Renaissance European Society in the Age of the Renaissance.
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Transcript of Renaissance European Society in the Age of the Renaissance.
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RenaissanceEuropean Society in the Age of the Renaissance
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Beginnings of the Renaissance
• Indefinite beginning, preceded by greatly increased wealth in Mediterranean city-states
• Spice trade with Arabs brought riches to Northern Italian states
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Sources of Wealth• Genoa – spice trade, powerful navy• Milan – ancient powerful city, enriched by Sforza
family; patrons of the arts• Florence – banking trade, enriched by Medici
family; patrons of the arts• Venice – powerful navy, wealthiest city in Italy;
oligarchic republic; connection to W. Europe for Eastern trade
• Rome – seat of papacy, ruled by powerful patrician families; popes came from Rovere, Medici, Borgia families
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Italian Politics• Aristocracy: from Gk. “rule by the best”• Duchy: area ruled by a duke• Kingdom: area ruled by a king• Oligarchy: from Gk. “rule of the few”• Patrician: elite upper class member• Popolo: “the people” • Republic: from L. “res Publica”, the public
thing; not a democracy
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Wars• Italian city-states were
constantly at war with one another.– This includes the Papal States
who fought to maintain and expand their territories
• Often wars were fought under duplicitous circumstances– Tradition of having embassies
started to prevent future wars• Balance of power sought• Some Italian thinkers wrote
to support their princes– Patron: supporter of causes
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Machiavelli• Wrote in post-Savonarola
Florence• The Prince
– Most famous work– Described the need of the
prince to “gain and maintain power”
– “It is better to be feared than loved”
– Tribute to ruler
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Intellectual Trends• Move away from
medieval scholasticism• Rediscovery of ancient
Greek and Latin texts– Petrarch and Boccaccio
• Opens door for study of liberal arts and humanities
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Individualism• In stark contrast to medieval thinking,
emphasis on the power and ability of the individual emerges
• “Man is the measure of all things” - Pythagoras
• Art becomes a means of glorifying one’s self instead of a means to glorify God
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Humanism• Rooted in
humanitas, the study of literature in order to be considered educated
• Sought to understand human nature and the uniqueness of man
• Differs from Secular Humanism in that it emphasizes that man is created in the image of God and is highly capable
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Liberal Arts
• Grammar• Rhetoric• Dialectic • Music• Arithmetic • Geometry • Astronomy
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Secularism
• Increasingly less concern with the next world, more with the current one
• Rising prosperity brought more comforts and decreased desire for comforts of heaven
• Even church leaders became more like wealthy aristocrats than holy men
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Education• Leveling feature –
gave greater access to those with knowledge
• Educated women were more desirable wives
• The Book of the Courtier - Castiglione
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Printing• Advent of printing
press in Europe transformed scholarship
• Portability of written word
• Literacy rates rose with availability of new printed matter
Gutenberg
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Cultural Changes• Mechanical clocks more
closely regulated working hours
• Sign of prosperous city to have a clock
• Women begin working outside the home; lower class women’s status rose somewhat; upper class women’s status became more family-focused
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Renaissance Art• New status of the
artist: “Artist as genius”
• Patrons wanted to flaunt wealth
• New aesthetic based in classical art, beauty of the human form and perfect proportions
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• Lorenzo De Medici• Pico della
Mirandola• Lorenzo Valla• Castiglione
• Machiavelli• Michaelangelo• Donatello• Raphael
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Notable Artists• Brunelleschi: dome
of Florence cathedral
• Used new learning to craft enormous dome built without buttresses or external supports
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Notable artists• Ghiberti: cast door panels from single
piece of bronze• Used for Baptistry doors at Florence
cathedral• See detail →
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Notable artists• Leonardo da Vinci
– True Renaissance man
– Sculptor, poet, painter, architect, designer
– Few finished works
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Notable artists• Michelangelo: thought
of himself as sculptor• Heavily contracted by
Medicis, works found in Florence and Rome
• Also painted, designed some edifices
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Notable artists• Raphael: learned
from Michelangelo and Leonardo
• Died young, highly popular artist in Rome
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Status of the Artist• How were artists
regarded by their contemporaries?
• How did the Renaissance culture influence the perception of artists?
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Slave Trade• Nature of European slavery• From whence originated the term “slave”?• Why did Genoa and Venice dominate the slave
trade?• Why were African slaves in demand?
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Northern Renaissance
• Christian humanism– Erasmus of Rotterdam, In
Praise of Folly– Thomas More, Utopia– Rabelais, Gargantua– Education key to human
improvement –knowledge of classical languages key
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Northern Renaissance Art
• Stronger Christian themes– Realistic scenes; use of oil based paints
more widespread– More sympathetic to those of lesser fortune
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Notable Artists
• Jan van Eyck– Flemish (from
Flanders)– Note imagery and
level of detail used
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“New Monarchs”
• Renaissance political ideals shaped statecraft– Monarchs begin crafting powerful monarchies,
stripping power away from landed nobility, sharing it with the rising middle class
– Linked monarchy to idea of national identity
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Politics - France• Gradually strengthens under
Charles VII and his progeny– New taxes (Gabelle, taille)– Pragmatic Sanction
• Gave king authority to appoint bishops, keeping church revenues in France
– Son Louis XI (the Spider King)• Expanded French territory at
expense of neighbors• Scheming to enhance the power
of the monarchy– Concordat of Bologna
• Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction; but kept appointive power with French Monarch
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Politics - England
• War of the Roses (Lancaster versus York);– Resolved with accession of Henry VII
Tudor– Parliament circumvented the
enhancement of royal power, or tried to do so
• Legal experts of lower landowning class become trusted advisors – Court of the Star Chamber
• What is a justice of the peace?
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Compare
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Politics - Spain• A complex state: held together by
dynastic ties; forged by marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella (Los Reyes Católicos)
• Castile and Leon, Aragon, Navarre, and Granada came together
• 1492 marked conclusion of Reconquista
• What are the hermandades?
• What was the threat of conversos?
– Desire for Catholic Spain
– Burgeoning nationalism
– Advent of Spanish Inquisition
– Conflation of race and religion
– “Limpieza de sangre” and “Sangre azul”
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Granada
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