Post on 04-Jan-2016
Vaccination Programs for Beef Cow/Calf Operations
Dr. Michelle ArnoldRuminant Extension Veterinarian
University of Kentucky
VACCINES
Scours Pinkeye Clostridials
Blackleg7-way
Respiratory
Histophilus Pasteurella Mannheimia
Viral 4 or 5-way
Reproductive
Lepto5-way
Lepto Hardjo Bovis
Trich Vibrio
Respiratory and Reproductive
What diseases am I trying to prevent?
Trying to prevent the diseases that lead to AbortionDisease Stage of Gestation Control Method
BVD Up to 6 months FP vaccine, cull PI
Brucellosis 6+ monthsHeifer vaccination;
test / cull
Campylobacter (Vibrio) Early embryonic death
Vaccinate, antibiotic
Chlamydia Last trimesterSeparation, sanitation
IBR Last half Vaccinate
Leptospirosis Any stage (usually 6+)Vaccinate, antibiotic
Neospora 4-6 months Canine control
Sarcocystis Last trimesterCanine feces out of
feed
TrichomoniasisEarly embryonic death
< 5 monthsCull infected bulls,
vaccinate
REQUIRED VACCINES
Clostridials
Blackleg7-way (<2 yrs)
Respiratory
Virals4-way (5-way)
Reproductive
Lepto5-way
Vibrio
Treat for internal and external parasites
Cows Need Annually
HB=Lepto Hardjo-Bovis
Aim is to prevent the most common diseases as well as enhance colostrum
Open cows and heifers need a 5 way respiratory vaccine with vibrio (Campylobacter) and lepto 4-6 weeks prior to breeding
• Open Cows and Heifers – use modified live
FP=Fetal Protection
What is BVD?One of the most important and most complicated viral diseases in beef and dairy cattle worldwide
Two broad types of infection based on transmission:
Transient Infection (TI)
Persistent Infection (PI)
Courtesy of Dr. John Pickering
PI developmentPersistently Infected Carriers (PI’s)
Infection
BVD Virus
1 – 4 months gestation
93% of all PI’s produced this
way
PI’s produce PI’s 100% of
the time
Calf
What does it do?
• Effects on fertility
Infection early in pregnancy= failure to conceive
Early embryonic loss
Above - normal embryo Below - a degenerate embryo from a cow infected with BVD in early pregnancy.
Abortion
• Up to 180 days
Mummified Fetus
Developmental defects - hydrocephalus, cleft palate, cerebellar hypoplasia (120- 150days).
Developmental defectsDevelopmental defects
90 to 150 daysCataractsRetinal DegenerationOptic Neuritis
90 to 150 daysCataractsRetinal DegenerationOptic Neuritis
Live bornDummy calves
Stillbirths
180 days on
Normal calf- fetus isimmunocompetent
and able to mount a specific immune response
Summary of BVD Effects
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
No effect - calf born immune
Developmental defects
Persistent infection
Embryonic loss or abortion
Failure to conceive
Persistent InfectionPI Carriers
• If fetus becomes a PI and survives- will continuously shed millions of virus all its life from all its
secretions - feces- urine- saliva- nasal- milk - semen- uterine secretions- aborted membranes, fluids, fetus
- Across fences. Virus survives in environment up to 7 days
• If it’s a female and later gets pregnant then its offspring will be a PI and its offspring and so on and so on
“FP” means protection against persistent infection and abortion due to BVD virus
Unfortunately the fact that a vaccine is licensed and available doesn’t mean it works
Ribble CS Assessing vaccine efficacy Can J Vet Med Vol 31 Oct 1990
Vaccines do not work in sick, stressed, thin, or heavily parasitized cattle
Two Types of Viral Vaccines: Killed (Inactivated) and Modified Live (Attenuated)
MLV Respiratory
Stimulate cell mediated and humoral immunity quickly-longer, stronger
Booster recommended but not always required. Do not booster in less than 2 weeks
Safe for Pregnant:
Open Cows Only:
Anamnestic (Memory) Response with killed vaccine requires two doses- a primary and a booster
0
50
100
150
Day 0 Day 14 Day 21 day 28
Antibody and T cellresponse
Booster given on day 21
Killed Viral Respiratory Vaccines
A “respiratory vaccine” contains antigens from 4 viruses but the name often depends on the BVD fraction
RESPIRATORY "4 or 5 or 6 way" Other Respiratory
IBR BVD PI3 BRSVMannheimia
Pasteurella (-) Histophilus(-)
Type 1 Type 2
NCP 36%
CP 25%
NCP 30%
*CP
9%
Type 1 and 2 are genotypes; CP and NCP Are biotypes. Pis have noncytopathic BVD
*Not in Vaccines
“HS” stands for Histophilus somni (formerly known as Haemophilus somnus)
• Only used if required or if identified as a problem on the farm.
While they are in the chute, I’ll give them everything…but they will feel rough the next day
• More than two Gram (-) vaccines one time or mishandle vaccine-Excess endotoxin
• Mannheimia and Pasteurella• Brucellosis (Bangs)• Moraxella (Pinkeye)• Salmonella, E.coli • Histophilus (Hemophilus)• Vibrio (Campylobacter)
The bull needs vaccinating, deworming and a breeding soundness exam before breeding season
• Approximately 20% of bulls have some degree of infertility
Pregnant cows and heifers need Scours Vaccine before they calve.
• Heifers need primary dose and booster. Annual vaccination required
Scour Bos 9
GuardianScour Guard 4KC
Scours Vaccines
Scour Bos 9Initial: 5-7 mos;Booster at 8 mos;Annual: 6.5-7 mos
GuardianInitial: 7 mos; booster at 8Annual: 7.5-8 mos
Scour Guard 4KCInitial: 7 mos; booster at 8Annual: 8 months
Calf Colostrum Absorption is best in the first 6 hours of life and steadily declines to zero in 24 hours
Hours after birth
Per
cen
t ab
sorp
tio
n i
n g
ut
30%
Talk to your veterinarian about your individual herd health program.
• Based on exposure to risk• Marketing choices
(Cows/calves/stockers/replacements)• Compliance• Expense
What if calve year round so cows are in all stages of gestation and all different ages of calves in the pasture
• #1 Recommendation-Individually identify cows and calves and record birth dates
• #2 Recommendation- Use killed vaccine and give an initial dose followed by a booster 4 weeks later. Continue using killed vaccine twice a year.
What about deworming? Use products effective against adult and inhibited Ostertagia but be aware of Cooperia
Macrocyclic lactones-Long acting + External parasite control
Benzamidazoles
• White wormers• Short acting-kill
adult worms in the gut and dormant (hypobiotic) larvae
• No residual activity but excellent efficacy against Cooperia
Ta b le 1. Efficacy of m a c ro c y c lic la c to n e in je c ta b le fo rm u la t io n s f ro m F E C R Ts * c o n d u c te d by v e te rin a ry p ra ctit ion e rs and s u b m it te d to In te r v e t ’s n a tio n a l d a ta b a s e .
P ro d u c t
N u m b e r of tr ia ls
N u m b e r of sa m p le s
P re -R x
Egg co u n ts/3 g * * P o s t-R x
P erce n t efficacy (%)
In jec tio n s : Ivomec® In j . 6 1 6 2 5 5 .5 1 3 .2 7 6 .2 % Ivomec® P lu s 6 2 5 7 1 2 0 .4 6 9 .1 4 2 .6 % D e c to m a x ® In j . 11 3 6 2 4 3 .6 4 .4 8 9 .9 % C y d e c tin In j . 2 6 4 2 4 6 .1 4 .7 9 8 .1 % Iv e rm e c tin In j . 1 4 0 3 3 .0 1 6 .5 5 0 .0 %
Inj. S u m m a ry : 2 6 8 8 4 7 9 .2 2 1 .8 7 2 .5 %
*Fecal egg c o u n t re d u c tio n te s ts . ** All sa m p le s ta k e n a t trea tm e n t and ag a in two w e e k s p o s t-trea tm e n t.
Results from 2007-2008 FECRT: Free Lab Support to Bovine Practitioners4765 samples tested
Ta b le 2. Efficacy of m a c ro c y c lic la c to n e p o u r-o n s from F E C R T s * c o n d u c te d by v e te r in a r y p ra c ti t io n e rs and s u b m it- ted to In te rv e t ’s n a tio n a l d a ta b a s e .
P ro d u c t
N u m b e r of tr ia ls
N u m b e r of sa m p le s
Egg co u n ts /3 g * * P re -R x
P o s t-R x
P erce n t efficacy (%)
P o u r-o n s : Ivomec® P O
8
3 6 6
4 5 .8
1 2 .7
7 2 .3 %
Iv e rm ec tin P O 3 5 1 ,4 3 7 5 3 .6 2 1 .6 5 9 .7 % D e c to m a x ® P O 8 3 1 8 8 9 .2 1 8 .8 7 8 .9 % C y d ec tin ® P O 9 3 6 5 4 5 .1 1 4 .8 6 7 .2 %
P o u r-O n su m m ary 6 0 2 ,4 8 6 5 6 .0 1 9 .0 6 6 .1 %
* F eca l egg co u n t re d uc tio n te s ts . **All sa m p le s tak e n a t tre a tm e n t and ag a in two w e e k s p o s t-trea tm e n t.
Results after Pour-Ons: Failure to eliminate worm egg shedding due to lack of Consistent and adequate absorption into the bloodstream.
Ta b le 4. Efficacy of S a fe -G u a rd ® /P a n a c u r® in c o m b in a tio n w ith v a r io u s m a c ro c y c lic la c to n e fo rm u la tio n s f ro m F E C R T s * c o n d u c te d by v e te r in a r y p r a c ti t io n e rs and s u b m itte d to In te r v e t ’s n a tio n a l d a ta b a s e .
C om b in a tio n p ro d u c t
N u m b e r of tr ia ls
N u m b e r of sa m p le s
Egg co u n ts /3 g * * P re -R x P o s t-R x
P erce n t efficacy (%)
S a fe -G u ard /P a n ac u r D re n c h p lu s: Ivomec® In j . 3 5 9 8 8 .2 0 1 0 0 .0 % Ivomec® P lu s 1 4 0 3 0 .7 0 1 0 0 .0 % Iv e rm ec tin P O 3 11 8 3 0 .8 0 .1 9 9 .9 % D e c to m a x ® In j . 1 2 0 3 8 9 .4 0 1 0 0 .0 % C y d ec tin ® In j. 1 2 4 5 8 3 .0 0 .2 9 9 .9 % S u m m ary 9 2 6 1 1 5 2 .1 0 .1 9 9 .9 %
* F eca l egg co u n t re d uc tio n te s ts . **All sa m p le s tak e n a t t im e of tre a tm e n t and ag a in two w e e k s p o s t- tre a tm e n t.
If a macrocyclic lactone (especially ivermectin) is used for external parasite control, it should be used with another dewormer to prevent production losses and the further transfer of resistant parasites to other cattle
LongRange
• New dewormer called LongRange• Eprinomectin-similar drug to Eprinex• Delivers 100-150 days of parasite control in
a single dose• Prescription only
Pinkeye versus IBR
Current Pinkeye Facts
• Agent – Moraxella bovis, (M. bovoculi)
• Transmission – direct contact, face flies• Treat – long acting antibiotics
– Long acting tetracycline such as Hexasol or Noromycin 300(LA-200-seeing resistance)
– Benzathine Penicillin and Dexamethasone subconjunctival-only with valid VCPR
– Excede (off-label)– Draxxin– Nuflor (off label)
Predisposing Factors
• Lack of pigmentation around the eye ?– Ultraviolet light not absorbed by white hair
• Mechanical irritation/Physical trauma– Pollen, seeds, feed dust, dust– Stubble, thorn bushes can scratch cornea
• Chemical trauma– Fresh nitrogen applied to pasture
• Flies– Face flies feed on eye secretions– Vector of spreading bacteria from animal to animal
Man
agem
ent
Predisposing Factors
• Ultraviolet light-cell damage to the cornea is initiated by UV burning. This is why the greatest occurrence is in summer.
• Viral Infection-Viruses such as IBR can damage the protective cells covering the eye
• Stress from shipping, processing, commingling can be immunosuppressive
Pinkeye Prevention• Prevent Corneal Damage from sun- need shade.• Control FACE flies-ear tags, face “flyps”,Altosid. Clean up
areas where flies breed-spilled feed, old hay in rings.• Clip pastures-mechanical injury from plant awns such as
foxtail• Clean Water Source-critical to keep eye clean and moist. • Vaccinate• Antibiotic in feed mix/ free choice mineral
– Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin®) is not labeled for pinkeye control. However, it is legal to feed CTC to prevent anaplasmosis.
Fly Control-UK ENT-11 Fact Sheet
•Insecticide-impregnated tag•Back rubs and wicks•Dust bags•Sprays•Feed-throughs•Pour-ons•Avoidance of areas with heavy fly infestations
Numerous insecticides
and equipment available-
Most Permethrin
based
Cylence or Python give good face and horn fly control
Questions?