The Architecture of P ‡ı in i’ s Grammar
description
Transcript of The Architecture of P ‡ı in i’ s Grammar
The Architecture of P‡ıini’s Grammar
Paul Kiparsky
Stanford University
P‡ıini’s Grammar
• from meaning to sound
• explicit grammar
• describes spoken Sanskrit of P‡ıini’s time (ca. 500 B.C. )
Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar
• interpretation of Vedic texts• correct recitation of Vedic texts
Goals:
Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar
• speech production• classification of sounds
˜ik˘‡:
lipsteethcerebrumpalate
tongue rootthroat
o˘Òhadanta
mÂrdhant‡lujihv‡mÂla
kaıÒha
Phonetic categories
labialdental
retroflexpalatalvelar
stopsfricativessonorants
voicingaspirationpitchnasality
pharyngeal
Phonetic categories
Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar
• (pseudo-)derivations of Vedic words
Nirukta (Y‡ska):
k„kaÒ‡˛ ki¸kÁt‡˛ the K„kaÒa tribe (is so called because it is said) `what have they done’ (Nirukta 6.32)
˜‡kh‡˛ ˜aknote˛ ˜‡kh‡ `branch’ is from ˜aknoti `is able’ (ibid.)
Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar
Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar
• Vedic sandhi rules
• convert words to connected text
Pr‡ti˜‡khyas:
ady¢pÇtya
adyá upa-°tya
`After coming today’
P‡ıini’s Grammar
• A˘Ò‡dhy‡y„: 4000 rules
• ¯ivasÂtras: phonological inventory
• Dh‡tup‡Òha: organized list of 2000 roots
• Gaıap‡Òha: list of 261 lists of exceptions
P‡ıini’s Grammar
• from meaning to sound
• four levels of representation
1. Semantic Representation
2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
3. Morphological Representation
Morphological spellout rules
2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
Allomorphy and phonology
3. Morphological Representation
Morphological spellout rules
2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
3. Morphological Representation
Morphological spellout rules
2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
3. Morphological Representation
Morphological spellout rules
`When ‚˜vapata came from the forest to the village today, he cooked some rice.’
2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta
Morphological spellout rules
ady¢pÇtya
upa-i•-Ktv‡
`After coming today’
Morphosyntactic representation of the subordinate clause: upa-i• `approach, reach’ (absolutive)
á˜va-páti-aˆ `descendant of A˜vapati’: agent (kartÁ) vána `forest’: source (ap‡d‡na) grµma `village’: goal (karman))
adyá `today’: temporal location (adhikaraıa, k‡le)
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta
Morphological spellout rules
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-‡-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta
Morphological spellout rules
Morphosyntactic representation of the main clause: ÙUpacA˙-lu� `cook’: aorist tense odaná `rice’ : goal (karman) á˜va-páti-aˆ `descendant of A˜vapati’: agent (kartÁ)
Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
Semantic representation á˜va-páti-aˆ is the independent participant odaná `rice’ is the primary target of the cooking event grµma `village’ is the primary target of the going event vána `forest’ is the fixed point with respect to a separation adyá `today’ is the temporal locus of the event the cooking occurred previously on the present day the coming event preceded the cooking event
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-‡-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta
Morphological spellout rules
Not defined in the grammar:
• phonetic categories
• meaning categories
They are presupposed by the grammar.
Lexical semantics
• defines thematic roles, which
• provide basis of syntactic argument structure
Meaning vs. ontology: `speaker's intention'
dhanur vidhyati / dhanu˘‡ vidhyati
`the arrow pierces' / `he pierces with an arrow'
sth‡l„ pacati / sth‡ly‡m pacati `the pot cooks' / `he cooks in a pot'
• The sentences have different meanings, but• they are compatible with the same situation.
Directionality
• the derivation starts from meaning
• and builds up a complete interpreted sentence
Directionality
• the mapping between levels may depend on information from earlier levels
Directionality
• the mapping between levels may depend on information from earlier levels
• but not on information from later ones.
2. Morphosyntactic Representation
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
3. Morphological Representation
semantic or morphosyntactic conditions
2. Morphosyntactic Representation
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
3. Morphological Representation
levels 3 and 4 play no role here
2. Morphosyntactic Representation
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
3. Morphological Representation
morphosyntactic, morphological, or semantic conditions
2. Morphosyntactic Representation
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
3. Morphological Representation
level 4 plays no role here
2. Morphosyntactic Representation
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
3. Morphological Representation
semantic, morphosyntactic, morphological, and phonological conditions
6.2.48 pratyabhiv‡de `˜Âdre`In a response to a respectful greeting, except to a ¯Âdra [member of the fourth caste], [the last vowel is high-pitched and extra-long]
• Phonology can be sensitive to meaning
bho µyu˘m‡n edhi devadattµ3`may you live long, Devadatta'
áhihata˛ `killed by a snake’ (Agent) rathay‡tᲠ`traveled by cart’ (Instrument)
N-Instr + N N+N
6.2.48 tÁt„y‡ karmaıi `If the initial member of a compound has a [deleted] instrumental case, it keeps its original accent whenthe second member is a past participle that denotes a karmaı (i.e. a passive)’
a. áhihata˛ áhi-Ú‡- han-Ktá-sU snake-Instr kill-PP-Nom
`killed by a snake’
b. rathay‡tᲠrátha-Ú‡-y‡-Ktá-sU cart-Instr- go-PP-Nom
`traveled by cart’
• Phonology can be sensitive to morphosyntax
Directionality
• morphology and phonology allow destructive (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and replacement
Directionality
• morphology and phonology allow destructive (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and replacement
• the others do not
Directionality in processing
• The higher the level, the less the computation needs to know.
• The phonology needs information about all levels.
• Therefore, top-to-bottom processing of rules is most economical.
Use vs. design of the grammar
• The design of the grammar is directional.
• Its use by the speech community was bidirectional.
Directionality
The design of P‡ıini's grammar is determined by the linguistic givens and the principle of simplicity only.
Rules
Format:
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D
Phonology
8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `before dh, s is deleted’
a-lav-is-dhvam alavidhvam `you cut for yourselves'
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D
lopa = `null'
8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `before dh, s is deleted’
a-lav-is-dhvam alavidhvam `you cut for yourselves'
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D
lopa = `null'
8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `between obstruents, s is deleted’
a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'
¯ivasÂtras: phonological classes
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K 3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K 3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s
R14. h L
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s
R14. h L
If xq is followed by the marker Q, then xpQ denotes the set of elements xp, xp+1, xp+2, ... xq
lopa = `null'
Convention:
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
`between obstruents, s is deleted’
a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'
jhal = `obstruent'pa = `null'
1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K 3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú
6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s
R14. h L
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
`between obstruents, s is deleted’
a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'
jhal = `obstruent'lopa = `null'
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
`between obstruents, s is deleted’
a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'
jhal = `obstruent'lopa = `null'
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D
Perfection
The ¯ivasÂtras are perfect
http://www.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/siva-t.pdfhttp://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/ICCS05_Petersen.pdfhttp://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/Petersen_MOL8_2003_slides.pdf
Blocking
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen padasyaGen
lopa˛Nom `the final segment of a consonant clusteris deleted at the end of a word’
go-m‡nt-s gom‡n
8.2.24 r‡t sasyaGen padasyaGen lopa˛Nom `word-final s is deleted after r’
a-ts‡r-s ats‡r but a-m‡rj-s am‡rÒ (*am‡r)
8.2.24 r‡t sasyaGen padasyaGen lopa˛Nom `word-final s is deleted after r’
Interpretation:
`word-final s is deleted only after r’
a-ts‡r-s ats‡r but a-m‡rj-s am‡rÒ (*am‡r)
8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom jhaliLoc padasyaGen anteLoc ca`palatals (cu) are replaced by velars (ku) before an obstruent (jhal) and at the end of a word’
vac-tum vaktum
cu = palatals, ku = velars
Convention:
1.1.68 sva¸ rÂpa¸ ˜abdasy‡˜abdasa¸j§‡`an expression other than a technical termthat denotes a linguistic expression denotes its own form’
1.1.69 aıudit savarıasya c‡pratyaya˛`a vowel, liquid, or glide, an item marked with U, which are not suffixes, denote (their own form and) also homorganicitems’
8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom jhaliLoc padasyaGen anteLoc ca`palatals (cu) are replaced by velars (ku) before an obstruent (jhal) and at the end of a word’
vac-tum *vagtumvac-tum *vakhtum, etc.?
So why not:
Convention:
1.1.50 sth‡ne `ntaratama˛`in replacing, the closest’
Dittoing
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛ Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc ku˛Nom
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu ssa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa§yogàntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa§yogàntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen
lopaþNom
8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen
lopaþNom
8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen
lopaþNom
8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu anteLoc ca lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen
lopaþNom
8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu anteLoc ca lopaþNom 8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom
oþGen padasyaGen anteLoc kuþNom
[The division of labor in morphology
• root-based derivation (kÁts) --- morphosyntax
• stem-based derivation (taddhitas) --- semantics
• compounding (sam‡sa) --- case morphology
(Joshi 2001)
Conditioning factors
Semantics
Phonology
stem-based derivation
Morphosyntax
Semantics
Phonology
stem-based root-based case compounds
[The division of labor in morphology
• root derivation (kÁts) based on morphosyntax
[The division of labor in morphology
• primary derivation (kÁts) based on morphosyntax
Derivation of upÇtya `having gone’:
sam‡nakartÁkayo˛ pÂrvak‡le `of two actions with the same agent, ktv‡ expresses the agent of the earlier action’
[The division of labor in morphology
• stem-based derivation (taddhitas) based on semantics
á˜vapati-aˆ ‡˜vapata`descendant of A˜vapati’
[The division of labor in morphology
• compounding (sam‡sa) based on case morphology
áhihata˛ `killed by a snake’ (Agent) rathay‡tᲠ`traveled by cart’ (Instrument)
N-Instr + N N+N
[2]TSyntactic motivation: two kinds of case alternations
[2 Example: Accusative / Instrumental
[2] a. ak˘‡n d„vyatidice-Acc gambles`he plays dice', `he gambles
with dice' [2]
b. ak˘air d„vyatidice-Instr gambles`he plays dice', `he gambles
with dice'
kartÁkaraıayos tÁt„y‡ [anabhihite]Agent-Instr-Loc third-Nom`the third (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Instrument' [if not already expressed].
The basic expression of the Instrument role (karaıa) is instrumental case:
karmaıi dvit„y‡ [anabhihite]karman-Loc second-Nom`the second (triplet of case endings) expresses karman (Goal/Patient)' [if not already expressed].
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):
la˛ karmaıi ca bh‡ve c‡karmakebhya˛ [kartari] [anabhihite]`the finite verb endings express karman (Goal/Patient),activity (with intransitives), and kartÁ (Agent),[if these are not already expressed].'
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):
Analysis of div+Acc as `quirky Theta-role’
Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with div `gamble')
Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with div `gamble')
Analysis of hu+Instr as `quirky case’
[3]a. ajyam juhoti ghee-Acc pours
`he makes an offering of (with) ghee',
`he pours ghee as an oblation’ b. ajyena juhoti ghee-Instr pours
`he makes an offering of (with) ghee',
`he pours ghee as an oblation’
Meaning `agent’s main target’
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with hu `pour')
Meaning `agent’s main target’
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with hu `pour')
Why not the other way round?
Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Instrument
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with div `gamble')
and
Meaning `agent’s main target’
Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with hu `pour')
kartur „psitatama¸ karmaagent-Gen most-aimed-at-Nom karman`the primary target of the kartÁ `agent' is called karman'.
Goal/Patient role:
s‡dhakatama¸ karaıammost-effective-Nom karaıa`the participant which is the most effective means is called karaıa’.
Instrument role:
diva˛ karma cadiv-Gen karman and`the participant of div which is the most effective means is also called karman'.
Instrument role:
kartÁkaraıayos tÁt„y‡ [anabhihite]Agent-Instr-Loc third-Nom`the third (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Instrument' [if not already expressed].
The basic expression of the Instrument role (karaıa) is instrumental case:
karmaıi dvit„y‡ [anabhihite]karman-Loc second-Nom`the second (triplet of case endings) expresses karman (Goal/Patient)' [if not already expressed].
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):
la˛ karmaıi ca bh‡ve c‡karmakebhya˛ [kartari] [anabhihite]`the finite verb endings express karman (Goal/Patient),activity (with intransitives), and kartÁ (Agent),[if these are not already expressed].'
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):
Why not the other way round?
The wrong analysis of div+Acc as `quirky case’
Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Instrument
Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')
• two arguments
[2] a. ak˘‡˛ d„vyante dice-Nom gamble-3Pl`dice are played'
Argument 1: passives
b. *ak˘‡n d„vyate dice-Acc gamble-3Sg `dice are played'
[2] a. ak˘‡ı‡¸ devanam dice-Gen gambling `playing (of) dice'
Argument 2: genitive Goal/Patient (action nominals)
b. *para˜un‡¸ chedanam axes-Gen cutting `cutting with axes'
kartÁkarmaıo˛ kÁti [˘a˘Òh„] [anabhihite]Agent-Goal-Loc kÁt-Loc`the sixth (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Goal/Patient in conjunction with a kÁt form[if not already expressed].'
Genitive expresses karman (and kartÁ), not karaıa:
Another wrong analysis of div+Acc as `quirky case’
Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')
• four arguments
On this analysis, div has two unrelated idiosyncratic properties:
Argument 1: loss of generalization
• quirky case
Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')
On this analysis, div has two unrelated idiosyncratic properties:
Argument 1: loss of generalization
• quirky case• and quirky Th-role
Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')
[2] a.
Argument 2: -ana nominals (LyuÚ)
a. `act of gambling’
b. `die’ (instrument for gambling)
devana-
LyuÚ expresses Instrument, Location, Activity.
[2] a.
a. `act of pouring an oblation’
b. `instrument for pouring’
havana- `oblation, ladle’
LyuÚ expresses Instrument, Location, Activity.
lyuÒ ca [napu¸sake bh‡ve]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express process, in the neuter gender'.
karaı‡dhikaraıayo˜ ca [lyuÒ]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express karaıa and adhikaraıa'.
LyuÚ does not express Goal/Patient.
[2] a.
[2] c. *`thing poured’
a. `act of pouring an oblation’
b. `instrument for pouring’
havana- `oblation, ladle’
LyuÚ does not express Goal/Patient.
[2] a. ak˘‡n ˜atasya d„vyati dice-Acc 100-Gen gambles `he plays dice for (a stake of) 100'
˜atasya `for 100’ is a Goal/Patient. So this would violate a general constraint whichprohibits double objects (two karman roles)
Argument 3: prohibition of two Goal/Patient roles
[2] a.
Argument 4: -ana nominals (LyuÚ)
ak˘adevana- `dice-playing’ ak˘adyÂta- `dice-player’
karmaıi ca [na] [˘a˘Òh„] [tatpuru˘a˛]`a word ending in genitive case that expresses a karman is not compounded into a tatpuru˘a’
kartÁkaraıe kÁt‡ bahulam [tÁt„y‡] [tatpuru˘a˛]`a word ending in instrumental case denotingkartÁ or karaıa is compounded variouslywith a (noun ending in) kÁt into a tatpuru˘a’
A wrong analysis of hu+Instr as `quirky role’
Meaning `agent’s main target’
Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with hu `pour')
• two arguments
a. `act of pouring an oblation’
b. `instrument for pouring’ (ladle)
havana- `oblation, ladle’
c. *`thing poured’ (ghee)
Argument 1: deverbal nouns
lyuÒ ca [napu¸sake bh‡ve]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express process, in the neuter gender'.
karaı‡dhikaraıayo˜ ca [lyuÒ]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express karaıa and adhikaraıa'.
[2] a.*d‡treıa para˜un‡ chinatti sickle-Instr axe-Instrcut-3Sg`he cuts with a sickle with an axe'
Argument 2: prohibition of two Instruments
b. *sruc‡ ajyena juhvati spoon-Acc ghee-Instr pour-3Sg `he pours ghee with a spoon'
Neutralization Optionality
• The structure of the grammar emerges from the language itself,
• plus the principle of simplicity.
Does P‡ıini have a "theory of grammar"?
Simplicity
• not a “theory of grammar”
• motivated by simplicity
The four levels of representation:
Simplicity
• conventions• formation of technical terms• wording of rules• grouping of rules
Dictates all analytic decisions: