099_Small Ruminant Health
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Transcript of 099_Small Ruminant Health
Small Ruminant Herd Small Ruminant Herd HealthHealth
Nicole Ferguson, DVM, MSNicole Ferguson, DVM, MS
Goat HealthGoat Health DiarrheaDiarrhea
Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal nematodesnematodes
CoccidiosisCoccidiosis ClostridiumClostridium SalmonellaSalmonella Johne’s diseaseJohne’s disease
RespiratoryRespiratory OPPOPP PasteurellaPasteurella
NeurologicNeurologic CAECAE Meningeal wormMeningeal worm Pregnancy Pregnancy
toxemiatoxemia TetanusTetanus PolioencephalomPolioencephalom
alaciaalacia ListeriosisListeriosis
Urinary stonesUrinary stones Caseous Caseous
lymphadenitislymphadenitis Foot rotFoot rot MastitisMastitis
Gastrointestinal NematodesGastrointestinal Nematodes
Gastrointestinal nematodesGastrointestinal nematodes Trichostrongylus, HaemonchusTrichostrongylus, Haemonchus Common cause of diarrhea in all agesCommon cause of diarrhea in all ages May cause anemia (low red blood cell count) May cause anemia (low red blood cell count)
and low protein with severe infestationand low protein with severe infestation Most common cause of poor productionMost common cause of poor production
Low weight gain, thin, decreased milk Low weight gain, thin, decreased milk productionproduction
Parasites develop resistance to the Parasites develop resistance to the commonly used dewormerscommonly used dewormers
May be difficult to effectively treatMay be difficult to effectively treat
Gastrointestinal NematodesGastrointestinal Nematodes
Gastrointestinal nematodesGastrointestinal nematodes Need to do sequential fecal egg counts to Need to do sequential fecal egg counts to
determine resistancedetermine resistance– Prior to dewormingPrior to deworming– 10-14 days after deworming10-14 days after deworming– Need 95% reduction in egg countsNeed 95% reduction in egg counts
Do not rotate dewormersDo not rotate dewormers Use a new dewormer when resistance Use a new dewormer when resistance
developsdevelops Cull animals with recurrent parasite Cull animals with recurrent parasite
problemsproblems
Gastrointestinal NematodesGastrointestinal Nematodes
““Bottle jaw” reflecting protein loss due to blood Bottle jaw” reflecting protein loss due to blood
lossloss
Pale mucous membranes reflecting anemia due to blood lossPale mucous membranes reflecting anemia due to blood loss
CoccidiosisCoccidiosis
CoccidiosisCoccidiosis Most common cause of diarrhea between 3 Most common cause of diarrhea between 3
weeks and 5 months of ageweeks and 5 months of age Adults are not clinically affected if their Adults are not clinically affected if their
immune system is normalimmune system is normal Caused by protozoal parasites (Caused by protozoal parasites (EimeriaEimeria)) Poor growth, weight loss, diarrheaPoor growth, weight loss, diarrhea Very common in confinement operationsVery common in confinement operations
CoccidiosisCoccidiosis
CoccidiosisCoccidiosis Diagnose with direct Diagnose with direct
fecal smear or flotationfecal smear or flotation Treat with supportive Treat with supportive
carecare Anti-coccidial drugsAnti-coccidial drugs Management changesManagement changes
– Sound managementSound management– Improve hygiene Improve hygiene
practicespractices– Use of coccidiostatsUse of coccidiostats– Reduce stressReduce stress
Bacterial DiarrheaBacterial Diarrhea
Bacterial causesBacterial causes SalmonellaSalmonella
– Cause of watery diarrhea in all agesCause of watery diarrhea in all ages– Treat with supportive careTreat with supportive care– Animals may carry the bacteria without being sickAnimals may carry the bacteria without being sick
Clostridium (enterotoxemia)Clostridium (enterotoxemia)– Common, frequently fatal diseaseCommon, frequently fatal disease– Clostridium perfringensClostridium perfringens type D most common type D most common– Associated with sudden feed changes, lush Associated with sudden feed changes, lush
pasture, high carbohydrate dietpasture, high carbohydrate diet– Difficult to treatDifficult to treat– Prevent with vaccinationPrevent with vaccination
Johne’s DiseaseJohne’s Disease
Johne’s diseaseJohne’s disease Also known as paratuberculosisAlso known as paratuberculosis Caused by bacterium Caused by bacterium Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium avium
subspecies subspecies paratuberculosisparatuberculosis Most common in mature animalsMost common in mature animals Progressive weight loss more common than Progressive weight loss more common than
diarrheadiarrhea Usually good appetite despite weight lossUsually good appetite despite weight loss Diarrhea may be seen in advanced casesDiarrhea may be seen in advanced cases No treatmentNo treatment
Johne’s DiseaseJohne’s Disease
Can be spread to other ruminants and Can be spread to other ruminants and pseudoruminantspseudoruminants
DiagnosisDiagnosis Fecal cultureFecal culture
– Lengthy: weeks – monthsLengthy: weeks – months– A negative result does not rule out the diseaseA negative result does not rule out the disease
SerologySerology– ELISAELISA– AGIDAGID
NecropsyNecropsy– Thickening of the ileum (part of the small intestine)Thickening of the ileum (part of the small intestine)– Enlarged lymph nodes in the abdomenEnlarged lymph nodes in the abdomen– Corrugated (thickened) intestinal liningCorrugated (thickened) intestinal lining
Bacterial PneumoniaBacterial Pneumonia
PasteurellaPasteurella Common cause of pneumoniaCommon cause of pneumonia Stress inducedStress induced
– Poor ventilation, crowding, parasitism, Poor ventilation, crowding, parasitism, malnutrition, transportmalnutrition, transport
Fever, nasal discharge, lethargic, off feed, Fever, nasal discharge, lethargic, off feed, increased respiratory rate and effort, coughincreased respiratory rate and effort, cough
AntibioticsAntibiotics– Penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, tylosinPenicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, tylosin
Improve managementImprove management
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)(OPP)
Chronic progressive or atypical pneumoniaChronic progressive or atypical pneumonia Lentivirus Lentivirus Closely related to CAEClosely related to CAE Lethargy, progressive emaciation, Lethargy, progressive emaciation,
increased respiratory effort despite good increased respiratory effort despite good appetite and normal temperatureappetite and normal temperature
Signs last from 3-6 months and may Signs last from 3-6 months and may persist for yearspersist for years
Diagnosis by ELISA, AGID, PCRDiagnosis by ELISA, AGID, PCR No treatmentNo treatment Prevention: test and cullPrevention: test and cull
Viral and Mycoplasmal Viral and Mycoplasmal PneumoniasPneumonias
Parainfluenza type 3Parainfluenza type 3 Respiratory syncytial virusRespiratory syncytial virus HerpesvirusesHerpesviruses Mycoplasma ovipneumoniaMycoplasma ovipneumonia
Primary organism responsible for theses enzootic, Primary organism responsible for theses enzootic, chronic nonprogressive or atypical pneumoniaschronic nonprogressive or atypical pneumonias
All of the above share similar clinical signs: All of the above share similar clinical signs: fever, increased respiratory rate and fever, increased respiratory rate and effort, coughing, nasal dischargeeffort, coughing, nasal discharge
TreatmentTreatment Supportive careSupportive care Mycoplasma: oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, florfenicolMycoplasma: oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, florfenicol
NeurologicNeurologic
VirusesViruses CAECAE
ParasitesParasites Meningeal wormMeningeal worm
BacteriaBacteria TetanusTetanus ListeriosisListeriosis
MetabolicMetabolic Pregnancy toxemiaPregnancy toxemia PolioencephalomalaciaPolioencephalomalacia
CAECAE
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virusCaprine arthritis encephalitis virus Several forms:Several forms:
Arthritis (most common form)Arthritis (most common form) PneumoniaPneumonia NeurologicNeurologic MastitisMastitis Weight lossWeight loss
CAECAE
ArthritisArthritis Adults (≥ 1 year of Adults (≥ 1 year of
age)age) Most common in the Most common in the
kneesknees One or many joints One or many joints Painful and Painful and
debilitatingdebilitating
PneumoniaPneumonia AdultsAdults Chronic, progressive Chronic, progressive
pneumoniapneumonia
CAECAE
NeurologicNeurologic Young goats 2-6 months of age most commonYoung goats 2-6 months of age most common Most are dairy breedsMost are dairy breeds Progressive paralysis of the limbsProgressive paralysis of the limbs May also include head tilt, blindness, head May also include head tilt, blindness, head
tremor, circling, inability to swallow, and tremor, circling, inability to swallow, and other signsother signs
MastitisMastitis Most commonly young does after kiddingMost commonly young does after kidding Low to no milk productionLow to no milk production Hard udderHard udder
CAECAE
No treatmentNo treatment Method of transmissionMethod of transmission
Consumption of virus-infected colostrum and Consumption of virus-infected colostrum and milkmilk
Direct transmission from goat to goatDirect transmission from goat to goat
DiagnosisDiagnosis Positive antibody response with serum tests Positive antibody response with serum tests
(AGID, ELISA)(AGID, ELISA)
No vaccine is availableNo vaccine is available
Meningeal WormMeningeal Worm
Parelaphostrongylus tenuisParelaphostrongylus tenuis Common parasite in white-tailed Common parasite in white-tailed
deerdeer Does not cause disease in deerDoes not cause disease in deer
Small ruminants accidentally eat Small ruminants accidentally eat slugs/snails that carry the parasiteslugs/snails that carry the parasite
The larvae move along the nervous The larvae move along the nervous systemsystem
Meningeal WormMeningeal Worm
Signs depend on whereSigns depend on where
the parasite migrates tothe parasite migrates to Depression, weakness,Depression, weakness,
paralysis, circling, headparalysis, circling, head
tilt, etc.tilt, etc. TreatmentTreatment
Anti-inflammatoriesAnti-inflammatories DewormersDewormers
– IvermectinIvermectin– FenbendazoleFenbendazole
TetanusTetanus
Caused by bacterium Caused by bacterium Clostridium tetaniClostridium tetani Commonly present in feces and soilCommonly present in feces and soil Infection may set in:Infection may set in:
– After injuryAfter injury– Through the umbilicusThrough the umbilicus– After castrationAfter castration– After dockingAfter docking– After metritis (infected uterus)After metritis (infected uterus)
Seen weeks after injurySeen weeks after injury
TetanusTetanus Stiffness, lamenessStiffness, lameness Generalized stiffness Generalized stiffness
within 24 hourswithin 24 hours Stimulation Stimulation
spasmsspasms If severeIf severe
– Laying on sideLaying on side– Extended neck and Extended neck and
legslegs TreatmentTreatment
– Supportive careSupportive care– Penicillin at high Penicillin at high
dosesdoses– Tetanus antitoxinTetanus antitoxin– Quiet, dark placeQuiet, dark place
ListeriosisListeriosis
Listeria monocytogenesListeria monocytogenes Soil and fecal contaminantSoil and fecal contaminant Proliferates in silage if the pH > 5.0Proliferates in silage if the pH > 5.0 Invades through the gastrointestinal Invades through the gastrointestinal
tracttract Predilection for the CNSPredilection for the CNS Depression, head tilt, dropped jaw, Depression, head tilt, dropped jaw,
inability to eat, facial and vestibular inability to eat, facial and vestibular lesionslesions
ListeriosisListeriosis
Difficult to diagnose pre-mortemDifficult to diagnose pre-mortem CSF tapCSF tap
Elevated proteinElevated protein Elevated white blood cell countElevated white blood cell count Culture unrewardingCulture unrewarding Post-mortem findingsPost-mortem findings
TreatmentTreatment PenicillinPenicillin OxytetracyclineOxytetracycline FlorfenicolFlorfenicol
Public health concernPublic health concern
Pregnancy Toxemia Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis)(Ketosis)
Metabolic disease in pregnant Metabolic disease in pregnant does/ewesdoes/ewes
Insufficient intake of feed to meet the Insufficient intake of feed to meet the energy needs of the doe/eweenergy needs of the doe/ewe
Decreased intake of feed Decreased intake of feed depression, depression, weakness, further decrease in intake of weakness, further decrease in intake of feedfeed
In order to meet the pregnancy needs, In order to meet the pregnancy needs, the doe/ewe will break down fat stores the doe/ewe will break down fat stores release of ketones (toxic by-products) release of ketones (toxic by-products)
Pregnancy ToxemiaPregnancy Toxemia
Ketosis Ketosis altered altered behavior, blindness, behavior, blindness, circling, circling, incoordination, incoordination, tremors, convulsionstremors, convulsions
TreatmentTreatment Supportive careSupportive care IV glucose (sugar) for IV glucose (sugar) for
energyenergy Increase feed intakeIncrease feed intake C-sectionC-section
Poor prognosisPoor prognosis
PolioencephalomalaciaPolioencephalomalacia
Most common in 2-6 month old Most common in 2-6 month old kids/lambs fed high-grain dietskids/lambs fed high-grain diets
Can occur at any ageCan occur at any age Nutritional factorsNutritional factors
Sudden change in dietSudden change in diet Feed high in molassesFeed high in molasses Moldy hayMoldy hay Rumen acidosis Rumen acidosis Dietary stress of weaningDietary stress of weaning
PolioencephalomalaciaPolioencephalomalacia
Feed changes Feed changes changes in the rumen changes in the rumen population of bacteria population of bacteria predominance predominance of bacteria that break down thiamineof bacteria that break down thiamine
Thiamine is require by the brain for Thiamine is require by the brain for sugar metabolismsugar metabolism
High sulfate in diet may also cause thisHigh sulfate in diet may also cause this Interferes with energy production in the Interferes with energy production in the
brainbrain
PolioencephalomalaciaPolioencephalomalacia
SignsSigns BlindnessBlindness Abnormal eye positionAbnormal eye position DepressionDepression IncoordinationIncoordination ConvulsionsConvulsions Star-gazingStar-gazing ComaComa
TreatmentTreatment Thiamine replacementThiamine replacement
PreventionPrevention Avoid sudden diet Avoid sudden diet
changechange
Urinary StonesUrinary Stones
Common in bucks/rams and wethersCommon in bucks/rams and wethers CausesCauses
DietaryDietary– High grainHigh grain– High proteinHigh protein– Low hay/grass availabilityLow hay/grass availability– High magnesium dietHigh magnesium diet– Low calcium to phosphorus ratio in dietLow calcium to phosphorus ratio in diet
Limited access to waterLimited access to water Abnormal pH of the urineAbnormal pH of the urine Age of the animal at time of castrationAge of the animal at time of castration Possible geneticsPossible genetics
Urinary StonesUrinary Stones
Straining to urinateStraining to urinate– PosturingPosturing– VocalizingVocalizing– Contracting the Contracting the
abdomenabdomen– Dribbling urineDribbling urine
ColicColic Flagging tailFlagging tail ““Water belly”Water belly”
– Ruptured bladder or Ruptured bladder or urethraurethra
Urinary StonesUrinary Stones
TreatmentTreatment Medical treatmentMedical treatment
– Amputate the urethral processAmputate the urethral process– Ammonium chloride to dissolve stonesAmmonium chloride to dissolve stones– Anti-inflammatory drugsAnti-inflammatory drugs
Often requires surgeryOften requires surgery PreventionPrevention
Access to fresh, clean waterAccess to fresh, clean water Adjust the levels of magnesium, calcium, Adjust the levels of magnesium, calcium,
phosphorusphosphorus Add ammonium chloride to dietAdd ammonium chloride to diet
Caseous LymphadenitisCaseous Lymphadenitis
Caused by Caused by bacterium bacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosispseudotuberculosis
Abscesses in the Abscesses in the lymph nodes, skin, lymph nodes, skin, internal organsinternal organs
Infection through Infection through skin abrasions and skin abrasions and via the respiratory via the respiratory routeroute
Caseous LymphadenitisCaseous Lymphadenitis SignsSigns
Swelling of the lymph nodesSwelling of the lymph nodes Draining tractsDraining tracts Chronic weight loss if internal Chronic weight loss if internal
abscessationabscessation Reduced productionReduced production
DiagnosisDiagnosis SerologySerology CultureCulture
TreatmentTreatment NoneNone
PreventionPrevention Identify and cull affected animalsIdentify and cull affected animals Disinfect shared equipment Disinfect shared equipment
between animalsbetween animals VaccineVaccine
Foot RotFoot Rot
Contagious disease caused by various Contagious disease caused by various bacteriabacteria
Most commonly transmitted in spring Most commonly transmitted in spring and falland fall
Severity of disease increases with ageSeverity of disease increases with age Usually affects both claws in more than Usually affects both claws in more than
one footone foot Significant lamenessSignificant lameness
Foot RotFoot Rot
TreatmentTreatment Proper hoof trimmingProper hoof trimming Topical antibacterial treatments: antibiotics Topical antibacterial treatments: antibiotics
(tetracycline), antiseptics (copper sulfate)(tetracycline), antiseptics (copper sulfate) Use of foot bathsUse of foot baths
– Copper sulfateCopper sulfate– Zinc sulfateZinc sulfate– FormalinFormalin
VaccineVaccine
MastitisMastitis
Bacterial causesBacterial causes E coli E coli (coliform mastitis)(coliform mastitis) Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus Pasteurella haemolyticaPasteurella haemolytica
Viral causesViral causes CAECAE
Bacterial MastitisBacterial Mastitis
Coliform mastitisColiform mastitis Fever, off feed, depression, lethargy, high Fever, off feed, depression, lethargy, high
heart rate, shockheart rate, shock Decreased milk productionDecreased milk production Heat, swelling, pain, gangrene of the Heat, swelling, pain, gangrene of the
affected glandaffected gland TreatmentTreatment
– Anti-inflammatoriesAnti-inflammatories– AntibioticsAntibiotics– Intravenous fluidsIntravenous fluids
PreventionPrevention– Proper hygieneProper hygiene
Bacterial MastitisBacterial Mastitis
Bluebag mastitisBluebag mastitis Rarely contagiousRarely contagious Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus Pasteurella haemolyticaPasteurella haemolytica Secondary to teat injury and poor hygieneSecondary to teat injury and poor hygiene Marked decrease in milk productionMarked decrease in milk production May result in gangrene of bagMay result in gangrene of bag TreatmentTreatment
– AntibioticsAntibiotics– Anti-inflammatoriesAnti-inflammatories– Culling affected animalsCulling affected animals
Herd Health Herd Health RecommendationsRecommendations
BiosecurityBiosecurity Quarantine new animals for minimum of 3 weeksQuarantine new animals for minimum of 3 weeks Biosecurity goalsBiosecurity goals
1.1. Reduce the introduction of new diseases from an Reduce the introduction of new diseases from an external sourceexternal source
2.2. Reduce the spread of established infectious diseasesReduce the spread of established infectious diseases Monitor for itchiness, lameness, external lumps, Monitor for itchiness, lameness, external lumps,
weight lossweight loss Institute regular vaccination program, deworm, trim Institute regular vaccination program, deworm, trim
the feetthe feet Fecal for parasite count before and after dewormingFecal for parasite count before and after deworming Soak feet in 10% zinc sulfate foot bath for 15 minutesSoak feet in 10% zinc sulfate foot bath for 15 minutes Serology: CLA, CAE, OPPSerology: CLA, CAE, OPP Show animals: isolate from the rest of the herd for a Show animals: isolate from the rest of the herd for a
minimum of 3 weeksminimum of 3 weeks
Animal DensityAnimal Density
Stocking densityStocking density < 60 lbs: minimum 10 sq ft (if alone) to 7.5 < 60 lbs: minimum 10 sq ft (if alone) to 7.5
sq ft (if kept in groups of 5 or more)sq ft (if kept in groups of 5 or more) > 60 lbs: minimum 20 sq ft (if alone) to 15 > 60 lbs: minimum 20 sq ft (if alone) to 15
sq ft (if kept in groups of 5 or more)sq ft (if kept in groups of 5 or more) Meat goats: 6-8 adults/1-2 acresMeat goats: 6-8 adults/1-2 acres Other goats/sheep: 10 adults/1-2 acresOther goats/sheep: 10 adults/1-2 acres
Feeder spaceFeeder space 1.5-2 feet per adult 1.5-2 feet per adult
Vaccination ProtocolVaccination Protocol
Enterotoxemia and tetanus vaccineEnterotoxemia and tetanus vaccine Pregnant does/ewesPregnant does/ewes
Vaccinate during last month of pregnancy Vaccinate during last month of pregnancy
Kids/lambsKids/lambs Vaccinate kids/lambs from vaccinated does/ewes at Vaccinate kids/lambs from vaccinated does/ewes at
1-2 months of age and repeat in 3-4 weeks1-2 months of age and repeat in 3-4 weeks Vaccinate kids/lambs from unvaccinated does/ewes Vaccinate kids/lambs from unvaccinated does/ewes
at 1-3 weeks of age and repeat in 3-4 weeksat 1-3 weeks of age and repeat in 3-4 weeks
Bucks/rams and yearlingsBucks/rams and yearlings Vaccinate at the same time as pregnant does/ewesVaccinate at the same time as pregnant does/ewes Booster once a yearBooster once a year If no history of vaccine, give initial dose then boost in If no history of vaccine, give initial dose then boost in
3-4 weeks3-4 weeks
Vaccination ProtocolVaccination Protocol
Caseous lymphadenitisCaseous lymphadenitis May reduce number and severity of diseaseMay reduce number and severity of disease May cause severe local or systemic reactionMay cause severe local or systemic reaction Does not prevent diseaseDoes not prevent disease
Parasite ControlParasite Control
Treat at risk groupsTreat at risk groups Kids/lambs, pregnant and lactating does/ewesKids/lambs, pregnant and lactating does/ewes
Separate groupsSeparate groups Age, sex, stage of pregnancyAge, sex, stage of pregnancy
Separate pasturesSeparate pastures Rotate pasturesRotate pastures Alternate with other speciesAlternate with other species
Horses, cattleHorses, cattle Avoid moist areasAvoid moist areas
Parasite ControlParasite Control
QuarantineQuarantine Manure managementManure management Dose animals appropriatelyDose animals appropriately
Better to over-dose than under-doseBetter to over-dose than under-dose
Avoid treating too often and Avoid treating too often and deworming the entire herddeworming the entire herd
Deworming DrugsDeworming DrugsClass of CompoundClass of Compound Compound (* Compound (*
approved in approved in goats)goats)
Trade NameTrade Name
PhenothiazinePhenothiazine PhenothiazinePhenothiazine VariousVarious
BenizimidazoleBenizimidazole Thiabendazole*Thiabendazole* TBZ, Ominzole, TBZ, Ominzole, ThiabendazoleThiabendazole
MebendazoleMebendazole TelminTelmin
FenbendazoleFenbendazole Panacur, SafeguardPanacur, Safeguard
OxfendazoleOxfendazole BenzelminBenzelmin
OxibendazoleOxibendazole AnthelcideAnthelcide
AlbendazoleAlbendazole ValbazenValbazen
Pro-benzimidazolePro-benzimidazole FebantelFebantel RintelRintel
ImidothiazoleImidothiazole Levamisole*Levamisole* Levasol, Tramisole, RipercolLevasol, Tramisole, Ripercol
AvermectinAvermectin IvermectinIvermectin Ivomec, MoxidectinIvomec, Moxidectin
TetrahydropyrimidiTetrahydropyrimidinene
Morantel*Morantel* Rumital, Rumatel, NematelRumital, Rumatel, Nematel
Drug DosesDrug Doses
Dewormer Goat dose Sheep dose
Ivermectin 1% 1.8 mls 0.9 mls
Albendazole 11.36% 8 mls 4 mls
Fenbendazole 10% 9 mls 4.5 mls
Levamisole 11.7 g packet
Treats 21 animals Treats 21 animals
Oxfendazole 10% 4.5 mls 4.5 mls
Pyrantel 5% 22.5 mls 22.5 mls
Moxidectin 0.5% 1.8 mls 1.8 mls
ALL MEDICATIONS GIVEN BY ORAL DRENCH.ALL MEDICATIONS GIVEN BY ORAL DRENCH. DOSAGES PER 100 LBSDOSAGES PER 100 LBS
Withdrawal Times Withdrawal Times n/a = not available OTC = over the counter PO = by mouthn/a = not available OTC = over the counter PO = by mouth
DrugDrug MeatMeat MilkMilk
OTCOTC Albendazole 7.5 mg/kg Albendazole 7.5 mg/kg POPO
Sheep: 7 daysSheep: 7 days
Goats: n/aGoats: n/aSheep: no Sheep: no valuevalue
Goats: n/aGoats: n/a
OTCOTC Ivermectin 200 µg/kg POIvermectin 200 µg/kg PO Sheep: 11 daysSheep: 11 days
Goats: n/aGoats: n/aSheep: no Sheep: no valuevalue
Goats: n/aGoats: n/a
OTCOTC Fenbendazole 5 mg/kg Fenbendazole 5 mg/kg POPO
Sheep: n/aSheep: n/a
Goats: 6 daysGoats: 6 daysSheep: n/aSheep: n/a
Goats: 0Goats: 0
OTCOTC Levamisole 8 mg/kg POLevamisole 8 mg/kg PO Sheep: 3 daysSheep: 3 days
Goats: n/aGoats: n/aSheep: no Sheep: no valuevalue
Goats: n/aGoats: n/a
OTCOTC Moxidectin 0.2 mg/kgMoxidectin 0.2 mg/kg Sheep: n/aSheep: n/a
Goats: 14 daysGoats: 14 daysSheep: n/aSheep: n/a
Goats: no Goats: no valuevalue