Post on 23-Feb-2016
description
The Renaissance
Ponte VecchioOver the Arno
Europe in 1500
Italy
Low Countries
England
France
Spain
Ottoman Empire
Lithuania(Russia)Poland
Holy R
oman
Empir
e
Denmark
The Origins of the Term
1867 by historian Jakob Burckhardt
Met with resistance
Other HistoriansDisagreed with the historic period of time and on a distinction of this period from The Middle Ages.
• Fracture point from the Middle Ages• Revival of Classical Learning• Beginning of Modern Age
The Key Question?
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
Different from the Middle Ages ---
The Italian Advantage• Resurgence of Urban living
post 1000 AD• Trade intermediaries from Muslim areas
to rest of Europe• Growth of City-States as a result of
wealth generated by trade.• Leadership demonstrated their power
through artistic displays.
The City-State• Individual regions ruled centrally from a
single city.• The struggle between the pope and the
Holy Roman Emperor for control gave neither control over the city-states.
• Given great autonomy.• Had incredible wealth from trade• Five: Papal States, Florence, Naples,
Venice, and Milan
Government Structure• Varied from region to region• Southern Italy (The Kingdom of
Naples) continued as Monarchies• Milan and Savoy were autonomous
Duchies (ruled by Dukes) Savoy is now part of France.
• Rome and surrounding areas were Papal States
• Venice and Florence were Republics
Savoy
A Cultural Center Emerges …
Venice
Most Powerf
ul Eco
nomic City
-State
Florence
Center o
f the Arts
Florence, 2002
Why Florence?• Center of Tuscany and key to origins of
Italian culture in the late Middle Ages• Tuscan language was basis for Italian• Florentine leadership recognized that
wealth and power could be represented by support of the arts, philosophy and science.
The d’Medici FamilyCosimo
1389-1464• Wealthy – used wealth
to control votes in ‘democratic Florence’
• Worked out of public view
• Platonic Society(intrigued by philosophy)
• Supported the Arts
The d’Medici – part 2
Lorenzo1449-1492
• Totalitarian• Resources into arts• But, son was weak
leader • Florentine Republic
followed
The d’Medici Chapel and Tomb
Mic
hela
ngel
o - f
amily
arti
st
The Treaty of Lodi 1454 or, the beginning of the end
• Florence, Milan and Naples vs. VeniceJealous of Venetian influence
• 1490’s Naples invade Milan• French come to support of Milan• French driven out in 1495 by coalition of
Spain, HRE, and other Italian states.• By 1500 both France and Spain are dividing
the Italian states. • Pope losses influence by choosing the
wrong side politically.
Renaissance Philosophy
The End of Scholasticism
The educational tradition of the medieval 'schools' (universities) which flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries. It was a method of philosophical and theological enquiry, which aimed at a better understanding of Christian doctrine by a process of definition and systematic argument.
Beginnings of HumanismA doctrine or mode of thought that gives highest importance to human dignity, values, potentials, and achievements.
Erasmus Petrarch
Humanistsand Education
Trivium• Grammar• Logic• Rhetoric
Quadrivium• Geometry• Arithmetic• Astronomy• Music
All these disciplines were combined to create the
Liberal Arts
Ends Classical Education focused on teaching Christian Doctrine
Humanism• Medieval
– Wrote in stunted kind of Latin
– Writing more utilitarian in nature
– Writing technical in nature; conveyed information
• Renaissance– Wrote in Latin as
well as Italian– Wrote to convey
ideas, emotion and to persuade
– Influenced by Greeks & Romans style and topics
– Petrarch “father of humanism”
Humanism• First masterpiece written in Italian was
Boccaccio’s The Decameron• Libraries of ancient manuscripts assembled in
Florence • Humanists learned Greek to enhance their
knowledge as well as their libraries• Humanist writings spread by Guttenberg’s
printing press– By 1500, more than 10 million books in print in
Europe
Humanism• Renaissance schools attended almost
exclusively by males– Renaissance saw the separation of students by
age and ability• Because of Petrarch’s influence, students
were encouraged to learn moral lessons from the ancients on ideal behavior & values– Books on etiquette began to appear as a result
The Courtier
• Written by Baldassare Castiglione (1528)– The ideal courtier should have a varied
academic background, solid spiritual training and good physical fitness
– The courtier should be able to speak well, dance well, acquit himself well on the athletic field and be able to express himself with the written word
Machiavelli
• Florentine Diplomat• Out and then in favor with the d’Medici’s• Wrote The Prince while out of favor in order
to prove his worth to the family• Became the hallmark political thesis of the
Renaissance.
The Prince"Hence it is necessary for a prince wishing to hold his own to know how to do wrong, and to make use of it or not according to necessity. “
“Because fortune is a woman, and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and ill-use her; and it is seen that she allows herself to be mastered by the adventurous rather than by those who go to work more coldly. She is, therefore, always, woman-like, a lover of young men, because they are less cautious, more violent, and with more audacity (bold, daring) command her. "
What policies does Machiavelli suggest for the aspiring leader?
The Arts
ArchitectureNew Look - New Technology
Architecture – The GoalsIn Public Buildings
In constructing churches, Renaissance architects no longer used the shape of a cross as a basis for their structures. Instead, they based them on the circle. Believing that ancient mathematicians equated circles with geometric perfection, architects used the circle to represent the perfection of God.
Brunelleschi
The Renaissance Architect
AlbertiCity PlannerSought symmetry
For Private DwellingsIn constructing their homes, wealthy people of the Renaissance often adopted a Roman style, building the four sides of their homes around a courtyard. Simple, symmetrical decorations--imitations of classical ones--were applied to the façades of buildings, and some structures also featured columns reminiscent of ancient temples.
Music Notation …
Instruments ….
Visual Art in the Renaissance(Painting and Sculpture)
Blends religious andsecular
The Florentine School• Took the first step toward reality in
painting.• Mathematical perspective to give the
illusion of space.• Human figure looked like real people
and inhabited believable space.
Leonardo DiVinciThe Ultimate Renaissance Man
PainterInventorScientist
MichelangeloStandard Setter
PainterSculpture
Pieta
SistineCeiling
David
Two Questions to Consider
• Did the Renaissance spread beyond Italy?
And if it did ---
• What differences were there in the Renaissance as it spread from Italy?
Northern Renaissance • More of a blend of old and new - less classic
• Much more religious than in Italy• They developed an ethical way of life - provided guidance on personal behavior
• Classical and Christian cultures be unified• They had a profound faith in the human intellect
• Believed that education improved the person
Humanists in the NorthGermany
• Economically advanced• Did not rebel against the Church• Most important inventor of the period –
Guttenberg
Printing Press
EnglandBorrowed from Other Nations
Thomas More• Great English Humanist• Lawyer and official• Henry VIII’s aide
- Opposed Henry’s position on divorce
• Utopia author• Died for religious beliefs
From Utopia ….For this is one of the ancientest laws among them; that no man shall be blamed for reasoning in the maintenance of his own religion. Utopia, 1516
Did most political and religious leaders agree with this sentiment? Why? Why Not?
England as the center of literature• Edmund Spenser
Poet/Faerie Queen
• Christopher MarlowPoet/PlaywrightFaustus
AND
William Shakespeare
1554-1616
Ben Jonson
Volpone
“Not o
f an Age,
but for A
ll Tim
e”
The Mermaid Tavern Group
1572-1637
The Low Countries• Also exceedingly wealthy from trade
and banking• Home to philosophers and artisans• Remained strongly religious • Believed in education as primary to
any reform.• Liberal in its political views and
philosophy
Northern European Artists• Developed improved technology (such as oil paints) during the period.
• Moved subjects into landscapes and portraits. Very little concern of anatomy.
• Developed new sources of light for paintings, masters of technique and detail.
• Evolves into Mannerism. A style of art given to complex poses and elongated figures..
Holbein and Jan van Eyck (1465-1524) (1422-1441)
Holbein Jan
van
Eyck
Medicine…….An understanding of the human system
Vesalius Drawing
Amputation
Operation