GSLV-Mk III / Chandrayaan-2

Mission - Himasri (611647)

Answers for 5 “Wh” questions are enough to know about any new thing. Now, let us know about Chandrayaan 2. What is Chandrayaan 2? Chandrayaan 2 is first Indian lunar mission that will go to the Moon’s South Polar Region. Through this effort, the aim is to improve our understanding of the Moon — discoveries that will benefit India and humanity as a whole. Chandryaan-2 comprises of an Orbiter, Lander (Vikram) and Rover (Pragyaan). Why are we going to the Moon? The Moon is the closest cosmic body at which space discovery can be attempted and documented. It is also a promising test-bed to demonstrate the technologies required for deep-space missions. Chandrayaan 2 attempts to foster a new age of discovery, increase our understanding of space, stimulate the advancement of technology, promote global alliances, and inspire the future generation of explorers and scientists. How landing occurs? The landing is expected on 6th September 2019. Chandrayaan-2, India’s second lunar mission, has

three modules namely Orbiter, Lander (Vikram) & Rover (Pragyan). The Orbiter and Lander modules will be interfaced mechanically and stacked together as an integrated module and accommodated inside the GSLV MK-III launch vehicle. The Rover is housed inside the Lander. After launching into earthbound orbit by GSLV MK-III, the integrated module will reach Moon orbit using Orbiter propulsion module. Subsequently, Lander will separate from the Orbiter and soft-land at the predetermined site close to the lunar South Pole. Further, the Rover will roll out for carrying out scientific experiments on the lunar surface. Instruments are also mounted on Lander and Orbiter for carrying out scientific experiments.

When and where is the launch? The launch of Chandrayaan-2 on-board GSLV MkIII-M1 is planned on July 15th, 2019, at 02:51 A.M from Sriharikota. A successful landing would make India the 4th country to soft-land on the Moon, a feat achieved only by the space agencies of the US, USSR, and China. If successful, Chandrayaan-2 will be the second mission to soft land near the lunar South Pole after the Chang'e 4, a Chinese spacecraft, which landed on that region on 3rd January 2019. This mission will help us gain a better understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon by conducting detailed topographical studies, comprehensive mineralogical analyses, and a host of other experiments on the lunar surface. We will also explore the presence of water molecules on the Moon and new rock types with unique chemical composition. Through this mission, we aim to expand India's footprint in space, Inspire a future generation of scientists, engineers, and explorers, Surpass international aspirations. This mission will be a milestone in the history of ISRO if successful. References: • https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-

home-0 • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2

Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an all India examination that

primarily tests the comprehensive understanding of various undergraduate

subjects in engineering and science. GATE is conducted jointly by Indian

Institute of Science and seven Indian Institutes of Technology ( IIT Bombay,

IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Madras, IIT Guwahati and IIT

Roorkee ) on behalf of the National coordination board- GATE, Department of

higher education ,Ministry of human resource development and Government of

India. Students who have not made up their minds whether to give this exam

should understand the importance of the GATE exam before taking a final

decision.

• To pursue M.E/ M.Tech/ M. Sc programs in any of the leading institutes in

the country or to cultivate and bring out the best of your interest in a certain

area which may lead to research / Ph. D., GATE score is considered

• More domain specific companies recruit through campus recruitment in

leading institutions based on GATE score.

• Higher salaries are offered for a postgraduate student when compared to a

graduate.

• GATE qualified students are also eligible for the award of Junior Research

Fellowship in CSIR laboratories and CSIR sponsored projects.

• More than 37 PSUs like BARC, IOCL, etc. prescribe GATE qualification as

a requirement.

• Based on the GATE score, some of the foreign universities (like NTU

Singapore) offers Ph.D. position without any GRE score.

• India's top MBA colleges take admissions based on GATE score.

• Huge access for stipends and scholarships.

• Access to teaching jobs, who wish to teach in top institutes of India.

• Preparation for GATE helps you in the preparation of IES too.

Even before applying for the exam, most of the people have myths regarding

the exam and due to the fear of failure, don’t even try studying. Let's discuss

some of the most common myths regarding the GATE examination.

1.MYTH: The exam is very tough as it is an All India Level Test.

FACT: The questions of GATE are fully conceptual. Once you have

understood the concepts of each topic, you will definitely be able to solve the

questions. Doesn’t sound tough right?

2.MYTH: Maximum questions must be attended so as to score high.

FACT: This is a very wrong notion because GATE questions have a negative

marking on the wrong answers. Attend only those questions about which you

are confident enough. The qualifying cut-off for each stream is usually from

22-30 marks.

3.MYTH: Study all the subjects and topics of graduation and then only

you can attend the paper as there is chapter wise or topic wise marks

distribution.

FACT: No need to study all the subjects and topics of graduation. Refer to the

syllabus given for each department, particularly for examination. All the topics

of graduation syllabus are not included. So it's better to follow the GATE

syllabus and not waste your time.

4.MYTH: Solve as many papers as you can.

FACT: This is one of the notions which is true. Solve as many questions and

practice as many papers as you can but within stipulated time. This will

increase your speed and accuracy.

5.MYTH: Lot of hard work is required.

FACT: Hard work is one key ingredient in the recipe of success. But for some,

it is more like just sitting in front of the books throughout the day! Hold on!

You just need to utilize your time intelligently. But one thing is that keep it in

regular and with full concentration.

The GATE exam is same as any other exam; there is no need to be

worried about it so much. Just keep confidence in yourself and you can crack it

with flying colours.

PAGE 1

NIT ANDHRA PRADESH VOLUME 1 ISSUE 5

THE ECE HERALD The Official ECE Newsletter

Issue date: 5th July, 2019

All About GATE - P. N. S. Meghana (611756)

The importance of the Gate exam

cannot be stressed enough. The

GATE score of a candidate reflects

his relative performance level. The

advantages of taking the Gate exam

are varied. Here's a look at some

important benefits.

TECHATOON

PAGE 2

GATE Problems

1. Origin: To understand how a black hole is formed, we first need an

understanding of the life cycle of a star. A star is formed when a large amount

of gas (mostly hydrogen) starts to collapse on itself due to its gravitational

attraction. As it contracts, the atoms of gas collide with each other more and

more frequently, and at greater and greater speeds, that heats up the gas.

Eventually, gas will be so hot that when the hydrogen atoms collide, they no

longer bounce on each other, but on the other hand, they coalesce to form

helium. The heat released in this reaction, (which is like a controlled hydrogen

bomb explosion) is what makes the star shine. This additional heat also

increases the pressure of the gas until it is sufficient to balance the

gravitational attraction, and then gas stops contracting.

When a very massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel, it explodes as a supernova.

The outer parts of the star are expelled violently into space, while the core

completely collapses under its weight. If the core left after the supernova phase

is massive (more than 2.5 times the mass of the Sun), no known repulsive

force inside a star can push back hard enough to prevent gravity from

completely collapsing the core into a black hole.

From the perspective of the collapsing star, the core compacts into a

mathematical point with virtually zero volume, where it is said to have infinite

density. This is called the singularity.

When this happens, any matter would require a velocity greater than the speed

of light to escape the dead star's gravity. Since no object can reach a speed

faster than light, no matter or radiation can escape.

Anything, including light, which passes within the boundary of the black hole

(called the ―event horizon‖) is trapped forever.

2. Evidence for the existence of the black holes

Black hole Exists in the center of most galaxies. Astronomers have found

convincing evidence for a supermassive black hole in the heart of the Messier

galaxy, which is 55 million light-years away from earth. After many years of

observation, X-ray emissions from the double-star system Cygnus X-1

convinced many astronomers that the system contains a black hole.

3. Is the true image of black hole possible to snap?? A black hole is the

most mysterious object in the universe. It disturbs space-time like few other

objects in the universe. It has surrounded itself in a swirling disk of super-hot

energy and matter and it radiates unimaginable powerful jets above and below.

Close to the black hole, tremendous gravitational attraction force bends

photons and particles far from the intended path. Those that get too close get

pulled in, can never escape. They are closed to the point of no return known as

the event horizon. The strange environment creates not only a black hole but a

surrounding with escaping photons form a ring. This ring of light makes way

to earth. From these photons, the radio waves can only make a journey from

event horizon to our environment through the intergalactic space, where it is

captured by the earth-spanning observatory collaboration called the event

horizon telescope. Whatever we create the image of a black hole; this is the

image of distorted field or space due to the mass of the black hole. Photons

bend from those points where the impact of field is less than or equal to the

speed of photons. Think over it and have your conclusion and result!!

References:

1. 'A brief history of time' by Stephen Hawking, 2. Conference of National

science foundation

It is a bit like a balloon- Where there is a

balance between the pressures of air

inside, (which is trying to make the

balloon expand) and the tension in the

rubber (which is trying to make the

balloon smaller). Stars will remain stable

like this for a long time, where heat from

the nuclear reactions balances the

gravitational attraction. The more massive

the star is, the hotter it needs to be to

balance its gravitational attraction. And

the hotter it is, the faster it will use up its

fuel. Small Stars, like the Sun, will

undergo a relatively peaceful and beautiful

death that sees them pass through a

planetary nebula phase to become a white

dwarf, this eventually cools down over

time leaving a brown dwarf.

The Mystery Behind Black Holes - Sushil Kumar (611772)

1. A locker has been rented in the bank. Express the process of opening the

locker in terms of digital operation.

2. The waveform of a periodic signal x(t) is shown in the figure. A

signal g(t) is defined by g(t)=x((t-1)/2) then the average power of g(t)

is__ ?

3. The V-I graph of both network is same, then the value of I1 in the circuit

shown is ____?

I1

**Solutions to the previous issue questions are included in the last page

Editors’ Note

This big issue marks the end of our first year as editors, and we are

reminded of the debt of gratitude we owe for all your contributions.

Thank you to the newsletter Fault Finding team. For all the deadlines met,

the bad links corrected, the proofs thoroughly (and tactfully!) checked; thanks

as well to the circulation team and our bellowed HOD Dr. Puli Kishore

Kumar, faculty advisor Dr. Kiran Kumar Gurrala and Dr. Chandu DS, for

your advice, guidance and leadership; thank you Manoj Kumar K and

Avinash H for mastering our Design; and perhaps most of all, thank you to

the members of The ECE HERALD, for the articles you’ve contributed and

the inspiration, ideas and feedback you’ve offered.

Meanwhile, in this issue, you’ll get a sneak preview on the final huddle in

B.Tech i.e. GATE, a brief introduction over MATLAB and Wireless

Technology, an assumption on the mystery behind black holes, a short note

on the release of our Wing Commander Abhinandan, it also shares the success

story of Naveen Patnaik, the CM of Odisha State and the most prestigious

launch by ISRO, Chandrayaan-2 Mission.

We would also like to congratulate the people who are going to take charge

of the next volume of this monthly newsletter. We are C Sai Sri Vidya and M

R L V V Bharathi, Editors of The ECE Herald and signing off...

Keep reading and keep contributing!

Contact the Editor at theeceherald@nitandhra.ac.in

The Fear for Bramhos - YCKR (611682)

As per the report of a Swedish newspaper, Wing

Commander Abhinandan just didn’t return like that. A

big story ran before Abhinandan was released. The

Pakistanis spent the entire night of 27th February in

scary darkness and in horror. America was so angry on

Pakistan after the F16 was shot down by MIG 21. But

it had to defend Pakistan from India’s anger and the

Indian pilot who was in their custody. The USA came

to know that India had kept the Bramhos in launch

position for much bigger and devastating action

planning to destroy the entire Air Force of Pakistan.

Knowing this USA immediately informed Pakistan not

to harm the pilot in their custody, else it will be

difficult to control India and India being their friendly

nation in case of war they would lock the engines of all

the F16 Pakistan were having. Being afraid of this

likely action, Bajwa(Pakistan Army Chief) himself ran

to the UAE for help. The US had conversations with

Saudi Arabia, China, and Russia. UAE censured

Pakistan for their actions and requested India to wait

for a night. Russia and the USA told Pakistan to

release the detained pilot unharmed and that too

without any condition. Pakistan did not understand the

seriousness of the message. In spite of all these things

as the last hope, Bajwa went to China requesting them

to give a direct satellite link(which is navigating over

India and its territories) for them to know what's

happening in India. China didn’t consider the request

of Pakistan. Here the diplomacy of Modi Govt came to

play. A day earlier Sushma Swaraj had a meeting with

Chinese authorities in China, and secondly, China had

lost faith in Pakistan as they can misuse the F16 to

strike the Indian installations then they can even

misuse these satellite links if they provide them. Then

Bajwa ran to Turkey for any assistance, which Turkey

turned down immediately and advised them to release

him immediately. All other countries satellites were

watching India what would be India's next step against

Pakistan. Pakistan failed in getting support from big

countries. Not even a single country backed up

Pakistani actions. Feeling afraid of Bramhos,

threatening messages from major countries all these

made Pakistan helpless and release Abhinandan

without any conditions. Finally, our Wing Commander

Abhinandan came back to India on March 1, 2019,

making 130 crores of Indians proud.

JAI HIND!!

How many of us know about one of the India’s longest serving C.M ,a man

well-known for his clean politics, the man behind countless beneficiary

schemes which helped a lot in development of Odisha, founder of the 5 time

winning Biju Janata Dal (BJD), Naveen Patnaik. Naveen Patnaik, is a writer

who turned into a politician, he was born on 16 October 1946 in Cuttack. He

is the son of Biju Patnaik, former Chief Minister of Odisha. He completed his

education from Welham Boys’ School in Dehradun, and later, The Doon

School. Patnaik completed his graduation from Kirori Mal College, Delhi

University and holds a Bachelor of Arts degree. Despite coming from a

political family, Naveen Patnaik stayed away from active politics for most of

his life. He was an author before entering into politics. Being an author he

had a very important place in the literary world globally. Most of the his

published books have been reviewed by reputed magazines world over and

sold in large numbers.

His books, articles on culture, art and social developments also made him

well known. It was only after his father Biju Patnaik passed away in 1997 that

Naveen Patnaik finally had to follow his father’s path and join active politics

leaving his literary career. Everyone knows that Odisha comes under cyclone

zone ,Naveen Patnaik had inherited a state that had been devastated by the

super cyclone that hit the state in October 1999, less than six months before

he was to take charge. But after then Naveen’s effective handling of disaster

management during Cyclone Phailin. The Odisha government managed to

reduce human deaths during Phailin by evacuating around one million people

from the seaside areas. So, that United Nations felicitated Naveen for his ma-

-ssive preparedness and efficient model of disaster management.

Early in his career as a chief minister he realized three things—the economic

-uding rice for ₹1 per kilo, meals for ₹5 for the poor near hospitals, and road

transport hubs made him instantly popular.

Mr. Naveen Patnaik has managed to keep Odia people mostly happy with

him. His sudden steps against corruption or any nuisance is one of the main

reason behind this notion. From a soft-spoken socialite, Naveen has now

emerged as a ruthless and authoritarian leader who refuses to develop

second-rung leaders. Over the years, Patnaik has sacked at least 36 ministers.

He threw out Bijoy Mahopatra in 2000, a man who helped him in the initial

stages. In 2012, he ousted his political adviser Pyarimohan Mohapatra .He is

very interested in the area of cultural heritage of India, so he became one of

the founder members of the Indian National Trust for Art & Cultural Heritage

(INTACH). Currently he is serving his 5th term as C.M, this is all thanks to

his wide popularity among people of Odisha especially among women and

children for his various beneficiary schemes. In the era of corrupt politicians,

he is one of the few who don’t abuse their power and vigilant against

corruption.

Naveen Patnaik - Amith (611752)

PAGE 3

disadvantage of the state, the power of women as

voters, and the emotional connect his father enjoyed

as a leader. He has had varying degrees of success in

all three aspects over the last 19 years. He created

more than 500,000 women self-help groups, gave

them financial help, made them self-reliant and got

their votes. Road and bridge infrastructure, access to

schools, creating populist schemes for the poor, incl-

MATLAB – An Overview - Sai Aravind (611747)

What Is MATLAB?

MATLAB is a high-performance language for

technical computing. It integrates computation,

visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use

environment where problems and solutions are

expressed in familiar mathematical notation.

Typical uses include:

•Math and computation

•Algorithm development

•Modeling, simulation, and prototyping

•Data analysis, exploration, and visualization

•Scientific and engineering graphics

•Application development, including Graphical

User Interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic

data element is an array that does not require

dimensioning. This allows you to solve many

technical computing problems, especially those

with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction

of the time it would take to write a program in a

scalar non-interactive language such as C or

FORTRAN.

The name MATLAB stands for MATrix

LABoratory. It was originally written to provide

easy access to matrix software developed by the

LINPACK and EISPACK projects, which together

represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix

computation.

It has evolved over years with input from many

users. In university environments, it is the standard

instructional tool for introductory and advanced

courses in mathematics, engineering, and science.

In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for

high-productivity research, development, and

analysis. This software features a family of

application-specific solutions called toolboxes.

Very important to most users of MATLAB,

toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized

technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive

collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that

extend its environment to solve particular classes

of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are

available include signal processing, control

systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets,

simulation, and many others.

The MATLAB System

The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:

Language:

This is a high-level matrix/array language with

control flow statements, functions, data structures,

input/output, and object-oriented programming

features. It allows both "programming in the small"

to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away

programs, and "programming in the large" to create

complete large and complex application programs.

Working Environment:

This is the set of tools and facilities that you work

with as the MATLAB user or programmer. It

includes facilities for managing the variables in

your workspace and importing and exporting data.

It also includes tools for developing, managing,

debugging, and profiling M-files, its applications.

Handle Graphics:

This is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes

high-level commands for two-dimensional and

three-dimensional data visualization, image

processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It

also includes low-level commands that allow you

to fully customize the appearance of graphics as

well as to build complete Graphical User Interfaces

on your MATLAB applications.

Mathematical Function Library:

This is a vast collection of computational

algorithms ranging from elementary functions like

sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more

sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix

eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier

transforms.

Application Program Interface (API):

This is a library that allows you to write C and

FORTRAN programs that interact with MATLAB.

It includes facilities for calling routines from

MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as

a computational engine, and for reading and

writing MAT-files.

References:

• http://srisukhmani.edu.in/wp-

content/uploads/2014/04/matlab.pdf

• https://www.scribd.com/document/38484226

8/software-introduction-docx

P

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F

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e

M

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T

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UPCOMING EVENTS IN OTHER

INSTITUTIONS:

IIIT Hyderabad : July 8th - Summer school on machine

learning

SRM University , Chennai : July 12th – Workshop on

current trends in VLSI design and testing.

Society of Engineering Education, Coimbatore : July

19th – Online International conference on innovation in

Electronics and Intelligent computing.

Top engineers, Chennai : July 28th - Design and

developing of IoT using Arduino and Android.

PAGE 4

Art Works

V SWASTHIK-9th July

B NAVODAYA – 14th July

P SRI LAKSHMI -31st July

V MADHAVI- 3rd August

CH LATHA – 4th August

Sending you smiles for every moment of your

special day. Have a wonderful time and a very

HAPPY BIRTHDAY!!

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY - Hariom Singh (981331)

Technology, when we listen this word, what comes to your mind...all the

things which make our life easier come under technology. A hundred

years ago, who thought we will fly in the sky, we will make machines

which will work like humans. Similarly two hundred years ago who

thought we will be able to talk to people sitting thousands of miles away

from us. Technology is progressing day by day and has a huge impact on

human’s life.

Wireless technology means the technology without wires. Technology in

which we don't use wires as a medium to transfer the files or power. The

birth of wireless technology started with the discovery of electromagnetic

waves by Heinrich Hertz. Guglielmo Marconi established the very first

commercial RF communications, the wireless telegraph, in the late 1890s.

Satellite : It is the most used wireless technology, or we can say that it is

the base of all technologies. Satellite communication consists of a space

segment and a ground segment. When the signal is sent to the satellite

through a device, the satellite amplifies the signal and sent it back to the

receiver antenna which is located on the earth’s surface. The ground

segment consists of a transmitter, receiver and the space segment, which

is the satellite itself.

Wi-Fi : It is a very common technology used in daily life. We can’t even

imagine our daily life without it. It is a low-cost wireless communication

technology. A Wi-Fi set up consists of a wireless router which serves as

communication hub, linking portable device with an internet connection.

This network facilitates connection of many devices depending on the

router configuration. These networks are limited in range due to the low

power transmission.

Radio : Radio communication was one of the first wireless technology

developed and it is still in use. The portable multi-channel radios allow

the user to communicate over short distances whereas citizen band and

maritime radios provide communication services over long distances for

truckers and sailors.

Wireless or Inductive Charging : Transfer of energy without using

wires/cables is called wireless charging .The wireless charging works on

electromagnetic induction. A transmitter coil in the charging base sends

out a signal . The signal searches for a receiver coil , like the one in your

compatible smartphone. When it senses one, electromagnetic induction

begins. The electrons inside the transmitter coil start to flow around in the

coil. This generates a magnetic field, which is sensed by the electrons in

the receiver coils. The electrons trapped inside the receiver coil start to

flow around the coil due to the magnetic field. The flow of electrons

inside the receiver coil is the electricity powering the battery in your

smartphone.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

1. Using a wireless network means that you can move freely, within your

home, business or even your city, and still maintain a connection to other

computers on the same network .

2. Installing cable can be expensive, especially over long distances, in

difficult terrain, or in established buildings so it can save you a

considerable amount to use a wireless network instead, provided the

environment is suitable.

3. Wireless equipment are somewhat more expensive than wired

equipment.

4. Wireless transfer takes much time than wired transfer.

CONCLUSION: Can you imagine the future of this technology? May

be! Because it can be worst or best. It totally depends on us, how we treat

it, Like a servant or like a master. We have to be careful while using

technology. Wireless technology can make our future brighter and

magical.

Meghana (611756) Inisha (611712)

Avinash H

(611629)

SOLUTIONS TO THE GATE PROBLEMS

Q1. With the ideal operational amplifiers, the circuit in the figures simulates the equation ,

a)V0 = 2 ʃ V1 – 4V2 – 5V3 b)V0 = 2 ʃ V1 dt + 4V2 + 5V3 c)V0 = -(5 ʃ V1dt + 4V2 + 5V3) d)V0 = 4 ʃ V1dt + V2 + 5V3 Solution:

𝑉1

10×103= −100 × 10−6

𝑑𝑉1𝐼

𝑑𝑡 =>

𝑑𝑉1𝐼

𝑑𝑡=−𝑉1

1= −𝑉1

The O/P of the integrator is I=If

Therefore,

𝑉1𝐼 = − 𝑉1

𝑑𝑡

Applying KCL at ‘a’;

𝑉1𝐼

10+𝑉25+𝑉34= −

𝑉020 =>

2𝑉1𝐼 + 4𝑉2 + 5𝑉3

20=−𝑉020

On integration,

𝑉0 = − 2𝑉1𝐼 + 4𝑉2 + 5𝑉3

=> 𝑉0 =(2 ʃ 𝑉1 𝑑𝑡 − 4𝑉2 − 5𝑉3 ).

If the point (-1+j0) lies in the region-I then the number of encirclements about the point (-1+j0) is;

The closed loop region A is encircling in the clockwise => -1.

The loop I region is encircling in the anti-clockwise=> +1.

N=1-1=0.

for N=P-Z ; given P =0 => N=0-Z

=> 0=-Z,

i.e., Z=0

Therefore system is stable.

If the point (-1+j0) lies in region II, then the number of encirclements about the point (-1+j0) is;

The closed loop region A is encircling in clock wise => +1.

The loop II region is encircling in the clockwise => +1.

N=-1-1=-2,

N=P-Z

=> N=0-Z, i.e., Z=2.

Therefore 2 closed loops lie in the RHS and thus the system is unstable.

The transition is from stable to unstable system.

Q2. KG(S)H(S) has no poles or zeroes in the RHS. If (-1+j0) lies in Region I and next in Region II, the change in stability is from..? Solution: We know that in A

For a Nyquist plot, the number of

encirclements around (-1 + j0) is

given by

N=P-Z

Where,

P is open loop poles in RHS.

Z is closed loop poles in RHS.

A