SWK1048: Developing Enterprising Communities:

Community Development and the migrant crisis

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Who is responsible for looking after refugees?

• An insight into the current refugee and migration crisis

• An introduction to the concepts of ‘community’ and ‘development’

• A thumbnail sketch of political-economy throughout history

• “I wish to leave Lebanon because one of [my] brothers is dead and I don’t know about the other two. I can’t go back to Syria… I will probably get arrested in Lebanon. We ran away from death in Syria to slowly die in Lebanon,” Sameer, aged 41, a Syrian refugee who lives in an informal tented settlement in Bekaa, Lebanon.

• Interviewed by Amnesty International in Bekaa, Lebanon, 26 March 2015. His name has been changed in order to protect his identity.

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Inside Syria

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What do you know already?

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Inside Lebanon – where familieslive

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Inside Lebanon – where familieslive

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Inside Lebanon – where children play

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Inside Lebanon – children’s chores

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Inside Jordan – Za’atari Refugee Camp

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Inside Jordan – arriving at the border

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Inside Jordan – Za’atari Camp reception

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Inside Jordan –Za’atari Camp: where people live

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Inside Jordan –Za’atari Camp: missing out on school

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Inside Jordan –Za’atari Camp: making a living

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Inside Jordan –Za’atari Camp: essential services

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Inside Jordan –Za’atari Camp: essential services

Calais ‘Jungle’

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Some data• 4,000- Estimated migrants currently camped out around Calais• 100-150- Migrants who arrive in Calais every day• 700- Migrants from Calais granted asylum in France last year• 1,200- Migrants from Calais deported from France last year• 21 miles- Distance between Dover and Calais• £12 million- The amount Britain has spent reinforcing borders

in Calais• 18,170- Stowaways attempting to get to Britain between

January 1 and May 21 2015

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/11801006/Inside-the-Calais-Jungle-where-men-live-in-solidarity-and-shame.html

So who would have been responsible?

Private Sector Public Sector

Civil Society

Up to the Second World War

Private Sector Public

Sector

Civil Society

Philanthropists

ChurchCommunity Associations

The Post War Settlement

Private Sector

Public Sector

Civil Society

NHSState Schools

Pay taxes

Post Thatcher

Private Sector Public Sector

Civil Society

Mixed economy

Private Sector Public Sector

Civil Society

The way community leaders think

Pearce, J. (2003) Social enterprise in any town, Calouste Gulkenkian Foundation

http://data.ncvo.org.uk/a/almanac14/civil-society/what-is-civil-society-2/

Lets get real about the size of the bubbles

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Civil Society

http://data.ncvo.org.uk/a/almanac15/economy/

Lets get real about the bubbles

Civil society: £40bnPublic Sector: £700bnPrivate sector: £3,200bn

• 1.25% of total private sector wealth is given to the civil sector

• 21% of private sector wealth ends up in the public sector

Community Development • involves participants in constructive activities and processes to produce

improvements, opportunities, structures, goods, and services that increase the quality of life, build individual and collective capacities, and enhance social solidarity.

• approach is developmental & integrative.• The goal is internal development • of the community’s capacity to make improvements, solve problems,

generate its own leadership, strengthen social relationships, and function more effectively

• does not attempt to redistribute resources or to reduce power dis- parities

• “power holders could be organized to effect change” (Beck and Eichler, 2000

Staples Lee(2004) - Roots to Power: A Manual for Grass Roots Organizing

CD has three goals

• problem resolution– (e.g., creating a community garden, organizing a

neighbourhood crime watch, producing afford-able housing, or generating employment opportunities),

• capacity building – through the establishment of effective GCOs,

• and the development of social solidarity– “the ties that bind.”

Staples Lee(2004) - Roots to Power: A Manual for Grass Roots Organizing

Social Action • brings people together to

– convince, – pressure, or – coerce

• external decision-makers to meet collective goals either to act in a specified manner or to modify or stop certain activities.

• less powerful groups to transform themselves from objects of oppression to subjects able to act in unison to challenge dominant elites (Freire, 1973)

• Is redistributive in natureStaples Lee(2004) - Roots to Power: A Manual for Grass Roots Organizing

SA has 3 goals

• problem resolution– (e.g., obtaining curve cuts, modifying the Informed

Consent Policy, or eliminating illegal dumping),• building a power base

– Through the development of a strong GCO, and• decreasing power disparities

– Between community members and external groups

Staples Lee(2004) - Roots to Power: A Manual for Grass Roots Organizing