Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft?

2) What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?

3) What are the basic components of a hydraulic system?

4) What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?

5) What is the purpose of a loadmeter?

Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes

Questions / Comments

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft?

2) What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?

3) What are the basic components of a hydraulic system?

4) What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?

5) What is the purpose of a loadmeter?

Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes

Airframe SystemsFuel Systems

• Two common classifications apply to fuel systems in small aircraft:

• Gravity-feed • Fuel-pump systems.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft?

2) What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?

3) What are the basic components of a hydraulic system?

4) What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?

5) What is the purpose of a loadmeter?

Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes

Fuel SystemsFuel Contamination

• Accidents attributed to powerplant failure from fuel contamination have often been traced to:

• Inadequate preflight inspection by the pilot.

• Servicing aircraft with improperly filtered fuel from small tanks or drums.

Fuel SystemsFuel Contamination

• Storing aircraft with partially filled fuel tanks.

• Lack of proper maintenance.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft?

2) What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?

3) What are the basic components of a hydraulic system?

4) What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?

5) What is the purpose of a loadmeter?

Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes

Aircraft SystemsHydraulic Systems

• A basic hydraulic system consists of a: • reservoir • pump (either hand,

electric, or engine driven),

• a filter to keep the fluid clean

• selector valve to control the direction of flow

• relief valve to relieve excess pressure

• and an actuator.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft?

2) What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?

3) What are the basic components of a hydraulic system?

4) What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?

5) What is the purpose of a loadmeter?

Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes

Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems

• A full-scale minus deflection indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator.

• A full-scale positive deflection indicates a malfunction of the regulator.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft?

2) What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?

3) What are the basic components of a hydraulic system?

4) What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?

5) What is the purpose of a loadmeter?

Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes

Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems

• The loadmeter reflects the total percentage of the load placed on the generating capacity of the electrical system by the electrical accessories and battery.

Questions / Comments

March 18

• 1906 — Trajan Vuia, a Rumanian, first tests a monoplane in France.

• Although it only hops and does not fly, Louis Blériot (1872-1936) decides that its monoplane design is superior to his biplane.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

March 18

• 1938 — Only seven months after its first flight, the prototype Heinkel He.115-V1 begins a series of flights breaking eight seaplane speed records by carrying loads between 1,100 lb. and 4,400 lb. over distances of 1,000 km (621 miles) and 2,000 km (1,242 miles) at an average speed of 204 mph.

• The He.115 is the Luftwaffe's most successful seaplane.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

March 18

• 1942 — Gen. Douglas MacArthur was appointed commander of the Southwest Pacific Theater.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

March 18

• 1952 — Two USAF Republic F-84 “Thunderjets” land in Neubiberg, Germany after the longest sustained jet flight; they flew 2,800 miles from the USA in 4 hours 48 minutes, without refueling.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

March 18

• 1954 — The first production Boeing B-52A “Stratofortress” rolls out of the Boeing plant.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

Questions / Comments

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY

2 3 4

Fuel Systems

5 6

Electrical Systems

7 8

         

9 10

Chapter 6

Hydraulic

Systems

11 12

Chapter 6

13 14

FltLine Friday

15

             

16 17 18

Chapter 7

19 20

Chapter 7

21 22

             

23 24 25

Chapter 7

26 27

Chapter 7

28 29

             

30 31          

             

March 2014

Questions / Comments

Questions / Comments

Chapter 7 – Flight InstrumentsFAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

Mission: Identify in writing how to interpret and operate flight instruments.

Describe the pilot’s ability to recognize errors and malfunctions with flight instruments.

Describe the pitot-static system and associated instruments.

Describe the vacuum system and related instruments.

Describe the gyroscopic instruments and the magnetic compass.

EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the

student pilot learning to fly.

Today’s Mission Requirements

Flight Instruments• In order to safely fly any aircraft, a pilot

must understand how to interpret and operate the flight instruments.

Flight Instruments• The pilot also needs to be able to

recognize associated errors and malfunctions of these instruments.

Flight Instruments• This chapter addresses the pitot-static

system and associated instruments, the vacuum system and related instruments, gyroscopic instruments, and the magnetic compass.

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments

• The pitot-static system is a combined system that utilizes the static air pressure, and the dynamic pressure due to the motion of the aircraft through the air.

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments

• These combined pressures are utilized for the operation of the airspeed indicator (ASI), altimeter, and vertical speed indicator (VSI).

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsImpact Pressure Chamber and

Lines• Static pressure,

also known as ambient pressure, is always present whether an aircraft is moving or at rest.

• It is simply the barometric pressure in the local area.

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsImpact Pressure Chamber and

Lines• Dynamic pressure is present only when an aircraft is in motion; therefore, it can be thought of as a pressure due to motion

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsImpact Pressure Chamber and

Lines• The pitot tube has a small opening at the front which allows the total pressure to enter the pressure chamber.

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsImpact Pressure Chamber and

Lines• The total pressure is made up of dynamic pressure plus static pressure.

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsImpact Pressure Chamber and

Lines• Both openings in

the pitot tube need to be checked prior to flight to insure that neither is blocked.

• This helps to keep bugs and other objects from becoming lodged in the opening of the pitot tube.

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsImpact Pressure Chamber and

Lines• The total pressure is transmitted to the Airspeed Indicator from the pitot tube’s pressure chamber via a small tube.

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsImpact Pressure Chamber and

Lines• The static pressure is also delivered to the opposite side of the ASI which serves to cancel out the two static pressures, thereby leaving the dynamic pressure to be indicated on the instrument.

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsImpact Pressure Chamber and

Lines• The two remaining instruments (altimeter and VSI) utilize only the static pressure which is derived from the static port.

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsStatic Pressure Chamber and

Lines• The static chamber is vented through small holes to the free undisturbed air on the side(s) of the aircraft.

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsStatic Pressure Chamber and

Lines• An alternate static source is provided in some aircraft to provide static pressure should the primary static source become blocked.

• The alternate static source is normally found inside of the flight deck.

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsStatic Pressure Chamber and

Lines• When the alternate static source pressure is used, the following instrument indications are observed:

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsStatic Pressure Chamber and

Lines• 1. The altimeter indicates a slightly higher altitude than actual.

• 2. The ASI indicates an airspeed greater than the actual airspeed.

• 3. The Vertical Speed Indicator shows a momentary climb and then stabilizes if the altitude is held constant.

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsStatic Pressure Chamber and

Lines• In an aircraft not equipped with an alternate static source, an alternate method of introducing static pressure into the system should a blockage occur is to break the glass face of the VSI.

Pitot-Static Flight InstrumentsStatic Pressure Chamber and

Lines• This most likely renders the VSI inoperative.

• The reason for choosing the VSI as the instrument to break is that it is the least important static source instrument for flight.

Questions / Comments