The Architecture of P‡ıini’s Grammar

Paul Kiparsky

Stanford University

P‡ıini’s Grammar

• from meaning to sound

• explicit grammar

• describes spoken Sanskrit of P‡ıini’s time (ca. 500 B.C. )

Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar

• interpretation of Vedic texts• correct recitation of Vedic texts

Goals:

Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar

• speech production• classification of sounds

˜ik˘‡:

lipsteethcerebrumpalate

tongue rootthroat

o˘Òhadanta

mÂrdhant‡lujihv‡mÂla

kaıÒha

Phonetic categories

labialdental

retroflexpalatalvelar

stopsfricativessonorants

voicingaspirationpitchnasality

pharyngeal

Phonetic categories

Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar

• (pseudo-)derivations of Vedic words

Nirukta (Y‡ska):

k„kaÒ‡˛ ki¸kÁt‡˛ the K„kaÒa tribe (is so called because it is said) `what have they done’ (Nirukta 6.32)

˜‡kh‡˛ ˜aknote˛ ˜‡kh‡ `branch’ is from ˜aknoti `is able’ (ibid.)

Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar

Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar

• Vedic sandhi rules

• convert words to connected text

Pr‡ti˜‡khyas:

ady¢pÇtya

adyá upa-°tya

`After coming today’

P‡ıini’s Grammar

• A˘Ò‡dhy‡y„: 4000 rules

• ¯ivasÂtras: phonological inventory

• Dh‡tup‡Òha: organized list of 2000 roots

• Gaıap‡Òha: list of 261 lists of exceptions

P‡ıini’s Grammar

• from meaning to sound

• four levels of representation

1. Semantic Representation

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)

1. Semantic Representation

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)

1. Semantic Representation

3. Morphological Representation

Morphological spellout rules

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)

1. Semantic Representation

4. Phonological output form

Allomorphy and phonology

3. Morphological Representation

Morphological spellout rules

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)

1. Semantic Representation

van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci

Allomorphy and phonology

3. Morphological Representation

Morphological spellout rules

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)

1. Semantic Representation

van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci

Allomorphy and phonology

3. Morphological Representation

Morphological spellout rules

`When ‚˜vapata came from the forest to the village today, he cooked some rice.’

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)

1. Semantic Representation

van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci

Allomorphy and phonology

vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta

Morphological spellout rules

ady¢pÇtya

upa-i•-Ktv‡

`After coming today’

Morphosyntactic representation of the subordinate clause: upa-i• `approach, reach’ (absolutive)

á˜va-páti-aˆ `descendant of A˜vapati’: agent (kartÁ) vána `forest’: source (ap‡d‡na) grµma `village’: goal (karman))

adyá `today’: temporal location (adhikaraıa, k‡le)

Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)

1. Semantic Representation

van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci

Allomorphy and phonology

vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta

Morphological spellout rules

Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)

1. Semantic Representation

van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci

Allomorphy and phonology

vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-‡-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta

Morphological spellout rules

Morphosyntactic representation of the main clause: ÙUpacA˙-lu� `cook’: aorist tense odaná `rice’ : goal (karman) á˜va-páti-aˆ `descendant of A˜vapati’: agent (kartÁ)

Morphosyntactic Representation

Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)

Semantic representation á˜va-páti-aˆ is the independent participant odaná `rice’ is the primary target of the cooking event grµma `village’ is the primary target of the going event vána `forest’ is the fixed point with respect to a separation adyá `today’ is the temporal locus of the event the cooking occurred previously on the present day the coming event preceded the cooking event

van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci

Allomorphy and phonology

vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-‡-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta

Morphological spellout rules

Not defined in the grammar:

• phonetic categories

• meaning categories

They are presupposed by the grammar.

Lexical semantics

• defines thematic roles, which

• provide basis of syntactic argument structure

Meaning vs. ontology: `speaker's intention'

dhanur vidhyati / dhanu˘‡ vidhyati

`the arrow pierces' / `he pierces with an arrow'

sth‡l„ pacati / sth‡ly‡m pacati `the pot cooks' / `he cooks in a pot'

• The sentences have different meanings, but• they are compatible with the same situation.

Directionality

• the derivation starts from meaning

• and builds up a complete interpreted sentence

Directionality

• the mapping between levels may depend on information from earlier levels

Directionality

• the mapping between levels may depend on information from earlier levels

• but not on information from later ones.

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

1. Semantic Representation

4. Phonological output form

3. Morphological Representation

semantic or morphosyntactic conditions

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

1. Semantic Representation

4. Phonological output form

3. Morphological Representation

levels 3 and 4 play no role here

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

1. Semantic Representation

4. Phonological output form

3. Morphological Representation

morphosyntactic, morphological, or semantic conditions

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

1. Semantic Representation

4. Phonological output form

3. Morphological Representation

level 4 plays no role here

2. Morphosyntactic Representation

1. Semantic Representation

4. Phonological output form

3. Morphological Representation

semantic, morphosyntactic, morphological, and phonological conditions

6.2.48 pratyabhiv‡de `˜Âdre`In a response to a respectful greeting, except to a ¯Âdra [member of the fourth caste], [the last vowel is high-pitched and extra-long]

• Phonology can be sensitive to meaning

bho µyu˘m‡n edhi devadattµ3`may you live long, Devadatta'

áhihata˛ `killed by a snake’ (Agent) rathay‡tᲠ`traveled by cart’ (Instrument)

N-Instr + N N+N

6.2.48 tÁt„y‡ karmaıi `If the initial member of a compound has a [deleted] instrumental case, it keeps its original accent whenthe second member is a past participle that denotes a karmaı (i.e. a passive)’

a. áhihata˛ áhi-Ú‡- han-Ktá-sU snake-Instr kill-PP-Nom

`killed by a snake’

b. rathay‡tᲠrátha-Ú‡-y‡-Ktá-sU cart-Instr- go-PP-Nom

`traveled by cart’

• Phonology can be sensitive to morphosyntax

Directionality

• morphology and phonology allow destructive (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and replacement

Directionality

• morphology and phonology allow destructive (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and replacement

• the others do not

Directionality in processing

• The higher the level, the less the computation needs to know.

• The phonology needs information about all levels.

• Therefore, top-to-bottom processing of rules is most economical.

Use vs. design of the grammar

• The design of the grammar is directional.

• Its use by the speech community was bidirectional.

Directionality

The design of P‡ıini's grammar is determined by the linguistic givens and the principle of simplicity only.

Rules

Format:

AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D

Phonology

8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `before dh, s is deleted’

a-lav-is-dhvam alavidhvam `you cut for yourselves'

AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D

lopa = `null'

8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `before dh, s is deleted’

a-lav-is-dhvam alavidhvam `you cut for yourselves'

AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D

lopa = `null'

8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `between obstruents, s is deleted’

a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'

¯ivasÂtras: phonological classes

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K 3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K 3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s

R14. h L

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s

R14. h L

If xq is followed by the marker Q, then xpQ denotes the set of elements xp, xp+1, xp+2, ... xq

lopa = `null'

Convention:

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

`between obstruents, s is deleted’

a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'

jhal = `obstruent'pa = `null'

1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K 3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú

6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s

R14. h L

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

`between obstruents, s is deleted’

a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'

jhal = `obstruent'lopa = `null'

AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

`between obstruents, s is deleted’

a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'

jhal = `obstruent'lopa = `null'

AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D

Perfection

The ¯ivasÂtras are perfect

http://www.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/siva-t.pdfhttp://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/ICCS05_Petersen.pdfhttp://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/Petersen_MOL8_2003_slides.pdf

Blocking

8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen padasyaGen

lopa˛Nom `the final segment of a consonant clusteris deleted at the end of a word’

go-m‡nt-s gom‡n

8.2.24 r‡t sasyaGen padasyaGen lopa˛Nom `word-final s is deleted after r’

a-ts‡r-s ats‡r but a-m‡rj-s am‡rÒ (*am‡r)

8.2.24 r‡t sasyaGen padasyaGen lopa˛Nom `word-final s is deleted after r’

Interpretation:

`word-final s is deleted only after r’

a-ts‡r-s ats‡r but a-m‡rj-s am‡rÒ (*am‡r)

8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom jhaliLoc padasyaGen anteLoc ca`palatals (cu) are replaced by velars (ku) before an obstruent (jhal) and at the end of a word’

vac-tum vaktum

cu = palatals, ku = velars

Convention:

1.1.68 sva¸ rÂpa¸ ˜abdasy‡˜abdasa¸j§‡`an expression other than a technical termthat denotes a linguistic expression denotes its own form’

1.1.69 aıudit savarıasya c‡pratyaya˛`a vowel, liquid, or glide, an item marked with U, which are not suffixes, denote (their own form and) also homorganicitems’

8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom jhaliLoc padasyaGen anteLoc ca`palatals (cu) are replaced by velars (ku) before an obstruent (jhal) and at the end of a word’

vac-tum *vagtumvac-tum *vakhtum, etc.?

So why not:

Convention:

1.1.50 sth‡ne `ntaratama˛`in replacing, the closest’

Dittoing

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛ Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc ku˛Nom

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu ssa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopa˛Nom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca

lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc

ku˛Nom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa§yogàntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopaþNom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopaþNom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopaþNom

*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca

lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc

kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa§yogàntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopaþNom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopaþNom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopaþNom

*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca

lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc

kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen

lopaþNom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopaþNom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopaþNom

*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca

lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc

kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen

lopaþNom

*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen

lopaþNom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopaþNom

*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca

lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc

kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen

lopaþNom

8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc

lopaþNom

*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca

lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc

kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen

lopaþNom

8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu lopaþNom

*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca

lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc

kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen

lopaþNom

8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu anteLoc ca lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc

ku˛Nom

*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc

kuþNom

8.1.16 padasyaGen

8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom

8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen

lopaþNom

8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc

sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom

8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu anteLoc ca lopaþNom 8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom

oþGen padasyaGen anteLoc kuþNom

[The division of labor in morphology

• root-based derivation (kÁts) --- morphosyntax

• stem-based derivation (taddhitas) --- semantics

• compounding (sam‡sa) --- case morphology

(Joshi 2001)

Conditioning factors

Semantics

Phonology

stem-based derivation

Morphosyntax

Semantics

Phonology

stem-based root-based case compounds

[The division of labor in morphology

• root derivation (kÁts) based on morphosyntax

[The division of labor in morphology

• primary derivation (kÁts) based on morphosyntax

Derivation of upÇtya `having gone’:

sam‡nakartÁkayo˛ pÂrvak‡le `of two actions with the same agent, ktv‡ expresses the agent of the earlier action’

[The division of labor in morphology

• stem-based derivation (taddhitas) based on semantics

á˜vapati-aˆ ‡˜vapata`descendant of A˜vapati’

[The division of labor in morphology

• compounding (sam‡sa) based on case morphology

áhihata˛ `killed by a snake’ (Agent) rathay‡tᲠ`traveled by cart’ (Instrument)

N-Instr + N N+N

[2]TSyntactic motivation: two kinds of case alternations

[2 Example: Accusative / Instrumental

[2] a. ak˘‡n d„vyatidice-Acc gambles`he plays dice', `he gambles

with dice' [2]

b. ak˘air d„vyatidice-Instr gambles`he plays dice', `he gambles

with dice'

kartÁkaraıayos tÁt„y‡ [anabhihite]Agent-Instr-Loc third-Nom`the third (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Instrument' [if not already expressed].

The basic expression of the Instrument role (karaıa) is instrumental case:

karmaıi dvit„y‡ [anabhihite]karman-Loc second-Nom`the second (triplet of case endings) expresses karman (Goal/Patient)' [if not already expressed].

The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):

la˛ karmaıi ca bh‡ve c‡karmakebhya˛ [kartari] [anabhihite]`the finite verb endings express karman (Goal/Patient),activity (with intransitives), and kartÁ (Agent),[if these are not already expressed].'

The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):

Analysis of div+Acc as `quirky Theta-role’

Meaning `most effective means'

Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient

Case instrumental accusative

(opt., with div `gamble')

Meaning `most effective means'

Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient

Case instrumental accusative

(opt., with div `gamble')

Analysis of hu+Instr as `quirky case’

[3]a. ajyam juhoti ghee-Acc pours

`he makes an offering of (with) ghee',

`he pours ghee as an oblation’ b. ajyena juhoti ghee-Instr pours

`he makes an offering of (with) ghee',

`he pours ghee as an oblation’

Meaning `agent’s main target’

Th-role Goal/Patient

Case instrumental accusative

(opt., with hu `pour')

Meaning `agent’s main target’

Th-role Goal/Patient

Case instrumental accusative

(opt., with hu `pour')

Why not the other way round?

Meaning `most effective means'

Th-role Instrument

Case instrumental accusative

(opt., with div `gamble')

and

Meaning `agent’s main target’

Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient

Case instrumental accusative

(opt., with hu `pour')

kartur „psitatama¸ karmaagent-Gen most-aimed-at-Nom karman`the primary target of the kartÁ `agent' is called karman'.

Goal/Patient role:

s‡dhakatama¸ karaıammost-effective-Nom karaıa`the participant which is the most effective means is called karaıa’.

Instrument role:

diva˛ karma cadiv-Gen karman and`the participant of div which is the most effective means is also called karman'.

Instrument role:

kartÁkaraıayos tÁt„y‡ [anabhihite]Agent-Instr-Loc third-Nom`the third (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Instrument' [if not already expressed].

The basic expression of the Instrument role (karaıa) is instrumental case:

karmaıi dvit„y‡ [anabhihite]karman-Loc second-Nom`the second (triplet of case endings) expresses karman (Goal/Patient)' [if not already expressed].

The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):

la˛ karmaıi ca bh‡ve c‡karmakebhya˛ [kartari] [anabhihite]`the finite verb endings express karman (Goal/Patient),activity (with intransitives), and kartÁ (Agent),[if these are not already expressed].'

The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):

Why not the other way round?

The wrong analysis of div+Acc as `quirky case’

Meaning `most effective means'

Th-role Instrument

Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')

• two arguments

[2] a. ak˘‡˛ d„vyante dice-Nom gamble-3Pl`dice are played'

Argument 1: passives

b. *ak˘‡n d„vyate dice-Acc gamble-3Sg `dice are played'

[2] a. ak˘‡ı‡¸ devanam dice-Gen gambling `playing (of) dice'

Argument 2: genitive Goal/Patient (action nominals)

b. *para˜un‡¸ chedanam axes-Gen cutting `cutting with axes'

kartÁkarmaıo˛ kÁti [˘a˘Òh„] [anabhihite]Agent-Goal-Loc kÁt-Loc`the sixth (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Goal/Patient in conjunction with a kÁt form[if not already expressed].'

Genitive expresses karman (and kartÁ), not karaıa:

Another wrong analysis of div+Acc as `quirky case’

Meaning `most effective means'

Th-role Goal/Patient

Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')

• four arguments

On this analysis, div has two unrelated idiosyncratic properties:

Argument 1: loss of generalization

• quirky case

Meaning `most effective means'

Th-role Goal/Patient

Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')

On this analysis, div has two unrelated idiosyncratic properties:

Argument 1: loss of generalization

• quirky case• and quirky Th-role

Meaning `most effective means'

Th-role Goal/Patient

Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')

[2] a.

Argument 2: -ana nominals (LyuÚ)

a. `act of gambling’

b. `die’ (instrument for gambling)

devana-

LyuÚ expresses Instrument, Location, Activity.

[2] a.

a. `act of pouring an oblation’

b. `instrument for pouring’

havana- `oblation, ladle’

LyuÚ expresses Instrument, Location, Activity.

lyuÒ ca [napu¸sake bh‡ve]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express process, in the neuter gender'.

karaı‡dhikaraıayo˜ ca [lyuÒ]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express karaıa and adhikaraıa'.

LyuÚ does not express Goal/Patient.

[2] a.

[2] c. *`thing poured’

a. `act of pouring an oblation’

b. `instrument for pouring’

havana- `oblation, ladle’

LyuÚ does not express Goal/Patient.

[2] a. ak˘‡n ˜atasya d„vyati dice-Acc 100-Gen gambles `he plays dice for (a stake of) 100'

˜atasya `for 100’ is a Goal/Patient. So this would violate a general constraint whichprohibits double objects (two karman roles)

Argument 3: prohibition of two Goal/Patient roles

[2] a.

Argument 4: -ana nominals (LyuÚ)

ak˘adevana- `dice-playing’ ak˘adyÂta- `dice-player’

karmaıi ca [na] [˘a˘Òh„] [tatpuru˘a˛]`a word ending in genitive case that expresses a karman is not compounded into a tatpuru˘a’

kartÁkaraıe kÁt‡ bahulam [tÁt„y‡] [tatpuru˘a˛]`a word ending in instrumental case denotingkartÁ or karaıa is compounded variouslywith a (noun ending in) kÁt into a tatpuru˘a’

A wrong analysis of hu+Instr as `quirky role’

Meaning `agent’s main target’

Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient

Case instrumental accusative

(opt., with hu `pour')

• two arguments

a. `act of pouring an oblation’

b. `instrument for pouring’ (ladle)

havana- `oblation, ladle’

c. *`thing poured’ (ghee)

Argument 1: deverbal nouns

lyuÒ ca [napu¸sake bh‡ve]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express process, in the neuter gender'.

karaı‡dhikaraıayo˜ ca [lyuÒ]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express karaıa and adhikaraıa'.

[2] a.*d‡treıa para˜un‡ chinatti sickle-Instr axe-Instrcut-3Sg`he cuts with a sickle with an axe'

Argument 2: prohibition of two Instruments

b. *sruc‡ ajyena juhvati spoon-Acc ghee-Instr pour-3Sg `he pours ghee with a spoon'

Neutralization Optionality

• The structure of the grammar emerges from the language itself,

• plus the principle of simplicity.

Does P‡ıini have a "theory of grammar"?

Simplicity

• not a “theory of grammar”

• motivated by simplicity

The four levels of representation:

Simplicity

• conventions• formation of technical terms• wording of rules• grouping of rules

Dictates all analytic decisions: