The Periodic Table of Elements

Not just a table, the key to matter!!!!!!!

One of the greatest songs!

• http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html

The Wonders of the Periodic Table

Arranging the Elements• Dmitri Mendeleev (1887), a Russian

scientist, looked at the chemical and physical properties of elements and organized them on the basis of their similarities

• By arranging the 63 known elements, he found that by placing them by increasing atomic weight he could put them into 7 groups, or columns.

• He found the pattern, all the elements in a column have the same valences, the number of electrons in the outer shell

The Modern Periodic Table

• British scientist, Henry Mosley, arranged the elements according to their atomic number

• The Periodic Law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic number

Design of the Periodic Table

• Classification system used to organize all the elements

• Information can be obtained about each element just by where it is placed in the periodic table!

Columns• Called groups or

families

• Have similar, but not identical properties

Rows• Also called periods• Elements are not alike in the rows• First element in a row is an

extremely active solid, where as the last is always an inactive gas

• There are 7 periods, with period 6 separated out to make the periodic table shorter

• Each of the rows fills the same electron orbits

Columns and Rows

Element Key, each element has their own…….

It is just the beginning!!!!

Let’s look at what we have…

Most of the 109 elements are classified as metals

Physical properties:

• Luster or shininess• Ductile means made into thin wires• Malleable means hammered into thin sheets• Allows heat and electricity to pass through• Have a high density

Chemical Properties of Metals• Depends on the number of electrons in

the outer shell of the atom• These outer shell electrons are weakly

held and tend to be lost when they chemically combined

• Easily react with water and gases in the atmosphere

• Metals are corrosive, they wear away ex. rust and tarnish

Position of Elements

Nonmetals• Physical properties are opposite of

metals, they are dull, brittle, and break easily, they are not ductile or malleable, and they can be a solid, liquid, or a gas

• Chemical properties are determined by the number of electrons in their outer shell

• Last row has 8 electrons in their outer shell, so they are non reactive

Metalloids• They have properties of both metals

and nonmetals• Metal-like• They conduct heat and electricity,

but not as well as metals• Can be shiny or dull• Are ductile and malleable• Include; boron, silicon, germanium,

arsenic, antimony, tellurium, polonium, and astatine

Chemical Families• Elements within

the same family on the periodic table have similar properties because they have the same number of valence electrons

Alkali MetalsGroup 1

• Single electron in their outer shell

• Soft, silver-white, and shiny

• Can be cut with a knife

• Good conductors of heat and electricity

• So highly reactive they are never found free in nature

• Violent reaction in water

Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 2

• They have 2 electrons in their outer shell• Not quite as reactive as the alkali metals

because they loose 2 electrons when combining chemically

• Never found free in nature because they are so reactive

• Calcium and magnesium are important part of this family

The Transition MetalsGroups 3-12

• They have two electrons in their outer shell except Cr, Cu, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Ag, PT, and Au have one.

• These share electrons when they combine chemically

• Conduct heat and electricity

• Many are familiar: gold, silver, zinc, iron, nickel, copper, and tin

Zinc

Boron FamilyGroup 13

• They have 3 valence electrons in their outer shell

• Boron is metalloid, while aluminum, and the rest of the family are metals

• Aluminum is the most abundant metal and the 3rd most abundant element in the Earth’s crust

• Family includes; boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium

Carbon FamilyGroup 14

• Has 4 valence electrons in their outer shells• Carbon is a nonmetal, silicon and germanium

are metalloids• Carbon makes over 5 million different

compounds and is the “basis of life”• Silicon is the second most abundant element

in the Earth’ crust, important in computer chips

• Family includes carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead

Nitrogen FamilyGroup 15

• Have 5 valence electrons in their outer shells• Tend to share electron when they chemically

combined• Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the

earth’s atmosphere • Phosphorus is an active nonmetal that is not

found free in nature• Family includes: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic,

antimony, and bismuth

Oxygen FamilyGroup 16

• Have 6 valence electrons in their outer shell• They share electrons when chemically

combined• Oxygen is the most abundant element in the

Earth’s crust and second most abundant element in the atmosphere

• Oxygen is an extremely reactive element and combines with almost all other elements

• Family members include; oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium

The HalogensGroup 17

• Have 7 valence electrons in their outer shell• They are the most reactive nonmetals• Never found free in nature• They share or gain one electron when they

chemically combined• Halogen means salt formers and all compounds

with halogens are called salts.• Astatine is a metalloid• Family members include: chlorine, fluorine,

bromine, iodine, and astatine

Noble GasesGroup 18

• They have 8 electrons in their outer shell, except helium which has 2, means they are normally un-reactive

• Also known as the inert gases

• Found in small amount is the Earth’s atmosphere, argon the most common

• Family members include; helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon

After failing 3 chemistry tests, Jake and Jack’s parents wall papered their room with the Periodic Table!!!!!!

Rare-Earth Elements

• These have properties that are similar to one another• All have 2 valence electrons• They have been moved to the bottom to make the

periodic table easier to read• First row is the lanthanide series, shiny, soft, malleable

metals, that are conductive• The second row is the actinide series, all are radioactive

and only the first four are present in nature• Elements numbered 92-118 are all synthetic and

radioactive• Uranium is the best known rare-earth metal

Periodic Properties of the Elements• Certain properties of elements vary in regular

ways from left to right across a period. These properties include electron arrangement, reactivity, atomic size, and metallic properties

Valence Electrons

Ionic Charges

Atomic Radius

Now don’t pretend…