interaction S X D Ns * * S X V Ns * * D X V Ns * * S X D X V Ns Ns Ns

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Table 3: Effects of water stress, sowing date and variety on number of grains per

spike of bread wheat in 2009/10, 2010/11 dry seasons and combined at Sokoto

Treatment Number of grains per spike

2009/10 2010/11 Combined

Water stress

Tillering 32.06

39.89a

35.98ab

Flowering 32.22

32.37b

32.29b

Grain filling 34.79

41.40a

38.10a

Control 35.76 39.65a

37.70a

SE± 1.729 0.970

1.298

Sowing date

21st November 37.51

39.50

a 38.51

a

5th

December 36.63 39.78a

38.21ab

19th

December 31.22

35.50b

33.36b

2nd

January 29.47

35.51b

32.49b

SE± 2.310 1.008

1.430

Variety

Star II TR77173/SLM 34.27 38.83 36.55

Kauz/ Weaver 33.15 37.83 35.49

SE± 0.734 0.595 0.535

Interaction

S X D Ns * *

S X V Ns * *

D X V Ns * *

S X D X V Ns Ns Ns

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Table 4: Effects of water stress, sowing date and variety on grain yield of bread wheat in

2009/10, 2010/11 dry seasons and combined at Sokoto.

Treatment Grain yield (t ha-1

)

2009/10 2010/11 Combined

Water stress

Tillering 2.27b

3.80a

3.03a

Flowering 1.73c

3.06b

2.40b

Grain filling 2.26b

3.20b

2.73b

Control 2.97a

4.30a

3.63a

SE± 0.095 0.268

0.243

Sowing date

21st November 3.38

a 4.62

a 4.00

a

5th

December 2.75a

3.71b

3.23b

19th

December 1.48b

3.31b

2.39c

2nd

January 1.52b

3.16b

2.34c

SE± 0.188 0.180

0.144

Variety

Star II TR77173/SLM 2.60a

4.10a

3.35a

Kauz/ Weaver 1.96b

3.30b

2.63b

SE± 0.074 0.145 0.098

Interaction

S X D * * *

S X V Ns * *

D X V * * *

S X D X V Ns Ns Ns

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Table 5: Interaction between water stress and sowing date on grain yield t ha-1 in 2009/10,

2010/11 dry seasons at Sokoto.

Water stress Grain yield (t ha-1)

21st November 5th December 19 December 2nd January

2009/10

Tillering 3.14b 2.78bcd 1.55efg 1.21fg

Flowering 2.95bc 2.23cde 0.89g 0.85g

Grain filling 2.40b-e 2.97bc 1.70efg 1.99def

Control 5.03a 3.03bc 1.78ef 2.04def

SE ± 8.154

2010/11

Tillering 4.76a-c 3.85ab 3.40c-f 3.91b-e

Flowering 3.79b-f 2.27f 2.66d-f 3.53c-f

Grain filling 4.18b-d 3.53cf 3.16b-d 2.55ef

Control 5.74a 5.18ab 4.03b-d 2.65d-f

SE ± 0.537

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Table 6: Interaction between water stress and variety on grain yield t ha-1 in 2010/11 dry season

and combined at Sokoto.

Water stress Grain yield t ha-1

STAR//TR771773/SLM Kauz/ Weaver

2010/11

Tillering 4.63a 3.35b

Flowering 3.26b 2.87b

Grain filling 3.34b 3.26b

Control 4.78a 3.70ab

SE ± 0.291

Combined

Tillering 3.47ab 2.86bc

Flowering 2.65bc 2.14c

Grain filling 3.14b 2.62bc

Control 4.15a 2.89bc

SE ± 0.196

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Table 7: Interaction between sowing date and variety on grain yield t ha-1 in 2009/10,

2010/11 dry seasons and combined at Sokoto.

Sowing date Variety

STAR//TR771773/SLM Kauz/ Weaver

2009/10

21st November 4.02a 2.74bc

5th December 3.17b 2.33cd

19th December 1.47e 1.48e

2nd January 1.76e 1.28e

SE ± 0.243

2010/11

21st November 5.08a 4.15abc

5th December 4.22ab 3.20bcd

19th December 3.78bcd 2.84d

2nd January 3.33bcd 2.99cd

SE ± 0.243

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Conclusions Water stress at flowering and grain filling was the most

critical growth stage in yield determination of wheat.

Delay in sowing resulted in reduction in yield.

STAR//TR771773/SLM was superior to Kauz/Weaver when

sown on 21st November and 5th December.

Therefore the best time/optimum of planting of this cultivars in Sokoto is November or at least first week of December.

STAR//TR771773/SLM is the recommended variety for the

area.