Post on 14-Apr-2018
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PLANT ECOLOG Y
A ND GEOGRAPH Y
Presentor:
rachell b. sollano
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Plant Ecology- is the branch of botany
which deals with the effects of
environmental factors upon plant
growth and distribution, and conversely,
with the effects of plants upon the
earth, air, water, and other organisms.
Plant geography- deals with the
geographical distribution of varioustypes of plants upon the earth’s
surface.
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Autecology- is concerned with
the individual organism and itsrelation to its environment.
Synecology- is concerned wiyhthe total complex of inter-
relations between organisms
and between them and their
environment.
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Environmental factors which influencethe growth and distribution of plantsare:
Climatic Factors (Factors of theAtmosphere).
TEMPERATURE. Temperature influences
the rate at which the physiologicalactivities of plants occur and thusinfluences plant growth and distribution.
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LIGHT. Light influences plant growththrough its effects on photosynthesis
, transpiration, direction of growth,
heating effect, flower production,
enzyme action, etc.
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Carbon Dioxide Concentration. It
is the limiting factor inphotosynthesis and thus changes in
it affect the rate of photosynthesis.
Excess CO2 often inhibits growth.Other Atmospheric Gases. Gases
from smelters, furnaces, etc., are
often injuries to vegetation.
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Wind. Affects transpiration and also
exerts mechanical effect upondirection of growth, form of plant,
etc.
Atmospheric Humidity AndPrecipitation. Water vapor
content of air, rain, snow, etc.,are factors influencing plantgrowth and distribution.
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Edaphic Factors (Soil Factors).
Available Soil Water . One of the most
important edaphic factors. Plants are
often classified on the basis of their
adaptation to water supply as follows:
Hydrophytes- plants which inhabit water
or wet soil: cattails, water lilies, pond
weeds, etc. Usually weak-stemmed, withnumerous air spaces, often very fine,
thin leaves, and little or no cutin.
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Xerophytes-plants which inhabit
arid or semi-arid regions: cacti,
sagebrush, Russian thistle, etc.
Leaves absent or much reduced in
size, usually with heavy layers of cutin, well-developed water-storage
tissues, stomata often reduced in
number and sunken in pits, etc.
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Mesophytes-plants inhabiting regions
with moderate water supply: common
field and forest plants, such as roses,elms, maples, trillium, blue grass,
violets, oaks, etc.
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Halophytes-plants which inhabits
soil with high salt content andwhich can absorb water only with
difficulty, because of high solute
concentration of soil solution.Halophytes often resemble
xerophytes structurally becauseof difficulty of absorbing water:
salt bush, greasewood, etc.
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Soil Temperature. Affects rate of
root growth, respiration, water absorption, etc.
Air in the Soil. Roots normally
require oxygen for respiration andthus a deficiency of air affects root
growth. Water logged soil have little
air and plants growing in such oils
are usually badly stunted.
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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL NATURE OF
SOIL. Acidity or alkalinity of soil
influence rate of absorption, nature of
materials absorbed, and other activities
of roots. Presence or absence of
essential mineral elements influences
rate of food synthesis and other
anabolic processes in plants, etc.
Physico-electrical properties of soil
particles affect absorption, drainage,
etc.
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Biotic Factors (Effect of Other Living
Organisms).
GRAZING BY ANIMALS. Grazing removes
food-making organs causes stunting of
growth, etc. Also, mechanical effect of trampling.
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SOIL ORGANISMS. Bacteria, fungi,
algae, protozoa, worms in soil are
important agents in increasing or
decreasing soil fertility, in altering physical
properties of soils, in attacking roots of
higher plants, etc.
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INSECTS. Insect which eat or
otherwise injure plants or their parts
or which function in pollination areimportant in growth, seed production,
etc.
PARASITIC FUNGI. Disease-
producing fungi mat stunt growth,
form abnormal growths, and generallydecrease populations of susceptible
plants, often to the point of extinction
in certain regions.
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COMPETITION. Struggle among
various species of plants for water, soil
salts, light, air, etc., influences
distribution of plants.
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS. Certain
plants may cooperate for mutual
benefit, as, algae and fungi in lichens,
nodule bacteria on legume roots, etc.
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Plant Communities - group of plantswhich live together under the same set
of environmental conditions.
Types of plant association:pond communities
xerophytic communities
Mesophytic communities
Swamp communities
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Plant Succession – is a series of
changes in the plants of a given region
as a result of disturbances in climatic,biotic, or topographic factors.
Pioneer communi ty- the first
community which becomes established.
Intermediate commun i ties- which as a
result of the activities of the pioneer
organisms are better adjusted to the
newer environmental factors than the
pioneer communities.
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Cl imax commun ity- the highest type
which can be supported by the obtaining
set of external factors and the type whichtends to perpetuate itself year after year
under similar conditions and does not
render the environment unsuitable for itsown offspring.
Plant Invasion- is the tendency for a
species or an association of species to
extend its regions of occupancy and thus
to invade new areas.
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Plant geography- deals with the
geographical distribution of various typesof plants upon the earth’s surface.
Important factors in geographical
distribution:
Barriers- which prevent or discourage the
migration of certain plant species.Highways- which facilitate the migration of
species.
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Plant geographical areas of North America
will be treated, as follows:
Tundra- occupies the northern edges of
North America, from Alaska to Labrador.
characteristic plants:
lichens sedges
mosses other herbsgrasses a few shrubs
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Northern Evergreen Forest- across
continent from Pacific to Atlantic, south
from tundra to Vermont, Great Lakes, andthence northwest through Canada and
Alaska.
Characteristic plants:
chiefly conifers, (such as black spruce,
white spruce, hemlock, white pine, jack
pine, balsam fir, etc.
Decidous trees, (such as aspens and
birches, chiefly in cut or burned areas)
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Coastal plain region, from Virginia toTexas, except Southern Florida.
Characteristic plants:
live oakBald cypress
Long- leaf pine
Magnolia
Gums
Some short- leaf pine
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Southern Florida, Central America,West Indies, Mexican coasts, etc.
Characteristic plants:
Lianas(woody climbers)Palms
Orchids
mangroves
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Texas to Manitoba, northwest intoCanada, and west to the Rocky Mts.across Kansas, Nebraska, the Dakotas,
etc.Characteristics plats:
• many species of grasses
• Asters
• Golden rods
• sunflowers
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South from western Idaho andeastern Oregon through most of theregion (The Great Basin) between
the mountain of Colorado andWyoming to the Sierra Nevadas of California and south Arizona, New
Mexico, Texas, and Northern Mexicoand Lower California.
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Southward from southeast Alaska andnorthwest Canada through Idaho,Montana, and the regions lying
between the Grasslands and the GreatBasin, extending south through themountains of New Mexico into
Mexico.
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The slopes of the coastalmountains, from southern Alaskainto southern California.
Characteristic plants: Sitka spruce,western hemlock, Douglas fie,western white pine, redwoods,western white cedar, arbor vitae,western yellow pine.
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