South AfricaHISTORY to APARTHEID 

South Africa has a long struggle between a few groups of people –

The Dutch came from the Netherlands, near France, Germany and England.

Some South African History FIN

1. The Boers are the original Dutch Settlers of the Cape of Good Hope, The Boers came to the southern tip

of Africa in the mid 1600’s. The word Boer means “farmer.”

Boers

2. Boers are later called Afrikaners. They will speak the language

Afrikaans. Afrikaners will become the whites in South Africa who

institute the notoriously racist policy

of Apartheid.

3. Afrikaans (often referred to as Cape Dutch) is spoken today in South Africa and Namibia. Afrikaans borrowed from Malay, Portuguese, French, and the Bantu / Khoisan languages. But an estimated 90 to 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is from Dutch.

4. Six million (13.3%) speak Afrikaans in South Africa. It is the third most spoken mother tongue in the country. The number one language is English. The other nine are Bantu languages of South Africa’s indigenous peoples.

5. The British come to South Africa (after the Dutch) in the

1800’s. Gold & Diamonds are discovered in South Africa in

the 1880’s and the British liked that a lot.

Cecil Rhodes

Founder of the De Beers Company

Prime Minister of the Cape Colony

(Cape to Cairo )

The Sun never sets on the British Empire!

MoreBoers

6. The San, the Khoikhoi & the Zulu were the local peoples in

Southern Africa who were there before any Europeans arrived.

The San (or) Khoison (aka: Bushmen of the Kalahari)

Zulu

Zulu

7. Europeans believed they had better knowledge to use the land of South

Africa and that local blacks and coloureds (anyone of mixed race or non-indigenous black) could supply

cheap labor.

8. In 1910 – The British create the Union of South Africa combining Boer

colonies in the north with British colonies in the south.

(British and Boers will work together to keep blacks and “coloureds” away from

power.)

9. Under the new constitution of South Africa, Blacks were denied the right to

vote or to own land. This was the start of the horribly racist system of

Apartheid.

10. Blacks do what they can and in 1912 – The African National

Congress (ANC) is formed. The ANC becomes the primary voice for black equality and freedom in South Africa.

The Freedom Charter of the ANC in 1955 (and today) declares that:

The people shall govern

All national groups shall have equal rights

The people shall share in the country’s wealth

The land shall be shared among those who work it

All shall be equal before the law

All shall enjoy equal human rights

There shall be work and security

The doors of learning and culture shall be opened

There shall be houses, security and comfort

There shall be peace and friendship

Apartheid = “separateness”

Population by Race in South Africa

74%

14%

3%

9%

BlackWhiteAsianColored

APARTHEIDNo Rights for Non-Whites

• No right to vote

• No ownership of land

• No right to move freely

• No right to free speech

• No right to protest the government

Flag of Apartheid South Africa 1928 - 1994

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BANTUSTANS A “township” or “homeland” set aside for black

inhabitants of South Africa. Each Bantustan was encouraged to apply for independence thus making their inhabitants, citizens of the Bantustan and not South Africa. The ultimate goal of resettlement into Bantustans was to make South Africa all white.

BANTUSTANS

• 1.5 Million Africans were forced from urban areas to rural reservations

Houses in Soweto, a black township.

The Pass Laws

• Pass laws in South Africa were designed to segregate the population and limit severely the movements of the non-white populace.

• The Black population were required to carry these pass books with them when outside their compounds or designated areas.

• Failure to produce a pass often resulted in the person being arrested.

• Any white person, even a child, could ask a black African to produce his or her pass.

• These passes often became the most despised symbols of apartheid.

• The resistance to the Pass Law led to many thousands of arrests and was the spark that ignited the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.

Mandela

…instead, he was jailed at Robben Island for 27 years.

Mandela was sure he would be sentenced to death for speaking out against Apartheid…

27 Years in Jail!

Could you do that?

After Apartheid

F. W. de Klerk

1993 - Mandela & de Klerk share the Nobel Peace Prize for ending Apartheid

Flag of Apartheid South Africa 1928 - 1994

The Flag of the Republic of South Africa in 1994

Today, the African National Congress (ANC) is the majority party in the South African Parliament. South Africa selects its president from the majority party in its legislature.

Victories over Apartheid!

• 1990 – Mandela released from prison

SOUTH AFRICA IN 1994

• 1994 – The end of Apartheid • Bantustans abolished and territories reabsorbed

into the nation of South Africa• Apartheid caused major economic hardships on

South Africa• First multiracial election• Nelson Mandela elected president of South Africa

Africans had been drawn to work on the gold mines that sprang up after 1886. From the start they were accommodated in separate areas on the outskirts of

Johannesburg.

Soweto is an urban area of the city of Johannesburg bordering the city's mining belt in the north.

Its name is an abbreviation for South Western Townships.

Some of the watershed events in the struggle against Apartheid occurred in this “township.”

Soweto

Gauteng, Johannesburg

Soweto

The Soweto Uprising of 1976

Soweto Uprising

When high-school students in Soweto started protesting for better education on 16 June 1976, police responded with teargas and live bullets. It is commemorated today by a South African national holiday, Youth day, which honors all the young people who lost their lives in the struggle against Apartheid and Bantu Education.

Students again poured into the streets. Parents stayed away from work to watch over their families. Police patrolled the streets. By the end of the third day of rioting, the Minister of Bantu Education had

closed all schools in Soweto.

The rioting soon spread from Soweto to other towns on the Witwatersrand, Pretoria, to Durban and Cape Town, and developed into the largest outbreak of violence South Africa had experienced. Coloured and Indian students joined their black comrades. And unlike the riots of 1952 and the

Sharpeville riots of 1961, the police were unable to quell the rioters, even with force. Students showed reckless disregard for their own safety to vent their frustrations. As soon as the upheavals were suppressed in one area than they flared up elsewhere. And so it continued for the rest of 1976.

A new generation had made their voice of opposition to apartheid heard, and were determined to be listed to. Many left South Africa to join the armies of the exiled political movements. Those who

stayed behind ensured the exiled organizations could count on support from within the townships. June the 16th would never be forgotten.

Music

Soweto is credited as one of the founding places for kwaito, which is a style of hip-hop specific to South Africa. This form of music, which combined many elements of house music, American hip-hop, and traditional African music, became a strong force amongst black South Africans. The spread of Soweto in popular culture worked both ways, as American hip-hop artists Hieroglyphics rap about the terrible conditions and changing social order in their song "Soweto," saying that cowardice has ruled this area, but how now the "gems," or black youth, need to express themselves. This appears to be Hieroglyphics attempt to urge a critical, political version of hip-hop in South Africa.

1960 Sharpeville Massacre• In 1960, during a

peaceful protest in the city of Sharpeville, 69 people were killed

• This massacre ignited additional demonstrations and protests against the unfair treatment of non-whites

Murder at Sharpeville

Nelson Mandella Museum

After the Sharpesville Massacre

• After the massacre, black South Africans were outraged.

• Many South Africans realized that peaceful protests and civil disobedience would not overturn apartheid. As a result, many turned to violence as a means to end apartheid.

• What’s your opinion? Do you think that violence is ever okay? Is there ever a time when something is so bad, that violence is necessary? Or is violence never the answer?

Nelson Mandela• Nelson Mandela

peacefully fought to end apartheid. He served 27 years in prison for such “treason.”

• Thousands of other South African non-whites were imprisoned and executed for their resistance against apartheid.

Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918. His first name could be interpreted, prophetically, as "troublemaker." The Nelson was added later, by a teacher.

PREDICT: Do you think Mandela lived up to his name as a troublemaker?

Nelson Mandela

1918 -- Present

Growing Up During Apartheid• Mandela grew up on cattle

herding farm until the death of his father. Mandela then lived with a powerful relative, the acting regent of the Thembu people.

• Years of daily exposure to the inhumanities of apartheid, where being black reduced one to the status of a non-person, kindled in him a kind of absurd courage to change the world.

His Start

1942 – Law degree from Univ. S. Africa

1952 – African National Congress (A.N.C.) deputy national president

Passive Resistance to Apartheid

• At first, Mandela opted for nonviolence as a strategy to defeat apartheid. He became involved in programs that fought against the laws that forced blacks to carry passes.

Mandela

A.N.C.

Persecution

• Despite the peaceful protests, the government decided to charge protestors at one event of “treason,” including Mandela. The trial dragged on for five years, until 1961, ending in the acquittal of all 156 accused. Mandela was a free man, sort of.

Persecution• But by the time Mandela was acquitted, South Africa had been convulsed by the massacre of 69 peaceful black demonstrators at Sharpeville in March 1960. They were killed by the South African government who wanted to stop the resistant movement. All of them were innocent, peaceful protestors.

MANDELA

• Mandela was prepared to die for his beliefs:

• "During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.“ – Nelson Mandela

• What words from Mandela’s statement show that he was prepared to do ANYTHING, even die, for the cause?

In 1948 – The National Party comes to power (mostly Afrikaners). The racist policies of Apartheid are legally set in place.

• Segregation of blacks, coloureds and Asians intensified.• No blacks or coloureds could serve in Parliament.•Opposition to segregation was not allowed.

SLUMS