Prof. L. M. DasProf. L. M. DasCentre for Energy StudiesCentre for Energy Studies

Indian Institute of Technology DelhiIndian Institute of Technology DelhiNew Delhi - 110016

Backbone of Transport sector for developing countries

Threat of Twin Crises

IC Engines: Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition Engines

Need of Low -Emission Alternative Fuels

Transition to Hydrogen Economy

Hydrogen Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) Bio-Diesel Hydrogen Added Natural Gas Ethanol Methanol Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Biogas Producer Gas BtL ( Biomass to Liquid) GtL ( Gas to Liquid)and CTL( coal –

to-l iquid

Prospective Alternative Fuels

Alternate FuelsAlternate Fuels

Air quality degradation Air quality

degradation

Stringent Emission

Norms

Stringent Emission Norms

Reduced Fossil fuel Depletion

Reduced Fossil fuel Depletion

Reduced Emission and Smog

Reduced Emission and Smog

Lower Operating

Cost

Lower Operating

Cost

Reduced Fuel

Import Bill

Reduced Fuel

Import Bill

Increase in oil price

Increase in oil price

NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Transport sector contributes around 14% towards the global emissions of green house gases

Carbon dioxide represents the largest proportion of basket of greenhouse gas emissions

The Road transport alone emits around 16% of the global CO2 emissions

Source : CSE, New Delhi

EFFORTS TOWARDS CLEAN EFFORTS TOWARDS CLEAN TRANPORT FUELS IN INDIATRANPORT FUELS IN INDIA

Academic Institutions

Oil Industries

Government of India

Automobile Industries

Zero Emission Vehicles

PROGRESSIVE STEPS PROGRESSIVE STEPS TOWARDS CLEAR TOWARDS CLEAR

TRANSPORT SYSTEMTRANSPORT SYSTEM

DIESEL

GASOLINE

ULSD<50mg/kgAromatic 11% wt

Higher octane number 85 to 90

Improved distillation characteristics

CNGHYTHANEH2+CNG

NEAT H2

HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEM GOAL:Make Energy Use Part Of Earth’s Water Cycle

R E N E W A B L E H 2 E N E R G Y S Y S T E M

H 2 O

H 2P L A N T

H 2 O

H 2 T R A N S P O R T

H 2 F CC A R

P O W E R

R E N E W A B L EE N E R G Y

H 2 S T O R .

H 2 D I S T .

.

Distributed Generation

TransportationBiomass

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Geothermal

Coal

Nuclear

Natural Gas

Oil

Wit

h C

arb

on

Seq

ues

trat

ion

HIGH EFFICIENCY & RELIABILITY

ZERO/NEAR ZEROEMISSIONS

HYDROGEN HYDROGEN It’s abundant, clean, efficient, and can be derived from diverse

domestic /non-fossil resources.

Vision 2020Indian scientist and engineers putting efforts to result in creation of hydrogen energy

Infrastructure and Industrial base

Specialized research centre

Institutional setup

Trained and qualified manpower

Codes, standards, regulations, legislations

policy measures

Which would facilitate acceptance of hydrogen as fuel by consumers

Two Measure Initiatives on Transport and Power Generation

• Green Initiative for Future Transport (GIFT)

– It aims to develop and demonstrate hydrogen powered IC engine and fuel cell based vehicles

• Green Initiative for Power Generation (GIP)

– It envisages developing and demonstrating hydrogen powered IC engine/Turbine and fuel cell

A. Green Initiative for Future Transport(GIFT)◦ Demonstrate One Million Hydrogen vehicles

700,000 two wheelers 50,000 three wheelers 50,000 cars and taxis 100,000 buses and vans

B. Green Initiative for Power Generation(GIP)◦ Setup 1,000MW Hydrogen Based Power Generation capacity

50MW small IC engine stand alone generators 50MW stand alone fuel cell power packs 400MW Gas Turbine Based Power Plants 500MW Central Fuel Cell Power Plants

C. Investment for Infrastructure and R&D: 25,000 crores D. To be achieved through Public Private Partnership

1 million vehicles will require about 7000 tonnes of H2/ day

MNRE has supported a project for demonstrating Hydrogen(up to 30%) with CNG in 7 automobiles(3 buses, 2 cars and 2 three wheelers) to Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers(SIAM) in September, 2007

This is first project of public-private partnership undertaken in Hydrogen energy

SIAM, IOCL and OEMs(Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland, Eicher Motors, Mahindra and Mahindra and Bajaj Auto) are participating in the project

Existing Hydrogen-CNG dispensing station set up by IOC at Faridabad to be used for filling hydrogen-CNG blends in the test vehicles

Project would help in optimization of engine performance and blend ratio of Hydrogen with CNG

IIT Delhi August 18, 2004

Source: T.Nejat Veziroglu ,Hydrogen Energy Technologies, UNIDO

Building Hydrogen Energy

IIT Delhi August 18, 2004

- :- : HydrogenHydrogen :- : - Single Solutions to Dual Single Solutions to Dual

Problems Problems

JULES VERNE

Mysterious Island (1876)

….“With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom, so that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen and pollution-free“….. On Freedom Fuel

Energy Cris is

….“ I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or together will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light of an intensity of which coal is not capable………water will be coal of the future”

Environmental Degradation

George Bush (2003)

….“ I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or together will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light of an intensity of which coal is not capable………water will be coal of the future”

IIT Delhi August 18, 2004

Properties relevant to Engine Operation

HydrogenH2

Gasoline Diesel Fuel

MethanolCH3OH

Propane

C3H8

MethaneCH4

Ignition energy (mJ/kg)

20 250 200 250 300

Flame.limits (%)*

4-75 1-8 1-7 6-26 2-10 5-15

Auto-ignition temp.(°C)

580 400 220 380 490 650

Flame speed (m/s)

2.7 0.35 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4

Hydrogen + CNG

Neat Hydrogen

Dual Fuelling ( Diesel + Hydrogen)

H2

Hydrogen Supplementation (Petrol + Hydrogen )

Configurations for Hydrogen Use in Engines Configurations for Hydrogen Use in Engines

FUEL CELL

Minimum Ignition Energy as a Function of Equivalence Ratio for Hydrogen and Methane

Striking a Balance : Mutually Conflicting Parameters

Gasoline

Source: NHEB Road map

Experimentally identified Causes of FlashbackExperimentally identified Causes of Flashback

(i)Presence of Hot Particles in Cylinder

(ii)Hot Spots on Spark Plugs & on Cylinder Walls

(iii)Particulate matter in residual from oilTypical to Multi-cylinder Engines(i) Communication of Fresh charge with burning exhaust

gases from another cylinder

(ii)Very lean operation with presence of still-burning gases from previous cycle—when intake valve opens

Back firing-Solid lines and Regular pressure trace with dotted lines

Spark Ignition Engines :Fuel Induction Spark Ignition Engines :Fuel Induction Techniques Techniques

Mixture formation Flow timings Supply pressure Comments

Continuous carburetion (CC)

Continuous flow A little above atmospheric

Unsuitable for neat hydrogen but can be adopted for HCNG blend

Continuous manifold injection (CMI)

Continuous flow Slightly greater than atmospheric

Not essentially different from CC

Timed manifold injection (TMI)

Flow commences after the opening of the intake valve but completed prior to IVC

1.4 - 5.5 kgf/cm2 Most appropriate

Low pressure Direct cylinder injection (LPDI)

Flow commences after the intake valve closure and is completed before significant compression pressure rise

2.0 - 8.0 kgf/cm2 Requires tough thermal environment

High pressure Direct cylinder injection (HPDI)

Flow commences at the end of the compression stroke

Abnormally high pressure

Uncontrolled combustion

Improved Thermal Efficiency Improved Thermal Efficiency

Maximum Thermal efficiency close to 44 % at lean engine operation

Nearly Zero Emissions

Lower NOx Emission at 0.4< φ < 0.6

Reference: L.M.Das, Exhaust Emission Characterization of Hydrogen- Operated Engine System: Nature of Pollutants and Their Control Techniques, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Vol. 16, No. 11, pp. 765-775, 1991.

PRESSURE CRANK ANGLE DIAGRAM-H2

HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED

INJECTION SYSTEMCAM-ACTUATED INJECTION SYSTEM

Neat Hydrogen-fuelled S.I. Engine Genset

TOTAL HYDROGEN S.I. ENGINE GENSET USING ELECTRONIC FUEL

INJECTION SYSTEM

SIX CYLINDER HYDROGEN – DIESEL DUAL ENGINE HYDROGEN FUELLED DIESEL

ENGINE

The spontaneous fear reaction is probably attributable with “hydrogen bomb” and Hindenburg fire.

Hydrogen fires burn very rapidly and radiate very little heat, and thus are relatively short lived. A person can be closer to a H2 fire than a gasoline fire without being burned.

Hydrogen being the smallest and lightest element in nature, it diffuses rapidly to the surroundings to non-combustible proportions.

The hydrogen flame has begun to subside, the gasoline fire is intensifying. After 100 seconds, all the hydrogen was gone and the interior of the car was undamaged. The gasoline car continued to burn for a long time and was totally damaged.

[Dr. Michael R. Swain 2001]

A picture from a video which compared fire from a leak in a gasoline engine car and the same kind of leak from a hydrogen car. The pictures are taken at one minute after ignition

HYDROGEN UTILISATION IN DIESEL ENGINE

Auto ignition temperature of Hydrogen is 576o C-ignition by compression alone –not possible even at a CR of 29 (Study at Cornell Univ)

Prof Ikegami’s work at Kyoto University

Dual fuel operation - mode of diesel engine operation using hydrogen

Small horse power diesel engine – hydrogen-diesel operation in IITD

Multicylinder Diesel engine --- 45% Energy substitution

Shri. Kariya Munda, The then Minister for Non – Conventional Energy Sources discussing about the Hydrogen – operated S.I. Engine Genset developed at I.I.T. Delhi during the “Demonstration of Hydrogen Operated vehicles and other systems” held at New Delhi, in Feb.2004

Prof. T. N. Veziroglu and Ms. Ayfer Kayle having a closer look at the Hydrogen-operated Genset developed in IIT Delhi

Prof. T. N. Veziroglu along with the Union Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas and other dignitaries visiting IITD stall during the International Symposium of Fuels and Lubricants, New Delhi, India (2003)

Effect of charge DiluentsEffect of charge Diluents

No Diluent

Water:2640 ppm

Heleium:10% Nitrogen:30%

*Water was found to be the best diluent permitted up to 66% full load energy substitution by hydrogen

* Avoided engine knock considerably

*brought down the exhaust smoke density and NOx emission level

In 2006 IITD submitted the feasibility study report to UNIDO which was then selected from amongst 12 International feasibility studies that it had funded

Subsequently UNDO-ICHET collaborated with IITD in setting up the consortium with scope to demonstrate

hydrogen technology

Exhaustive Lab tests were carried in collaboration with Mahindra over a span of four years and the results have been

transformed into 15 hydrogen powered 3- Wheelers

1. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD)

2. UNIDO-India

3. Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M)

4. Air Products (AP)

5. India Trade Promotion Organization (ITPO) Delhi

Hydrogen operated Three Hydrogen operated Three Wheeler- Passenger VersionWheeler- Passenger Version

Demonstrated in Auto Expo 2010

Hydrogen operated Three Hydrogen operated Three Wheeler- Passenger VersionWheeler- Passenger Version

Demonstrated in Auto Expo 2010

His Excellency Mr Binali Yildirim Minister of Transport Republic of Turkey, is discussing with Prof.L.M.Das about the newly designed passenger version.

Kick-off Meeting Photographs Kick-off Meeting Photographs on 12 th March 2009

Hydrogen operated Three Hydrogen operated Three Wheeler- Passenger VersionWheeler- Passenger Version

Demonstrated in Auto Expo 2010

Hydrogen operated Three Hydrogen operated Three Wheeler- Passenger VersionWheeler- Passenger Version

Demonstrated in Auto Expo 2010

His Excellency Mr Binali Yildirim Minister of Transport Republic of Turkey, is discussing with Prof.L.M.Das about the newly designed passenger version.

• Duration of Injection

• Start of injection

• Ignition Timing

• Emissions – NOx

• Torque

Critical Operating Parameters Optimized during Lab Tests for 3W Vehicular Engine

Performance Characteristics

Engine OptimizationPerformance,

Durability Validation

Field Trials, Vehicular

Optimization and Maintenance

Fuelling Station

Hydrogen Supply

IIT Delhi M&M Air Products

 Ms Ayumi Fujino, UR,  UNIDO India at DELHY 3W Inauguration

 Ms Rita Menon, Chairman-cum-MD of the IPTO at at DELHY                              3W Inauguration

Prof. L.M.Das, IIT-Delhi, at DELHY 3W Inauguration

Dr. Pawan Goenka, President M&M, at DELHY 3W Inauguration

Official inauguration was held on 9th January 2012 in Pragati Maidan, New Delhi

 Dr. K. Yumkella, Director General of UNIDO having joy Ride in DELHY 3W

Mission Mode project sponsored by MNRE to

IIT Delhi and

Mahindra and Mahindra

IIT-Delhi professor tames hydrogen for engines.mp4

…..The woods are lovely dark and deep but I have promises to keep.And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep…….

Robert Frost

LOOKING AHEAD……..

Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi