DEPARTMENT OFSUDIES IN BOTANY SHIVAGANGOTHRI …

•

DEPARTMENT OF SUDIES IN BOTANYSHIV AGANGOTHRI

DAVANGERE - 577 007

Board of Studies ApprovedPG (MSc) Botany Syllabus

2020-21

• M.Sc. Botany (CBCS)Course Structure (2020-21 onwards)

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BOT 1.1 Microbiology 4 70 30 100 4 3 i.... BOT 1.2 Algae and Brvophytes 4 70 30 100 4 3 i

~I~ BOT 1.3 Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms 4 70 30 100 4 3

IE-< BOT 1.4 Plant Systematics and Economic Botany 4 70 30 100 4 3 i100I~ PRACTICAL PAPERS --j

~ 1 BOT 1.5 Microbiology 4 40 10 50 2 3 ., 00 ! BOT 1.6 Algae and Bryophytes 4 40 10 50 2 :3 I

BOT 1.7 Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms 4 40 10 50 2 3 I---rBOT 1.8 Plant Systematics and Economic Botany 4 40 10 50 2 3 iMandatory Credits: English Language iI

2 --- --- --- 2 --- I1I Communication Skill II

THEORY PAPERS i1--_.Cytologyand Genetics 4 30 4I BOT 2.1 70 100 3f-c---- I=? ~_BQT2.2 Developmental Biologyand Anatomy 4 70 30 100 4 ~

~ BOT2.3 Plant Physiology 4 70 30 100 4 3 !E-< BOT 2.4 Plant Biochemistry 4 70 30 100 4 3 i00 PRACTICAL PAPERS -j~~ BOT 2.5 Cytologyand Genetics 4 40 10 50 2 3~ BOT 2.6 Developmental Biologyand Anatomy 4 40 10 50 2 3 I00

40 IBOT 2.7 Plant Physiology 4 10 50 2 3-------~~~~~~~--------------------,--- 1-- I 1_ I_I ~

~-+_~B~0~T~2~.8~_~Pl~a~n~t~B~io~c~h~em~is~t~~.~~ ~_j~~0~1_~1~0~r-~5=0~~2~+-~3 j~~ndatory Credits: Computer Sldll 2 2 ~

THEORY PAPERS ~_~ _ _______j4 _3___1

4 3

4

40 10

4 40 10

I BOT 3.8 A Plant Breedin and Evolution 4 10 50 2I ~B~0~T~3~.~8~B~~S~e~e=d~T~e=ch~n~0~l=oQL__~~ __ . ~'~-+~0~~10~+-~5~0~+-=2~ __~~! Plants and Human Welfarei BOT 3.9 Interdisciplinary elective for otherI science students!-- -------_._------------------------------ - ---_ -----: I THEORY PAPERS & PROJECT WQRISjD__!§SERTATION~ BOT 4.1 ' Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 4 70 30 100E-< BOT 4·2 Plant Biotechnolo 4 70 30 100~ 2:: BOT 4·3 Plant Patholo 4 70 30 100~ BOT 4.4 Proiect Work Dissertation 6 70 0 100~ . PRACTICAL PAPERS & STUDY TOURLFIELD VISITtOO l!!OT 4.5 I Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I 4 I 40 I 10 I 50

10

2 10

50

50

50

50

2

2

2

2

4446

2

3

3

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BOT4.6 I Plant Biotechnology 4 40 10 50 2 3 IBOT4.7 I Plant Pathol~ 4 40 10 50 2 3 !

Stu<!yTom:LFieldVisit --- --- --- --- --- --- _IMandatory Credits: Personality --- --- --- IDevelo_pment 2 2 --- I

iTotal Credits for the Course 134 --- --- 2400 104 --- I

I SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - THEORYCORE BOT 1.1: MICROBIOLOGY

Theory (64 hours)

[--MICROBIOLOGY ------~---- --- ----------- -----64hours- --I

IOlIA. Introduction to microbiology, Spontaneous generation theory, 13 h

Biogenesis theory, Branches of Microbiology and Scope of microbiology.I . B. Microbiological methods: Microscopy (Optical, Phase contrast,I I Fluorescence, Confocal and Electron - TEM & SEM) Staining techniques,I I Microbial Isolation techniques, sterilization and media preparation, microbial. I growth assessment, microbial growth curve, culture preservation methods.02 II A. Viruses: Characteristics of viruses based on host, genetic material, capsid 08 h

, morphology, size and shapes, viral envelops etc. Overview of viral Classification;. I viral replication; study of plant viruses (TMV, CaMV,1YLCV)I" 1! B. Viroids: General description, study of significance in plant diseases withI suitable examples.i _ C. Prions: concepts and significance.103 I A. Bacteria : General characteristics, Classification, morphological types, 10hI I colony characteristics, biofilms, ultra structure and chemical organization, fine! I structure of flagella, fimbriae; Methods of reproduction, Economic importanceI I of bacteria.liB. Spirochaetes, Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Mollicutes, Cyanobacteria,I ! Archaeobacteria, Actinomycetes;

~_J_Qj~~s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology4 rF~ngi:-General characteristics, Classification to the level of classes(Alexopolus, 10h

IAinsworth)structural details of unicellular and multicellular fungi, somaticstructures, cell wall composition and thallus organization; Homothallism and

I Heterothallism. Methods of reproduction in fungi. Economic importance offungi.

.-

05 Lichens: General characteristics, Types and structural organization, 04 hI Classification to the level of orders, Methods of reproduction; Economicl-~Iimportance and ecological significance.

06 Immunology: An overview of immune system, Scope of immunology, 10hI Phagocytes, Natural killer cells, mast cells, basophils, Dendritic cells and otherI cells of the inmate immune system. Immunity: Types: Innate immunity:I (nonspecific) physical, biochemical and genetic factors involved in governingI innate immunity, molecules of inmate immunity - complement, acute phaseI proteins and interferons; Acquired immunity: (specific) natural, artificial,passive immunity, Humoral or antibody mediated immunity, cell mediated

Iimmunity:

-07 Antigens - nature and types. Antibodies - Structure of 19G. Classes of 09 hantibodies and their functional diversity b) Human blood types and Rh factors c)Antigen-antibody reactions-salient features. Agglutination reaction - Widal test,Neutralisation test, Opsonisation. Precipitation reaction-VORL Test.Immunotechniques - RIA, ELISA. Complement system (in brief) - complementfixation test

D(lVClnuere Univcrst ty_. 1. t.,t.._ C)"'_- ~,. I ! ~ ...".

Shivagangotri, Davangcre,

REFERENCES

1. Alexepoulos CJ and Mims CWo1989. Introductory Mycology, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,New Delhi.

2. Allas RM. 1988. Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications, Macmillanpublishing co. New York.

3. Ananthnarayan Rand Panikar JCK. 1986. Text book of Microbiology. OrientLongman ltd. New Delhi.

4. Arora DR. 2004. Textbook of Microbiology, CBS, New Delhi.5. Brook TD, Smith DW and Madigan MT. 1984. Biology of Microorganisms, 4th cd.

Eaglewood Cliffts. N.J.Prentice- Hall. New Delhi.6. Bruns TD, White TJ and Taylor JW. 1991. Fungal molecular systematics. Annu. Rev.

Ecol. Syst, 22: 525-64.7. Burnell JH and Trinci APJ. 1979. Fungal walls and hyphal growth, Cambridge

University Press. Cambridge.8. Chandhniwala. 1996. K.M. Infectious fungi, Anmol Publications, Pvt. Ltd.,9. William CG. 1989. Understanding microbes. A laboratory text book for

Microbiology. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York.10.Dubey RC and Maheshwari DK. 2007. A textbook of Microbiology, S, Chand and

Company, New Delhi.11. Jayaraman J. 1985. Laboratory Manual of Biochemistry, Wiley Eastern Limited.

New Delhi.12. Ketchum PA. 1988. Microbiology, concepts and applications. John Wiley and Sons.

New York.13. Michel J, Pelczar Jr.EC and Krieg CR. 2005. Microbiology, Mc.Graw-Hill, New

Delhi.14. Powar CB and Daginawala. 1991. General Microbiology, Vol - I and Vol - II

Himalaya publishing house, Bombay.15. Dubey RC and Maheshwari DK. 2002. A Text book of Microbiology, S.C.Chand and

Company, Ltd. Ramnagar, New Delhi.16. Reddy S and Ram. 2007. Microbial Physiology. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur,

385PP·17. Sullia SB and Shantharam S. 1998. General Microbiology. Oxford and IBH

publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi.18. Schlegel HG. 1986. General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press. London,

587PP· .19. Sharma R. 2006. Text book of Microbiology. Mittal Publications. New Delhi. 305PP.20.Sharma PD. 1999. Microbiology and Plant Pathology. Rastogi publications. Meerut,

India.21. Roger S, Ingrahan Y, Wheelis JL, Mark L and Page PR. 1990. Microbial World 5th

edition. Prentice-Hall India, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.22. Sullia Sil. and Shantharam S. 2005. General Microbiology, Oxford and IBH, New

Delhi.23. Vasanthkumari R. 2007. A textbook of Microbiology, BI Publications Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi.

0,

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I SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 1.5: MICROBIOLOGY

Practical Syllabus (Duration: Each practical 04 hrs)

1. Safety measure in microbiology laboratory2. Study of microscopes3. Study of instruments: Hot air oven, Autoclave, Inoculation needles, Petri plates,

incubator, ultraviolet lamp, laminar flow hood4. Sterilization methods5. Preparation of culture media6. Isolation of microorganisms from natural sources.7. Pure culture techniques and aseptic transfer8. Culturing of microorganisms on solid and liquid media9. Study of cultural characteristics of bacteria10.Bacterial motility - hanging drop technique11. Preparation of stains and indicators12.Simple staining I negative staining13. Grams staining14.Measurement of microbial cell/ spore cell number using haemocytometer15. Measurement of microorganisms by micrometry16. Slide culture of fungi17. Study of microbial culture preservation methods18.Microbial growth assessment - viable count and turbidity19. Study of fungi- Aspergillus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Xylaria, Polyporus,

Peziza, Agaricus, Puccinia, Ustilaqo, Alternaria, Saproleqnia, Rhizopus,Trichoderma, Fusarium

zo.Study of lichens.

I SEMESTER M. se., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 1.5:MICROBIOLOGY

Practical Question Paper

(Time: 04 hrs) (Max. Marks: 50)

1. Identify the specimen 'A' and 'B'. For microscopic observation, write the principle,procedure, report your observation and inference. 10Marks

2. Carry out the experiment with sample 'C', write the procedure, draw a labeled diagram,record the results with critical comments 10Marks

3. Identify and classify with suitable reasons the following organisms 'D' and 'E'.2X4 = 08 Marks

4. Identify, comment and write the importance of'F', 'G', 'H' and'!'.4X3 = 12Marks

5. Viva-Voce 05 Marks

6. Practical Record 05 Marks

I SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 1.5: MICROBIOLOGY

Scheme of Valuation (Max. Marks: 50)

1. Identify the specimen 'A' and 'B'. For microscopic observation, write the principle,procedure, report your observation and inference.

10Marks(A=07 marks (Gram staining)(Preparation -3; principle and procedure -2; observation and result-2 marks)B=03 marks (simple/negative staining)(Preparation -2 marks; observation -irnark)

2. Carry out the experiment with sample 'C', write the procedure, draw a labelleddiagram, record the results with critical comments 10MarksC= Haemo cytometer/ Bacterial motility by hanging drop method.(Performance -5 marks; calculation -2 marks; procedure and result -3 marks)

3. Identify and classify with suitable reasons the following organisms 'D' and 'E'.(Preparation -1 marks; Identification - 2 marks and description -1 mark)

2X4 = 08 Marks

4. Identify, comment and write the importance of 'F', 'G', 'H' and '1'.Spotters- Instruments/slides/cultures/photos 4X3 = 12Marks(Identification-1marks, description-02 marks)

5. Viva-Voce 05 Marks

6. Practical Record 05 Marks

I SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- THEORYCORE BOT 1.2: ALGAEANDBRYOPHVfES

Theory (64 hours)

ALGAE 34 hours J1 Introduction: Basic characteristics of algae, structure of algal cell; I

Distribution of algal communities-freshwater, marine and terrestrial; 05 h I

I nutrition; algae from usual environments. J2 Algal classification to the level of family: A comparative survey of ~

important systems; pigmentation In algae; structure of different 08 hchlorophylls, xanthophylls, carotenoids and other accesso_!Y_Qig_ments.

I 3 Algal thallus organization and reproduction: Thallus 09 hI ultrastructure of cell, reproduction and life cycle patterns relationships

and evolutionary trends In Cyanophyceae; Chlorophyceae;Euglenophyceae; Xanthophyceae; BacillariqQ_hyceae;Rhodopl]_yceae.

"--:-:--:----j--------;-----j

4 Economic importance: algae as food, fodder, fertilizers, medicines, 04 hand uses in industry, algal blooms, Bio - fuels from Algae: Mass

Ii cultivation of algae, Biofuel production by algae extraction and

refinement.i 5 Algae and water Pollution:

a. Phytoplankton and their classification. 04 hb. Algae as indicators of water quality.

I c. Algal blooms- causes and effect.i __ ~AIg.<!_ein water supplies and their control.16 'Biochemicals from algae: Pigments, enzymes, vitamins, antibiotics, 04 h! essential fatty acids, polysaccharides, hydrocarbons, plant growthI regulators, osmoregulators, biosurfactants, sterols, bioflocculants, amino!

acids and liposomes. IBRYOPHYTES 30 hours1 Bryophytes: Introduction, Basic characteristics, structure and 09 h

organ'ization of thallus; growth and differentiation of bryophytes; ecology'-- _and distri buti0n of bryop hyt_es_'.------;-------::--:-------:-----::-::-"~---:--_:_-~____t_-____;_-I

i 2 Origin and evolution of gametophytes of bryophytes of Marchantiopsida, 05 hI

II I Anthocerotopsida and Bryopsida, Economic importance and

fossilization.~-+~--~~~--~~--~--~~~~----~------~~--~~--~I 3 Classification of hryophytes in different classes to the level of 09 hI families: structures Reproduction and Life cycle of Marchantiales,I Anthocerotales and Polytrichales-Comparative study of gametophytesI and sporophytes of major classes. Spore dispersal mechanisms.[4 Economic importance: with special reference to chemical I 07h! constituents, bryophytes as indicator of pollution, Succession of

Ibryophytes. Evolutionary trends In Sporophytes and gametophytes of J"Bryophytes.

_"

REFERENCES:

ALGAE

1.Bold and Wynee. 1985. Introduction to algae - structure and reproduction. Prentice -Hall, India,

2. Desikachary. 1959, Cyanophyta, ICAR.New Delhi.3· Dixon. 1973. Biology of Rhodophyta. Oliver and Boyd, London.4· Dodge JD. 1973. The Fine Structure of Algal Cells, Academic Press, INC. London.5. Fritsch FE. 1961, Structure and reproduction in algae, Vol- I, & II CambridgeUniversity Press, London.

6. Kumar HD. 1990. Introductory phycology, Affiliated East West Pvt Ltd., Bangalore,India.

7. Kumar HD. 1984, Algal Cell Biology, East West Private Ltd., India8. Round FE. 1973, Biology of algae. Edward Arnold Publishers, London.9· Smith GM. 1951,Manual of Phycology, Chronica Botanica, Publishers, Waltham, Mass.10. Smith GM. 1972. Cryptogamic Botany, Vol - 1Tata McGraw Hills Publishers, New

Delhi.11.Trivedi P. C. 2001. Algal Biotechnology, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur India.

BRYOPHYTES

1.Goffinet B and Shaw JA. 2009. Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press, NewYork

2. Chopra RN and Kumar P.K. 1988. Biology of Bryophytes. New Age InternationalPublishers, New Delhi.

3. Parihar NS. 1970. An Introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I Bryophyta, Central BookDepot, Allahabad.

4. Rashid A. 1998. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi,

5. Smith GM, 1988. Cryptogamic Botany, Vol. I McGraw Hill Book Company, New Delhi.6. Watson EV. 1971.The structure and life of Bryophytes. Hutchinson and Co. London.

I SEMESTERM. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 1.6:ALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES


1. Study of vegetative structure, anatomy and reproductive structure of the following

taxa.2. Thallus In prokaryotic algae, Thallus In eukaryotic algae, Phytoplankton and

indicator algae Marine algae

3. BGA-Microcystis, Spirulina, Scytonema and Oscillatoria.4. Green algae-Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Paediastrum,

Hydrodictyon, Ulothrix.

5. Desmids-Sacoderm and Placoderma6. Xanthophyceae-Botrydium.

7. Diatoms-Pinnate and centric-synedra, pinnularia,nevicula and cyclotella.

8. Phaeophyceae-Dictyota and Ectocarpus

Scenedesumus,

9. Rhodophyceae- Polysiphonia and Gracillaria10.Charophyceae-Chara and Nitella11. Enrichment culture of algae and enumeration

12. Separation of algal pigment.

13. Collection and identification of algae occurring in and around university campus.

14. Collection and identification of algae occurring in and around university campus.

15. Economic products of algae-agar-agar, Spirulina tablets, Beta-carotenes, phorephera

16. Specimen submission

I SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- PRACTICALSCORE BOT 1.6: ALGAEAND BRYOPHYfES


(Time: 04 hrs) (Max. Marks: 50)

1. Identify the specimens 'A', 'B' and 'C' with neat labelled diagram and give reasons3X4=12Marks

2. Write critical note on 'D', 'E' and 'F3X3=09 Marks

3. Identify the slides 'G', '1-1' and 'I' give reasons3X3=09 Marks

4· Prepare a temporary staining mount of'J' and 'K'. Identify, sketch, label and leave itfor observation. 2x5=10 Marks

5· Viva voce os Marks

6. Practical record os Marks

I SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- PRACTICALSCORE BOT 1.6: ALGAEAND BRYOPHYfES


1. Identify the specimens 'A', 'B' and 'C' with neat labelled diagram and give reasons(One from cyanobacteria, one from Algae and one from bryophytes)[Identification -01, Sketch and lebel-oz, reasons -01] 3x4=12 Marks

2. Write critical note on 'D', 'E' and 'F'(Two from algae and one from bryophytes)[Identification -01, critical notes with a diagram-02] 3X3=09 Marks

3. Identify the slides 'G', 'H' and 'I' give reasons(One from cyanobacteria, one from Algae and one from bryophytes)[Identification -01, reasons with a labcls-oz] 3x3=09 Marks

4. Prepare a temporary staining mount of 'J' and 'K'. Identify, Sketch, label and leave itfor observation.(One from algae and one from bryophytes)[Preparation-02, identification-or, sketch and label-oz] 2XS=10Marks

5. Viva voce os Marks


I SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- THEORYCORE BOT 1.3 - PTERIDOPH¥l'ES, GYMNOSPERMS & PAlAEOBOTANY

Theory - 64 hours

I PTERIDOPHYTES 30h< < oursIntroduction: Origin, Distribution and classification, General aspectsof the Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida. Origin of

11. Pteridophytes: Telome theory; Origin of Leaves; Origin of sporophylls; 15hOrigin of roots; Heterospory and seed habit, Stelar system IIIPteridophytes, economic importance of Pteridophytes.Diversity in morphology and reproduction:

2 Psilotales, Lycopodiales, Selaginellales, Isoetales, Equisetales. lOhEusporangiate: Ophioglossales, Marattiales, Osmundales,Leptosporangiate: Filicales, Marsileales and Salviniales.Experimental studies in Pteridophytes:Sexuality in heterosporous (equisetum) and homosporous (lycopodium/

I Ceratopteris. PIs specify any other if u are aware) ferns, Culture of fern5h3 I gametophyte for experimental investigation, photomorphogenesis.

I Hormonal control of antheridial differentiation and Archegonialdifferentiation.

I GiNOSPERMS 24 hoursIntroduction: Distribution, Classification of gymnosperms (Sporne,

I KR 1956), Salient features of the following orders: Class: Cycadopsida -I Order: 1. Ptridospermales 2. Pentaxylales, Class: Coniferopsida - Order:1. 1. Coniferales 2. Taxales 3. Ginkgoales. Class: Gnetopsida -Order: 1. 12h

Gentales. Economic importance of gymnosperms, Affinities withAngiosperms and Pteridophytes. Experimental Studies IIIGymnosperms.Diversity in morphology, anatomy and reproduction:characteristics of major families. Arauracariaceae, Podocarpaceae, 12 h2 Cupressaceae, Gnetaceae. Type studies of Cycas, Zamia, Aracaria, Thuja,Taxus, Gnetum, Ephedra, Ginkgo.

PAlAEOBOTANY 10 hours

1 Geological time scale - fossilization and types of Fossil, carbon dating - 02 hRole of fossil in oil eXQloration.

2 Fossil Pteridophytes: Psilophytales (Psilophyton), Lepidodendrales04 h(L~Qidodendron), Calamitales (Calamites). Cladoxy§les (Cladoxylon).

Fossil Gymnosperms: Pteridospermales (Lyginopteris), Bennettitales3 (Cycadeoidea), Pentoxylales (Pentaxylon), Caytoni ales (Caytonia) and 04hL Cordaitales (Cordaites)

REFERENCES:

1. Bower FO. 1908. Origin ofland flora, MacMillan. London.2. Bower FO. 1935. Primitive land plants Macmillan, London.3· Campbell DH. 1972 Evolution of land plants (Embryophyta), Central book depot.

Allahabad, (Reprinted edition)4· Watson EV. 1971, The structure and life of Bryophytes, Hutchinson and co, Ltd.

London.5· Parihar NS. 1970. An introduction to embryophyta, Vol. 1 Bryophyta: central book

depot. Allahabad.6. Prempuri. 1981. Bryophytes, morphology, growth and differentiation. Atmaram and

sons, Delhi.7· Nayar MC. Rajesh KP and Soodhnan MPV. 2005. Bryophytes of Wyanad, Malabar

natural history society, Kozhikode.8. Shaw J and Goffinet B. 2000. Bryophyte biology, Cambridge University Press.9· Parihar NS. 1977,The biology of pteridophyta: Central book depot. Allahabad.10. Rashid A. 1986, An introduction to Pteridophyte, Vikas publishers, New Delhi.11. Scott SH. 1909, Studies in in Fossil botany, Vol II, A and C Block London.12. Sporne KR. 1969, Morphology of Gymnosperms, Hutchinson University. Library,

London.13·Sporne KR. 1970, Morphology of Pteridophytes, Hutchinson University. Library,

London.14.Andrews HN. 1961. Studies in palaeobotany, Wiley, N. Y.15. Bhatnagar SP and Alok M. 1966. Gymnosperms, New age Publishers, New Delhi.16. Beirhorst. 1971.Morphology of vascular plants MacMillan, N. Y.17·Biswas C and Joshi BM. 1997. The gymnosperms, Narosa publishing house, New

Delhi.18. Chamberlain CJ. 1935. Gymnosperms, structure and evolution, Univ. of Chicago

press, Chicago.19. Datta SC. 1973, An introduction to do gymnosperms, Asia publishing House,

Bombay.20.Eames AJ. 1936, Morphology of vascular plants McGraw Hill Co. N. Y.21. Foster AS and Gifford Jr. EM. 1974, Comparative Morphology of vascular plants,

Freeman. San Francisco.22. Vashista PC. 2005. Pteridophyta. 2005. S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.23. Sambamurty AVS. 2005. Text book of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and

Paleobotany.I.K 2005. International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.24. Dyer AF.1979. The experimental Biology of Ferns. Academic London.

I SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 1.7: PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS & PAIAEOBOTANY


Habit, anatomy and reproductive structures of the following

1. Psilotuni and Lycopodium.2. Selaginella and Isoetes.

3. Ophioglossum and Osmunda.

4. Angiopteris and Pteris.

5. Hymenophyllum and Marselia6. Saluinia and Azolla

7. Cycas and Zamia8. Pinus and Thuja

9. Gnetum and Ginkgo

10.Study of fossil forms (those which are mentioned in theory)

11. Submission of samples and photographs of pteridophytes and gymnosperms

I SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- PRACTICALSCORE BOT 1.7: PTERIDOPHYfES AND GYMNOSPERMS & PALEOBOTANY

Practical Question Paper(Max. Marks: 50)(Time: 04 hours)

1. Prepare the temporary slides of 'A' and 'B' identify, sketch, label and leave forevaluation. 2X5=10Marks

2. Identify and classify the specimens 'C', 'D' and 'E' with a neat labelled diagrams andgive reasons 3X4=12Marks

3· Identify and sketch the given slides 'F', 'G', 'H' and'!'. Give reasons.4X3=12Marks

4. Write the critical note on 'J' and 'K'. 2X3=6Marks

5. Viva voce 05 Marks

6. Practical records 05Marks

I SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- PRACTICALSCORE BOT 1.7: PTEIUDOPHYTES AND GYMNOSPERMS & PALEOBOTANY


1. Prepare the temporary slides of 'A' and 'B' identify, sketch, label and leave forevaluation. 2X5=10Marks(Preparation-02, Identification-01, Sketch- and Label-02 Marks)

2. Identify and classify the specimens 'C', 'D' and 'E' with a neat labelled diagrams andgive reasons 3X4=12Marks(Identification- 01, Sketch and label-02, Reasons-or Marks)

3. Identify and sketch the given slides 'F', 'G', 'H' and'!'. Give reasons.4X3=12Marks

(Identification -01, Reasons with labelled diagram-02 Marks)

4. Write the critical note on 'J' and 'K'.(Identification -01, Critical notes with diagram-02 Marks)

2X3=6Marks

5. Viva voce 05 Marks

6. Practical records 05 Marks

-----------------

I SEMESTER M.Sc. BOTANY- THEORYCORE BOT 1.4: PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

Theory - 64 hours

Plant Taxonomy: Scope and Principles of Taxonomy, Concept of species;Principles and Aims of ICNHerbarium: Methods of preparation, maintenance and significance; Important

1

1 Herbaria, BSI and its role, Botanical gardens and Literature In plant 12htaxonomy;Experimental taxonomy: Numerical taxonomy, Taxonomy in relation toPalynology, Cytology, Embryology, Phytochemistry, Molecular taxonomy and

: Serotaxonomy.Classifications: History of classification, Classification systems;A comparative study:Artificial- Linnaeus

2 Natural-Bentham and Hooker andPhylogenetic- Takhtajan, CronquistCladistic classificationsOrigin of Angiosperms:

II Phylogeny-Problems and Approaches

I 3 i Fossil Evidences for origin of AngiospermsI I Place of origin and Early diversificationI I A comparative study of the following pairs of families and their treatment inI I recent systems:

I Dicotyledonae! a) Magnoliaceae & Winteraceae b) Brassicaceae & CapparidaceaeI c) Molluginaceae &Aizoaceae d) Malvaceae & Sterculiaceae

4 e) Rutaceae & Meliaceae f) Apocynaceae & Asclepiadaceaeg) Verbenaceae & Lamiaceae h) Amaranthaceae & Chenopodiaceaei) Scrophulariaceae & OrobanchiaceaeMonocotyledonaej) Cyperaceae & Poaceaek) Liliaceae & Amaryllidaceae 1) Bromeliaceae & Zingiberaceae

ILJI Ii I

IIiI ISh

Palynology: Scope and importance. Methodology in forensic study: Potential5 pollen/spore forensic sample collections, Laboratory techniques in forensic 7h

Palynology. IEconomic Botany: !Origin of crop plants: Centers of origins of crop plants. Cultivation and i

6 economic importance of Cereals, Millets and Legumes, Sugar yielding plants, I hSpices and condiments, Beverage, Fibre, Timber, Dyes, Rubber yielding plant, i 12Gums and Resins, Oil yielding and Biofuel plants. Medicinal plants and their I·

uses. .

lOh

REFERENCES:

1. Sivarajan VV. 1991. Introduction to principles of plant taxonomy. C.U.P New York 1991.2. Bhattacharya Band Johri BM. 1996. Flowering plant- taxonomy and phylogeny. Narasa

Publishing House, New Delhi.3· Heywood VH and Moore DN. 1994. Current concepts in plant taxonomy. Academic

Press London.4· Naik VN. 1993· Taxonomy of angiosperms. Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Company

Ltd., New Delhi.5· Sachdeva SK and Malik CPo 1986. Experimental plant taxonomy. Kalyani publishers

New Delhi.6. Lawrence GHM. 1959. Taxonomy of vascular plants. Me Millan, New York.7· Sokal RR and Sneath PHA. 1963. Principles of numerical taxonomy. W.H. Freeman,

San Francisco.8. Valetni DH. 1972. Taxonomy, Phytogeography and evolution. Academic press London9· Datta RK. 2010. Systematic Botany of Angiosperm. New Age International (P) Limited,10.Sambamurty AVSS. 2005. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. LK. International Ltd. New Delhi

and Bangalore11. Bhattacharyya B. 2009. Taxonomy of flowering plants. Narosa Publishing House Pvt.

Ltd, New Delhi.12. Gamble GS. 2013. Flora of the Presidency of Madras by, Neeraj Publishing House, Delhi.13·Saldanha CJ. 1984. Flora of Karnataka, IBH & Oxford Publishers, New Delhi.14·Bhat GK. Flora of South Canara, Udupi, 2014.15·Hill AF. 1952. Economic Botany. znd Ed. New York, McGraw Hill.16. Kochhar SL. 1998 znd Ed, Economic Botany in the Tropics. Macmillan India Ltd, New

Delhi.17·Sambamurthy AVSS and Subramanium N.S. Economic Botany Wiley Eastern Ltd. New

Delhi.18. Maheswari P. 1950. An introduction to the embryology of Angiosperms.19·Bojwani and Bhatnagar. 1995. The embryology of Angiosperms.20. Erdtman G. 1965, Handbook of Palynology, Hafner publishing Co., New York.

..I SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALS

CORE BOT 1.8: PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND ECONOMIC BOTANYPractical Syllabus (Duration: Each practical 04 hrs)

1. Preparation of cleared whole mount of floral parts

2. Description of specimen from locally available families

3. Description and derivation of a taxon to respective families of Bentham and Hooker'ssystems.

4. Prepared an Indent Bracketed keys for the plants up to family level

5· Location of key characters and use of keys at family, genus and species level andtraining in using floras

6. Study of pollen grains useful in plant taxonomy and Acetolysis technique

7. Training towards Specimens collection, Herbarium preparation, and preservationtechniques

8. Study of Flora of the campus

9· Study of economically important plants; local names, botanical names, family, partsused and their importance

10.Botanical study tour - Compulsory

I SEMESTER M.Sc., BOTANY PRACTICALSCORE BOT 1.8: PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

Practical Question PaperTime: 4 Hrs Max Marks: 50

1. Identify the specimen "A" up to the genus level by giving technical description06 Marks

2. Assign the plants "B", "C", and "D" to their respective families by givingsalient/diagnostic features 3 x 3 = 09Marks

3. Draw the floral diagram of "E" 05Marks

4. Write Biological and Morphological importance of "F" and "G"

5. Write the economic importance of "H" and "I"

6. Viva-voce7. Record and Tour report8. Herbarium specimen submission (05 nos.)9. Record submission

2 X 2 = 04 Marks2 x 3 = 06 Marks

05Marks05Marks05Marks05Marks

I SEMESTER M.Sc., BOTANY PRACTICALSCORE BOT 1.8:PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND ECONOMIC BOTANY


1. Identify the specimen "A" up to the genus level by giving technical description(Classification - 01, technical description - 04, genus - 01) 06 Marks

2. Assign the plants "B", "C", and "D" to their respective families by givingsalient/ diagnostic features 3 x 3 = 09 Marks(Classification -01, salient/diagnostic features -02)

3. Draw the floral diagram of "E"(Classification -01, floral formula -01, floral diagram -03)

4. Write Biological and Morphological importance of "F" and "G"(Identification- 01 and description 01)

. 05Marks

5. Write the economic importance of "H" and "I"(Botanical name -01, family name -01 and economic use -1)

2 X 2 = 04 Marks

2 x 3 = 06 Marks

6. Viva-voce7. Record and Tour report8. Herbarium specimen submission (05 nos.)9. Record submission

05Marks05Marks05Marks05Marks

.. - -- --------------

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- THEORYCORE BOT 2.1: CYfOLOGYANDGENETICS

Theory - 64 hours

CYfOLOGY 30 hoursCell Theory: Historical perspective and contemporary status.Cytoskeleton: Structural organization and functions of prokaryotic

1 and eukaryotic cell and detailed account of Cell wall - plant cell wall and 09 hfungal cell wall, plasma membrane, Nucleus, Nuclear pore complex,Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosomes, Plant cell vacuoles,peroxisomes and glyoxysomes.Chromosomes: Structure of eukaryotic chromosome, Centromere,

I

Kinetochore complex', Centromere Proteins (CENPs), Telomeres and2 their role in chromosome segregation, Heterochromatin, Euchromatin 09 h

structures, Nucleosome complex, Giant chromosomes: Polytene andlampbrush chromosomes, Karyotype and Ideogram.Cell Cycle: Cell division and significance of Mitosis and Meiosis,

3 molecular events during Cell Cycle, checkpoints, role of Cyclins and cell 05 hsignalling in plants.Chromosomal aberrations: Numerical: Euploidy (Monoploidy,Haploidy and Polyploidy) Polyploidy - Autopolyploidy andAllopolyploidy. Aneuploidy - Monosomy, Nullisomy and Trisomy.

4 Structural - Deletions, Duplication (Tandem, Reverse tandem and 07hDisplaced), Translocation (Simple, Isochrome, Reciprocal, Displaced)and Inversions (Pericentric and Paracentric). Significance ofchromosomal aberrations.~-- ---- .... _______..___________ ....__._._._.....__________________ .__________________ L _____

GENETICS 34 hoursIntroduction and history of_genetics, trait, genotype, phenotype

IMendelian genetics: Mendelian laws of inheritance: Law of1

dominance, Law of segregation and Law of independent assortment.07hExtensions of Mendelian principles: Incomplete dominance, co-

dominance, multiple alleles, lethal alleles and interaction of genes -f-- EQistasis, comQlementary, sUQQlementaryand collaborator genes.

Quantitative genetics: Quantitative inheritance - Multiple gene2

interaction, Linkage and Crossing over - Tetrad analysis, Construction 06 hof linkage maps and chromosomal mapping and sex determination andand sex influenced characters in plants.Extrachromosomal Inheritance: Inheritance of Mitochondrial and

3 chloroplast Genes, Inheritancein Chlamydomonas, male sterility in 05 hmaize, Leaf variegation inMirabilis jalapa.Population genetics: Populations, concept of gene pool, gene

l4jzequency, genotype frequency, Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium; 06 hmigration and random genetic. drift.

I I Evolutionary genetics: Biological species concept, Mechanisms of. reproductive isolation, modes of speciation, Evolution of genes concept,

07h5 Factor, allele. pseudoallele, (cistron, recon, muton) fine structure ofgene: rII locus of gene, split_g_enes,over lapping genes, jumping genes.

6 Mutation: Types of mutations: Spontaneous, induced, somatic, 03 hgerI!_1_line,Physical and chemical mutagens. __ .

REFERENCES:

1. Snustad P and Simmons MJ. 2002. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley & Son, USA.2. Russell PJ. 2009. Genetics A Molecular Approach. Pearson Ltd. USA.3· Hartl DL and Jones EW. 1997. Genetics: Principles and Analysis. Jones and Bartlett

Publishers Inc. USA.4. Singh BD. 2015. Plant Breeding principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers. India5. Tamarin RH. 2004. Principles of Genetics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. USA6. Singh P. 2010. Essentials of Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.7. Hartwell L and Goldberg M. 2004. Genetics: From Genes to Genomes. McGraw-Hill

Higher Education. USA8. Pierce BA.2012. Genetics: A conceptual approach. WH Freeman. USA.9. Acquaah G. 2012. Plant Genetics and Breeding. Wiley-Blackwell. USA.10.Ahluwalia KB. 1985. Genetics. Wiley Eastern Limited. India.11. Gupta P. K.2010. Genetics. Rastogi Publications. India.12.Verma PS and Agarwal VK. 2010. Genetics. S. Chand Publishing. India.13. Khanna VK. 2017. Fundamentals of Genetics Laboratory Manual. Kalyani

Publishers. India.14. Gardner and Snustad S. 2005. Principles of Genetics, John Wiley and Sons,

Singapore.15. Singh BD. 2003. Genetics. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.16. Smith JM. 1998. Evolutionary Genetics, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.17. Snustad DP, Simmons MJ and Jenkins JP. 1997. Principles of Genetics. John

Wileyand Sons, INC18.Verma RS. 1988. Heterochromatin: Molecular and Structural aspects. Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.19. Snustad DP and Simmons MJ. 2010. Principles of genetics (V Edn). John Wiley and

Sons.20.Hartl DL and Jones EW. 2009. Genetics: Analysis of genes and genomes (VII Edn).

Jones and Bartlett publishers.

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 2.5: mOLOGY AND GENETICS


Based on theory syllabus

1. Methods of fixing and staining (Acetocarmine, Aceto-orcein and Feulgen)

2. Study of mitosis (Allium / Maize)

3. Study of meiosis (Tradescantia / Chlorophijtum / Allium)4. Determination of chromosome number at mitotic metaphase and

diakinesis/metaphase I of meiosis.5. Study of mitotic index in root meristematic tissue ofAllium cepa

6. Preparation of Karyotype analysis in Allium cepa

7. Polytene chromosome in Chironomous larvae j Fruit flies8. Observation of mutant flies of Drosophila

9. Determination of mono, dihybrid and test cross ratios

10. Problems from Mendelian linkage, Quantitative genetics and population genetics11. Linkage problems - 3 point test cross

12. Preparation of permanent slides

13.Models j Charts j Photographs related to cytologist and geneticist

II SEMESTER M. se., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 2.5: CYfOLOGY AND GENETICS


1. Prepare a temporary squash of the given material 'A'. Write the procedure, sketchand label any two stages with reason. 08Marks

2. Prepare a temporary squash/smear of the given material 'B'. Write the procedure,sketch and label any two stages with reason. 08Marks

3· Identify and perform of the given material 'C' and write the significance

4. Identify and comment on 'D', 'E' & 'F'.05 Marks

3x3=09 Marks

5. Genetic Problems 'G' & 'H'. 5X2=10Marks

6. Viva-voce 05 Marks

7. Practical record 05 Marks

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 2.5: CYfOLOGY AND GENETICS


1. Preparation of slide and comment 'A'. 08Marks(Preparation of slide- 03, Identification of stages- 02, Comment on the stage withdiagram- 03)

2. Preparation of slide and comment 'B'. 08Marks(Preparation of slide- 03, Identification of stages- 02, Comment on the stage withdiagram- 03)

3. Identify and perform of the given material 'C'. 05 Marks(Identification - 02, Diagram - 01,Comment - 02)

4. Spotters: Identify and comment 'D', 'E' & 'F'.(Mitosis slide, Meiosis slide and Model/Chart/photograph) 09 Marks(Identification - 01, Diagram - 01,Comment - 01)

5. Genetic Problems 'G' & 'II'.6. Viva-voce7. Practical record

10Marks05 Marks05 Marks

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- THEORYCORE BOT 2.2: DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGYAND ANATOMY

Theory - 64 hours

DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY 40 hoursIntroduction: history and scope; contributions of P. Maheshwari; BM 02h1. Johri; BGLSwamy to the development of embryology in India.Development of flower: Transition to flowering - vegetative toreproductive evocation, floral homeotic mutations In Arabidopsis, 06 h2 Antirrhinum and Petunia (anyone), axis development in flower, genderexpression in monoecious and dioecious plants.Developmental biology of male gametophyte: Anther - Types andStructure of anther; Microsporogenesis - Structure and function of wall

1 layers, role of tapetum in pollen development: Types of tapetum: male 06 h13_ gametophyte development, Pollen structure and cytochemistry, concept of

male germ unit (MGU) and its significance, pollen wall proteins and~ller~ns, pollen viability. Palynogy - a general account and its applications.

I Developmental biology of female gametophyte: Ovules-Structure,Ii I types and development; Megasporogenesis-triads, dyads, tetrads,I4 I coenomegaspore; Embryo sac- Types and development, Ultra structure of the 06 h

components. Nutrition of the embryo sac, Theories of morphological natureof the embryo sac. IPollen-pistil interaction: Pollination -Histochemistry of style and stigma.Significance of pollen pistil Interaction, artificial pollination, detailed account Iof fertilization, Incompatibility - Intraspecific incompatibility

S (Heteromorphic and Homomorphic), GSI and SSI system, Unilateral oShincompatibility, Methods to overcome incompatibility, In-vitro Manipulationof sperm and egg, genetic control of pollen and pistil interaction, pollenallelopathy.Embryogenesis and seed development:Embryo- Structure, composition and types of embryo. Polarity of zygote,development of dicot (octant to mature embryo in Ceratophalus falcatus)and monocot embryos (Halophila ovata), nutrition of EmbryoEndosperm- types, development and structure; Cytology and physiology ofEndosperm.

6 Apomixis: Apomixis-Genetics of apomixes and practical importance, IShPolyembryony, parthenocarpy.Experimental Embryology- Experimen tal induction of polyembryonyscope and applications, Embryology in relation to plant taxonomy.Seed: Seed biology, seed structure, development of seed coat, morphologyand its functions, labyrinth seeds and its physiological and biochemicalaspects, Classification of seeds, development of seeds in cultured ovaries,seed dispersal mechanisms, illlQ_ortanceof seeds.

PLANTANATOMY 24 hours

1Introduction: History and scope: Structural diversity of stem, leaves and 06hroot; Cell Wall and its development -chemistry of cell wall.Meristems-Classification, theories with regard to apical Meristems,

2 development of vascular cambium in roots and stem, Role of cambium in oShIwound healing and grafting, Cambium in Monocotrledons.

1 Tissue system-Fundamental, dermal, Vascular, stellar, nodal and secretary II 02h13

Itissue. I------_.

Primary structure of root, stem transition,- Development and Differentiation-The structure of specialized cells. Vascular differentiation, (Procambium,

4 residual Meristems, inter and intra fascicular cambium) Acropetal' and 07hBasipetal differentiation in leaves, stem and root. Differentiation of Phloem,Tracheary elements and its control.

5Secondary growth: Normal and anomalous secondary growth-concepts, 02hmodification of the common vascular.Applications: Applications (in brief) of anatomical studies in systematics,

6 archaeology, climate studies, pharmacology, forensic sciences and biomedical 02hresearch.

REFERENCES:

1. Johri BM. 1984. The Embryology of Angiosperms Ed. Springer-Verlg.2. Swamy BGL and Krishanmurthy KV. 1988. From Flower to Fruit: The

embryology of Angiosperms, Tata McGraw Hill Co.3. Johri BM. 1982. Experimental Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag.4. Coulter and Chamberlain. 1903. Morphology of Angiosperms. NY5. Eames. 1961. Morphology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill Co. Inc, NY6. Maheshwari P. 1950. An Introduction to the embryology of Angiosperms-McGraw

run Co. Inc, NY7. Maheshwari P. 1963. Recent Advances in the embryology of Angiosperms. Ed.

International Society of plant morphologists, New Delhi.8. Bhojewani SS and Bhatnagar Sp. 1978. The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas

Pub. House, Bangalore.9. Allard RW. 1960. Principles of plant Breeding-John Wiley, NY10.Chaudhri HK. 1933. Elementary Principles of plant Breeding- Oxford IBh Pub. Co.

New Delhi11. Peohlamn JM. 1939. Breeding filed Crops, Henry- Holt & Inc. NY12.Chopra VL. 2000 Plant Breeding-Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Publishing

Co. Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.13.Chahal GS and Gosal SS. 2002-Principles and procedures of plant breeding-

Narosa publishing House. New Delhi.14.Abraham F. 1982. Plant Anatomy-III Edn. Pergaon press. Oxford.15. Carlquist S. 1967. Comparative plant anatomy-Holt Reinert and Winston, NY.16. Cutter DG. 1971.Plant Anatomy-Part I, cell and Tissues, Edward Arnold, London.17.Cutter DG. 1971.Plant Anatomy-Part II, cell and Tissues, Edward Arnold, London.18. Eames and McDanie1.1947. II Edn. Plant Anatomy McGraw Hill, NY.19.Maueth JD. 1988, Plant Anatomy. The Benzamings Pub. Co. INC.20. Esau K. 1979, Anatomy of seed plant-Fist Wiley Eastern, Reprint. New Delhi.21. Shivanna KR. 2003. Pollen biology and biotechnology, Oxford and IBH publishing

house, New Delhi.22. Howell SH. 1998. Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Cambridge

University Press.

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 2.6: DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY AND ANATOMY


1. Study of trichomes, stomatal types (Crotalaria/ Portulaca/ Taliniurn/ Tridax,Petunia/Datura/ Barleria/ Rheodiscolor/ Commelina/ Brassica/ Cyperus/Crass).

2. Maceration of wood and identification of various elements in Michelia, Bombax,Tectona, Terminalia and Azadirathta.

3. Root anatomy and stem anatomy.4. Leaf anatomy and Flower bud anatomy.5. Secondary growth and abnormal secondary growth.6. Double staining techniques.7· Embryo - Dicot (Crotalaria) and monocot (grass) - Permanent slide observation of

Globular, Cordate, torpedo shaped embryos.8. Endosperm mounting - (Cucumis satiuus / Greuielia robusta / Croton sparsiflorusi

- Permanent slide observation of types of endosperms (Cellular, Nuclear andHelobial)

9· Microsporangiurn wall, Microsporogenesis; megasporangmm and femalegametophyte.- Slides

10. Pollen germination by hanging drop and sitting drop methods: Balsam, Delonix,Hibiscus and Peltaphorum/ Tribulus, Ocimun and Grass

11. Polarity in stem cutting: Pothos spp.12. Study of regeneration in succulents Kalanchoe, Bryophyllum.13·Study of leaf galls of plants: Pongamia pin nata and Aclujranthes aspera:

morphological observations and histology.

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT CORE 2.6. DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY AND ANATOMY

Practical Question Paper(Time: 04 hours) (Max. Marks: 50)

1. Make a temporary stained slide of material 'A' by giving reasons with a neat labelleddiagram. 06Marks

2. Mount the given material 'B'. 05 Marks3. Mount the given material 'C'. 06Marks4. Perform pollen Viability/Germination of'D' 06 Marks5. Identify and comment on the slides 'E', 'F', 'G' and 'H'. 4x3=12 Marks6. Submission of permanent slides 05 Marks7. Class Records 05 Marks8. Viva-voce 05 Marks

II SEMESTERM. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 2.6: DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY AND ANATOMY


1. Make a temporary stained slide of material 'A' by giving reasons with a neat labelleddiagram. 06 Marks(Dicot/Monocot: Root, Stem and Leaf, Abnormal secondary growth)[Mounting- 3 mark, diagram -1, reasons - 2]

2. Mount the given material 'B'. 05Marks(Trichornes/Stomata/Leaf galls) [Mounting- 2 mark, diagram -1, reasons - 2]

3. Mount the given material 'C'. 06 Marks(Embryo/Endosperm) [Mounting- 3 mark, diagram -1, reasons - 2]

4. Perform pollen Vialibity /Germination of'D'(Performance-g. procedure and results - 3)

5. Identify and comment on the slides 'E', 'F', 'G' and 'J-I'.(Anatomy-2 and Developmental Biology - 2)[Identification -1, diagram - 1, reasons -1]

6. Submission of permanent slides7. Class Records8. Viva-voce

06 Marks

4X3=12 Marks

05Marks05Marks05Marks

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- THEORYCORE BOT2.3: PlANT PHYSIOLOGY

Theory (64 hours)

1 Water and plant cells: Properties of water, hydrogen bonding, polarity, 10hCohesion and adhesion. The concept of water potential, components ofwater potential, water movement in cell and tissues,Solute transport: Passive and Active transport across membranes,membrane transport proteins: mechanism and theories of transportation inphloem.

2 Molecular Basis of intercellular and intracellular uptake and 8htransport of water, ions and macromolecules: Apoplastic andsymplastic transport mechanisms, role of aquaporins and transporterproteins, structure-function relationship of inward and outward Ionchannels, dual action of A'I'Pases/pumps and modulation of their activity,specialized mechanisms for phosphorus and iron uptake, monitoring of ion Ichannel activity. .

3 Secondary metabolites: a brief survey of secondary metabolites, 4h ,

Physiological role and its significance; ecological and phylogenetici

importance4 Energy Flow: principles of thermodynamics, Free energy and chemical Sh !

potential, redox reactions, structure and function of ATP, Types andImechanism of phosphorylation

5 Phytoharmones: diversity biosynthesis, metabolism, transport and 6h I

metabolically effect of auxins, gibberlins, cytokinins, ethylene and ABA; A i

brief account of horticultural and commercial application of growthhormones: Seed dormancy and germination.

6 Phytochrome: Photochemical and biochemical properties of Shphytochrome; Localization; phytochrome induced whole plant responses;Structure and function; cellular and molecular modes of action;photoperiodism.

7 Photosynthesis: general concepts and historical background, evolution of 811photosynthetic apparatus, photosynthetic pigments: and light harvestingcomplexes, photooxidation of water, mechanism of electron and protontransport, carbon assimilation-The Calvin cycle, photorespiration and itssignificance, C4 cycle, CAM path way-Physiological and ecologicalconsiderations.

8 Respiration: Overview of plant respiration; Glycolysis: Two Phases, 8hregulation, fate of pyruvate under aerobic and anaerobic condition; TCAcycle, electron transport and ATP Synthesis; Overall balance sheet;Alternative pathways: Pentose phosphate pathway; RQ of general I

!substrates.

9 Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrate and ammonia assimilation; molecular 3hmechanism of nitrogen fixation; nif genes; hup genes and leghernoglobin.Stress Physiology: Environment as a source of stresses in plants, Abiotic 7h

10 stress: Water stress, Mineral nutrition stress, Temperature stress, Salinitystress and UV stress. Biotic stress; Use of knowledge on mechanisms ofabiotic and biotic stresses in plants for improvement of plants

-- -------._- ----- - - --_._------

REFERENCES

1. Buchanan BB, Gruissem Wand Jones RL. 2004. Biochemistry and MolecularBiology of plants. LK. International PVT., New Delhi.

2. Conn EE, Bruenning SG and Doi RH. 1987. Outlines of Biochemistry. John Wileyand Sons, New York.

3. Hall DO and Rao KK. 1999. Photosynthesis. 6th edition, Published in associationwith the Institute of Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

4· Hopkins WG. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., NewYor:k,USA.

5. Moore TC. 1989. Biochemistry and physiology of Plant Hormones. znd edition.Springer - Verlag, New York, USA.

6. Stumpf PK and Conn EE. 1988. The Biochemistry of Plants- A Comprehensivetreatise. Academic Press, New York.

7. Taiz L and Zeiger E. 1998. Plant Physiology. znd edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc.,Publishers, Massachusetts, USA.

8. Taiz L and Zeiger E. 2003. Plant Physiology. 3rd edition. Panima PublishingCorporation, New Delhi/Bangalore.

9· Wilkins MB. 1989. Advanced Plant Physiology. Pitman publishing Ltd., London

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 2.6: PlANT PHYSIOLOGY


1. Determination of water potential of tissues by plasmolytic/ gravimetric method2. Determination of Stomatal index, the area of stomatal aperture in different plants.

3· Quantitative estimation of Chl.a, Chl.b, and total chlorophyll in plant tissues.4· Determination of absorption spectra of chlorophyll pigment.

5· Determination of diurnel fIuctuvations of acid content in CAMplants (TAN).6. Estimation of total Carbohydrates by Anthrone method.

7· Determination of RQ Of different substrates by Dougla's respirometer.

8. Determination of protein in seeds by Lowry's method.

9· Determination of role of kinetin in postponing senescence.10.Estimation of the lipase/amylase activity in seeds.11. Estimation of phenols in germinating seeds.

12. Estimation of proline from stressed plants.

13·Effect of substrate concentration and pH on enzyme action.

14·Estimation of Leghaemoglobin in the root nodules.

15. Submission of Scientist Photography/ Charts.

II SEMESTERM. Sc., BOTANY- PRACTICALSCORE BOT 2.6: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY


1. Conduct the experiment 'A' write the requirements Principle, procedure And recordthe results with conclusions 15Marks

2. Perform the experiment 'B' 12Marks

3· Comment on Experiments 'C' and 'D' 3X2=6Marks

4· Determination of Stomatal index of 'E' (Any two plants Studied) 5 Marks

5· Record 5 Marks


7· Submission of Charts/Scientist Photos 2Marks

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- PRACTICALSCORE BOT 2.6: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY


1. Conduct the experiment 'A' write the requirements, principle, procedure and recordthe results with conclusions. 15Marks(Indent 2, Principle-g. Procedure and setting-6, Calculation and results-2 Marks.)

2. Perform the experiment 'B' 12Marks(Indent 2, Principle-2, Procedure and setting-6, Calculation and results-2 Marks)

3. Comment on Experiments 'C' and 'D'(Rq Senescence, reagents/Instruments)

3X2=6Marks

4. Determination of Stomatal index of E (Any two plants Studied)(Procedure-g. Calculations and results-a Marks)

5 Marks

5. Record 5 Marks


7. Submission of Charts/Scientist Photos 2Marks

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- THEORYCORE BOT 2.4: PLANTBIOCHEMISTRY

Theory - 64 hoursPLANT BIOCHEMISTRY 40 hours1. Concepts in Biochemistry: An overview of macromolecules, properties of 05 h

water as suitable solvent in biological system. Acids, bases, pH, buffers, effectsof pH on biological process, buffer solutions for biological investigations.

2. Chemistry of amino acids, peptides; definition, classification, structure, 06 hgeneral properties. Chemical tests for amino acids.Chemistry of Proteins- Definition, structure, purification, characterization

Iand function analysis, protein families, Edman degradation.3· Chemistry of carbohydrates: Definition, classification, structure and 07 h

general properties, importance and properties of sucrose, lactose, maltose,starch, cellulose, dextrins, hemicellulose, pectins, lignins, agar and bacterialcell wall pol:ysaccharides.

4· Chemistry of lipids and fats: Definition, classification, structure and 03 himportance of liQids and fats.

5· Chemistry of nucleotides: Purines, Pyrimidines, structure and properties 03 hof nucleosides and haemoglobin.

6. Vitamins: Definition, classification, structure and importance. 03 h7· Porphyrins: Definition, classification, structure and importance of 03 h

chlorophyll, cvtochrome and haemoglobin.8. Enzymes: Classification, nomenclature, general properties, enzyme kinetics, lOh

coenzymes, multi enzyme complex, allosteric enzymes, mechanism of enzyme I

action. Lock and key, Induced fit and Transition state Hypotheses. ReversibleInhibition- Competitive, Non Competitive, Uncompetitive, Mixed, Substrate,Allosteric and Product Inhibition. Irreversible Inhibition- Suicide inhibition.Examples and Mechanism of various Inhibitions like Penicillin,Iodoacetamide and DIPF.

BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES 24 hours9 Centrifugation, principles and application: Sedimentation coefficient, 06 h

types of centrifuges, differential centrifugation, density-gradient, analytical,and ultracentrifugation and their applications

10 Chromatography, principles and application: Paper chromatography, 06 hThin layer chromatography (TLC), 2-Dimensional chromatography, HPTLC.Detection methods. Column chromatography, gel filtration, adsorption,partition, affinity, ion exchange and HPLC. Gas chromatography.

11 Electrophoresis, principles and application: Agarose, PAGE, SDS- 04hPAGE, isolectrofocussing, 2D electrophoresis.

12 Spectroscopy, principles and application: Beer and Lambert law, 04hColorimetry and UV-Visible spectrophotometry, Flame photometry andAtomic absorption spectrophotometry.

13 Radioisotope Techniques: Types of isotopes, radioactive decay. Detection 04hand measurement of radioactivity- GM counter, scintillation counter,autoradiography. Isotopes used in biology, safety methods in handlingradioisotopes.

REFERENCES

1. Buchanan BB, Gruissem Wand Jones RL. 2007. Biochemistry and MolecularBiology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA.

2. Dennis DT, Turpin DH, Lefebvre DD. and Layzell DB. 1997. Plant Metabolism.Longman, Essex, England.

3. Dey PM and Harborne JB. 2000. Plant Biochemistry. Academic press, USA.4. Dryer RL and Lata GF. 1989. Experimental Biochemistry. Oxford University

Press, New York.5. Godwin TW and Mercer EI. 1983. Introduction to Plant chemistry. Pergamon

press. USA.6. Heldt HW and Heldt F. 2005. Plant Biochemistry, Academic press, California.7. Lea PJ and Leegood RC. 1993. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John

Wiley and Sons. USA8. Madigan MT, Martinko TM and Parker J. 2000. Brock Biology of Microorganisms

oth Ed, Prentice Hall international, Inc USA.9. Moore TC. 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Springer-Verlag,

NewYork, USA.10. Nelson DL and Cox MM. 2008. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry 5th Ed, W.H

Freeman and Company, New York.11. Purich DL and Allison RD. 2002 .The Enzymes reference: Academic Press, New

York.12. Plummer DT. 1988. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.13. Stryer L, Tymoczko LJ and Berg JM. 2006. Biochemistry 6th Ed, W.H. Freeman and

Company, New York.14.Taiz L and Zeiger E. 2003. Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates, Inc.,

Publishers, Massachusetts. USA.15.Voet D. Voet JG. and Pratt CWo2006. Fundamentals of Biochemistry znd Ed, John

WHeyand Sons Inc.16.Wilson K and Walker J. 1994. Practical Biochemistry: Principles and Techniques.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.17.Wilson K and Goulding KH. 1996. A Biologists Guide to Principles and Techniques

of Practical Biochemistry. Edward Arnold, London, U.K.

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 2.8: PLANr BIOCHEMISTRY


1. Preparation of molar and normal solutions2. Ionization of water and concept of pH and pOH3. Titration curve of strong acid and strong base4. Titration curve of weak acid and strong base5. Buffers:- preparation of acetate, phosphate and Tris buffer6. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates7. Qualitative analysis of proteins8. Qualitative analysis of amino acids9. Estimation of proteins by Biuret method10. Estimation of proteins by Bradford method11. Estimation of reducing sugar by Benedicts method12. Estimation of Ascorbic acid (vitamin C ) in plants13. Chromatography

a. Circular paper chromatographyb. Ascending paper chromatographyc. Thin layer chromatography

14. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for proteins15. Components of colorimeter, spectrophotometer, pH meter16. Enzyme kinetics- determination of amylase activity

II SEMESTERM. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 2.8-PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY


(Time: 04 hrs) (~ax. ~arks: 50)

7. Conduct the given experiment "A". Write the principle, procedure and report yourobservation and inference. 16 Marks

8. Execute the experiment "B". Write the principle, procedure and results9. Comment and write the importance of C, D, E and F

12 Marks

10.Viva-Voce11. Practical Record

4X3=12 Marks05 Marks05 Marks

II SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 2.8 PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY

Scheme of Valuation (Max,Marks: 50)

1.Conduct the given experiment 'A'. Write the principle, procedure and report yourobservation and inference. 16 Marks(Qualitative analysis and estimation of Carbohydrates/amino acids/ proteins / amylaseactivity)[Requirements -2, principle-g. procedure-g. performance-g. results & discussion-g]

2. Execute the experiment 'B'. Write the principle, procedure and results 12 Marks(Estimation of proteins /ascorbic acid / Circular/ ascending paper chromatography)[Requirements -1, principle-z, procedure-a, performance-g. results & discussion-a]

3. Comment and write the importance of'C', 'D', 'E' and 'F'.(Instruments/ reagents/ apparatus/problems/ chart)[Identification-irnarks, description-oz marks]

4X3=12 Marks

4. Viva-voce5. Record Submission

05 Marks05 Marks

III SEMESTER M.Sc., BOTANY- THEORYCORE BOT 3.1: MOLECUlAR BIOLOGYAND GENETIC ENGINEERING

Theory - 64 hours

MOLECULARBIOLOGY 34 hoursGenetic material: Experimental evidences for genetic material- FredGriffith, Avery, Hershey Chase experiments. Chemical and molecularstructure of DNA and RNA. DNA Replication: Models for DNAreplication- semi-conservative,conservativeand dispersivemodels; Modes 09 hof replication- theta, rollingcircleand linear mode, Replicationorigin andreplication fork, enzymes involved In DNA replication-helicases,topioisomerases, SSB, DNA ligases, pnmases, DNA polymerases,

___ mechanismof replication in prokaryoticand Eukaryoticorganisms.Components of Transcription: Template DNA, RNA polymerasesprokaryotic and eukaryotic, Promoters, Transcription factors.Mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes-Initiation, elongation and termination of RNA synthesis. Posttranscriptional modifications of RNA: capping, Polyadenylation. 09 hRNA splicing- introns. Splicing, mechanisms and alternate splicing.RNA Editing: Mechanismof RNAediting, RNATransport: Mechanism

r---~o.~f_t_ra_n~s~p_o~rt_o_f~l~ZN_A~t_o_C~'J~,to~p~l_a_sm__.~ __~~~ __~~~~~ +-__~Protein Synthesis and processing: Genetic code-codon degeneracy,Wobble hypothesis, Universality of genetic code, Structure andfunctions: rRNA, mRNA and tRNA, Translation process in Iprokaryotic and Eukarotic organisms: events in protein synthesis- 08 hamino acid activation, initiation, elongation and termination. Inhibitorsof protein synthesis: Antibiotics. Post translational modificationof proteins-protein sorting and targeting, molecular chaperons, proteinfoldingand protein degradation.

1

Regulation of Gene ExpressionRegulation of gene expression in prokaryotes: organization ofprokaryotic genes- Lac operon, Trpoperon, negative and positive generegulation. Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes: 08 hhousekeeping genes, constitutive genes and regulatory genes, role oftranscription factors, role of chromatin, DNAMethylation, miRNA/smallRNAsin gene expressionand gene silencing.

2

3

4

GENETIC ENGINEERING 30 hours

1

Introduction to Genetic EngineeringEnzymes used in genetic engineering: Restriction endonucleases,types, properties and applications, DNA ligases, polynucleotide kinase,alkaline phosphotases, Si nuclease, terminal transferase, topoisomerases,methylases and gyrases. Cloning Vectors - Characteristic features ofdesired vectors, E.colibased vectors (plasmids, bacteriophage derivatives,cosmids,BACs),yeast (YACs,shuttle vectors).Gene Isolation methods:Genomic DNA and eDNA libraries and their applications. 'Plantransformation Methods: Agrobacterium-mechanism of T-DNAtransfer and its integration into plant genome, basis of tumor formation,roleof virulencegene, use ofTi and Riplasmidsas vectors, electroporation,microinjection, particle bombardment method and Chloroplasttransformation, selection of transformants and Applicationsof Transgenicplants.L_ __ Lr_~~~ ~ ___

.-

2

Gene manipulation tools: Polymerase chain reaction - Principle, typesand applications. Sequencing of nucleic acids - Maxam -Gilbertchemical degradation and Sanger's dideoxy chain termination methods.Blotting methods: Southern, Northern and Western blotting.Microarrays: Principle, Various Types, Methodology and Applications.Advances in sequencing technology: next-generation sequencing'(NGS) technology and applications. Genome Editing Technologies:CRISPR/Cas technology principle, methodology and applications in crop

! improvement. Molecular Markers: Different kinds of molecular markers- Morphological markers, Biochemical markers, molecular markers- RFLP,RAPD, SCARs, SSRs, AFLP, ISSRs. Transposons: Bacterial, Maize,Drosophila, Retrotransposons and its evolutionary significance.

REFERENCES:

1. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K and Watson JD. 1994. MolecularBiology of the Cell. (Garland Publishing, New York and London)

2. Freifelder D. 1983. Molecular Biology. A Comprehensive Introduction toProkaryotes and Eukaryotes, (Jones and Bartlett, USA)

3· Lewin B. 2003. Genes VIII. (Benjamin Cummings; United States Ed edition)4· Watson JD, Tania AB, Stephen PB and Alexander G. 2017. Molecular Biology of

the Gene, ( Benjamin Cummings; 5 edition)5· Nelson DL and Cox MM. 2004. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (W. H.

Freeman; 4 edition)6. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Krieger M. 2007. Molecular Cell Biology, (W. H.

Freeman; Sixth Edition edition)7· Turner P, McLenna A, Bates A and White M. 2005. Instant Notes in Molecular

Biology (BIOS Scientific Publications, 3rd edition)8. Clark DP and Russell LD. 1997. Molecular Biology: Made Simple and Fun. Cache

River Press,9. Weaver R. 2007. Molecular Biology. McGraw-Hill Companies, Incorporated10. Cooper GM and Hausman RE. 2007. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. ASM

Press11.Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K, Johnson AD, Lewis .1 and Roberts K. 2014.

Essential Cell Biology. Garland Science.12.Wilson J and Hunt T. 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell: A Problems Approach.

Garland Science.13. Kratz RP. 2009. Molecular and Cell Biology For Dummies. Wiley.14. Jeff H; Paul BG, Lewis J. 2009. Becker's World of the Cell.15.Allison LA. 2011. Fundamental Molecular Biology, Wiley.16. Sopory SK and Kumar A. 2008. Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology and its

Applications. I K International Pub House, New Delhi.17. Chawla HS. 2017. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (3/e). CRC Press.18. Srivastava PS, Narula A and Srivastava S. 2005. Plant Biotechnology and

Molecular Markers. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York19. Brown TA. 2016. Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction, 7th Edition.

Wiley- Blackwell.20.Howe C. (2007). Gene Cloning and Manipulation. Cambridge University Press.

III SEMESTER M.Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALS

CORE BOT 3.5: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

1. Estimation of DNAby diphenylamine method.

2. Estimation of RNAby orcinol method.

3. Isolation of plasmid from E. coli.

4. Isolation of genomic DNAfrom coconut endosperm.

5. Isolation of genomic DNAfrom plant tissues by CTABmethod.

6. Separation of genomic DNAon Agarose gel electrophoresis.

7. Isolation of total RNAfrom Plant Tissues using LiC12method.

8. Determination of purity of DNAand RNAand quantification of DNAand RNAby UVabsorption method.

9. Separation of genomic RNAon formaldehyde Agarose gel electrophoresis.

10.Separation of proteins by SDS-PAGEfrom plant tissues.11. Isolation and restriction enzyme digestion of DNA and agarose gel

electrophoresis of restriction fragments.

12. Models / Charts / Photographs related to molecular biology and geneticengmeermg.

.-III SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY PRACTICALS

CORE BOT 3.5: MOLECULAR BIOLOGYPractical Question Paper

(Time: 04 hours) (Max.Marks: 50)

1. Conduct the experiment 'A' ,write the principle, procedure & discuss the results15Marks

2. Execute the experiment 'B' , write the principle, procedure & demonstrate theresults 09 Marks

3· Identify and comment on the given spotters 'C', 'D', 'E' & 'F'. 4x4=16 Marks



III SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY PRACTICALSCORE BOT 3.5: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Scheme of evaluation Max.Marks: 50

l. Conduct the experiment 'A'. 15Marks(Indent- 2M, procedure-gM, performance-6M, results with graph-z M)

2. Execute the experiment 'B'. 09 Marks(Indent- 1M,procedure-gM, performance and results with diagrarn-gM

3. Spotters: Identify and comment 'C', 'D', 'E' & 'F'.(Chemicals,Apparatus and Model/Chart/photograph)

4x4=16 Marks



III SEMESTER M. Se., BOTANY - THEORYCORE BOT 3.2: BIOPHYSICS, BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICS

Theory - 64 hours

BIOPHYSICS 39 hoursIntroduction, chemical building blocks, structure of atoms, bonds withinmolecules- 10llIC, covalent, hydrogen, electrostatic, disulphide and

1 peptide bonds, Vander Waals forces, bond length, bond energies, bond 08 hangles, isomerism-structural, geometrical, optical, secondary bonding,weak interactions

-_.

Molecular modelling of protein structure, principles of ionization,predicting properties from amino acid composition, unusual aminoacids, stabilizing forces, conformational properties of polypeptides, 09 h2 Ramachandran plot, domains and motifs, structure- functionrelationship, study of three dimensional structure of proteins-cytochromes, lysosomes, trypsin, immunoglobulinsMolecular modelling of nucleic acid - structure, conformationalparameters of nucleic acids and their constituents, nucleic acid

3 geometries, base pamng, base stacking, Chargaffs rule, DNA 08 hpolymorphism, DNA super coiling, hyperchromicity, modifiednucleotides, tertiary structure of nucleic acids.Membranes: lipid structure and their organization, phase titration in

4 ' lipids, polysaccharides, molecular shapes and conformations, membrane 05 hfluidity, membrane proteinsMethods in biophysical analysis: spectroscopy-IR, fluorescence, Raman

5 spectroscopy, circular dichromism (CD), optical rotatory dispersion 09 h(ORD), NMR, X-Ray diffraction, GC-MS, LC-MS, FTIR.

BIOINFORMATICS 15 hoursIntroduction: genomics and the genome projects, data base types-nucleotide databases- NCBI, DDBJ, EMBL, protein data basses,biodiversity databases, OMIM, natural product databases, oligo analysis,BLAST, Computer tools for sequence analysis, finding and retrieving

6 sequences, similarity searching, sequence alignments - pairwise and15hmultiple sequence alignment and comparison. Molecular phylogenetics

- molecular clock hypothesis, concept of phylogenetic tree, types or tree,methods of phylogenetic tree (UPGMA, maximum likelihood, maximumparsimony, minimal evolution, neighbour joining), phylogenetic treeevaluation, elementary idea of clustering and cladistics methods.

BIOSTATISTICS 10 hoursIntroduction, mean, median, mode, measure of dispersion, range,standard deviation, standard errors, confidence limits, simplesignificance test based on the normal distribution, use of t-tests,

7regression analysis, ANOVA, multiple regression, Principal Component

lOhAnalysis (CCA), LSD, Chi-Square test, statistical basis of biological assay- response dose parameter, direct and indirect assays, probit, logit,EDso, PDso, slope ratio assay, use of calculators and computer programsfor statistical analysis.

REFERENCES

• Wilson K and Coulding KH. 1986. Biologists guide to principles and techniquesof biochemistry. EIBU edn.

• ZubeyG. 1983. Biochemistry. 3rd edition, Addison-Wiley.• Mathews KC,Van Holde KE,Appling DR and Anthony SJ. 2012. Biochemistry-

4thedn. Prentice Hall.• Buchman, Grenssen and Iones. 2000. Biochemistry and molecular biology of

plants. American Societyof plant physiologists.• Voct D and Voct G. 2004. Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons.• Pattabhi P. 2003. Essentials of biophysics. New Age International Publishers.

NewDelhi, India.• Berg 1M, Tymoczko JJ and Stryer 1. 2002. Biochemistry, 5th edition, WH

Freeman and Company, NewYork• Swanson TA.2007. Biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics. 5thedition.• Upadhyay and Upadhyay. 2004. Biophysical chemistry, Himalayan Publishing

House.• Browder IN, Ericksonn CA and Jeffery WR. 1991. Developmental Biology. 3rd

edition, Suandrs Philadelphia.• Karp G. 2011.Cell and molecular biology. 6thedition. John Wiley and sons.• Harper. 2012. Reviewof biochemistry. 26thedition.• Nelson and Cox. 2008. Lehninger's principles of biochemistry. 5th edition. CBS

publishers and distributors.• Chang R. 1997. Physical chemistry with application to biological systems. 2nd

edition.• Branden and Tooze. 1991. Introduction to protein structure, Garland publishing

company.• Adams. 1992. Biochemistry of nucleic acids. Chapman and hall.• Rhodes G. 1993. Crystallography made crystal clear. Academic press.• LacroixZ and Critchlow Z. 2003. Bioinformatics. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.• Wardlaw AC. 1985. Practical statistics for experimental biologists. John Wiley

and sons.• Higgins and Taylor. 2000. Bioinformatics.• Watson JD, Hopkins NH, Roberts JW, Steitz JA and Weiner AM. 1987.

Molecular biology of gene. Benjamin/Cummins publishing Co. Inc California.

-.III SEMESTERM. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALS

CORE BOT 3.6: BIOPHYSICS, BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICSPractical Syllabus (Duration: Each practical 04 hrs)

1. Prediction of amino acid sequence using nucleotide sequence.2. Determination ofTm of DNA/Absorption spectra of a given compound/

Spectroscopic estimation of protein/DNA/RNA3. BLASTanalysis4. Dose response curve determination5. Study of protein databases6. Prediction of nucleotide sequence7. Study of databases8. Sequence comparison and alignments9· Construction of phylogenetic tree10.Biostatistics problems11. Charts and spotters if any

,.III SEMESTERM. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALS

CORE BOT 3.6: BIOPHYSICS, BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICSPractical Question Paper

(Max. Marks: 50)(Time: 04 hours)

1. Perform the given 'A' predict the sequence and give reasons. 12Marks

2. Plot the graph from given value 'B', calculate and record the results06 Marks

3· Bioinformatics perform and write the importance of C, D and E3x4=12 Marks

4. Biostatistics problems 'F' and 'G' 2XS=10 Marks

5. Viva-voce os Marks


III SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE'BOT 3.6: BIOPHYSICS, BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICS

Scheme ofValuation (Max. Marks: 50)

1. Conduct the experiments 'A'. Write the experiments, principles, procedure andrecord the results with conclusions 12Marks(Principle- 02, Procedure and setting- 04, Calculations and results- 06)

2. Plot the graph from the given values and calculate LDso/EDso/MIC 'B'(Principle- 02, Graph-02, calculations and results-02) 06 Marks

3. Bioinformatics problems/comments 'C', 'D', and 'E'.(Identification - 01, Diagram - 01, Comment - 02)

3X4=12 Marks

4. Biostatistics problems 'F' and 'G'. 2XS=10 Marks(Identification - 01, Problem solve and calculations - 02, Results - 02)

5. Viva-voce OS Marks


III SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - THEORYCORE BOT 3.3: ECOLOGYAND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

Theory - 64 hours

I£Cc>LOGY 26 hours1. Introduction and scope of ecology in environmental management. 06 h

Climatic factors: Effects of abiotic factors (light-temp, precipitation, humidity,wind and atmospheric gases); Fire factor; Edaphic factors-composition of soilformation of soil, soil profile, soil classification, soil components and properties,

~ __~so~i~l~e~ro~s~i~o=n~a=n=d~c~o~n_s~e_r_va=t=i~o=n~.~--~--------~--~--~~~----~~~~r-~--I2. Ecosystem - structure and function; energy flow, food chain, tropic levels. 04 h

Ecological pyramids, biogeochemical cycles, primary and secondary productivityand their measurements.

3. Succession- Types, climax and stability concepts; changes during succession; 06 hcharacters of pioneer and climax species.Concept of ecological niches, species coexistence, overlapping and niche

~ __rs_e~~g~lr_eg~a~ti~o~n~.~ =- ~~~ __~~~~~ ~ ~ __+-~~4. Population ecology: attributes, density and distribution, natality, mortality, 04 h

age distribution, population growth, growth rate composition, Hardy Weinberglaw, biotic potential, carrying capacity, aggression and dispersal, ecotene and

____ .~e~~d~igL,e~e~ff=e~ct~-.~--_=--~--~--~------~----~--~--------~----~~~5. Communities: Classification and structure; interactions between species; 06 h

A. Negative interactions. Inter specific competition, Predation, Parasitism andantibiosis.B. Positive interaction- Commensalism, co-operation and mutualism.C. Pollination BiologyD. Herbivores and j>_lantdefense mechanism

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 38 hours6. Environmental pollution; Air, water and soil; effects on plants with 10 h I

emphasis on biological methods; sustainable development; cumulative effect onglobal environment - green house effects, ozone depletion, Use of fertilizer,pesticides and other chemicals in agriculture and hygiene and their disposal.Chemical usage and disposal from industry and pollution. Impact of chemicalson biodiversity of microbes, animals and plants. Bioindicator and biomarkers ofenvironmental health. Biodegradation and bioremediation of chemicals(xenobiotics), environmental issues, policies and regulations, EL Nino and LANina effects.

7· Conservation strategies - in situ and ex situ; biosphere reserves, National 08 hparks, Wild life sanctuaries, Botanical gardens, gene bank. Afforestation, Socialforestry, Environmental impact assessment, International biologicalprogramme, Man and biosphere programme; environmental acts; wild lifepreservation act (1972); Indian forest act (1980) and United nations I

environment programme, Remote sensing and its applications.8. Problems of conservation; Causes of threat to environment - human 06 h

interference, deforestation, habitat destruction, overexploitation of resources.Applications of ecology in forestry, agriculture, range management, land useplanning, environmental awareness; Role of Government and NGOs.

Phytogeography

----- -

9· I A.Aims and principles of phytogeography; Physical features of the world, 08 h II climatic zones, tectonic and continental movement; Patterns of plant Idistribution; circumpolar, circumboreal, circumaustral, pan tropical; methods ofdispersal, migrants and isolation; endemism.B. Remote sensing, study of vegetation by GIS (Geosynchronous Informationsystem); Invasive alien species as threat to biodiversity.

10. Floristic provinces of the world: a brief account of the phytocoria of the 06 h

I

Indian subcontinent. Origin and distribution of cultivated plants- coffee,cardamom, sugarcane, cashew, ragi, maize, wheat, rice, cotton and tea. I

I

REFERENCES:

1. Ambasht KS. 1969. Plant Ecology. Published by Student's Friends and Co., LankaVaransi, India.

2. Reddy RM. 2006. A Textbook of Remote Sensing and Geographical informationSystem. ogrd Edition B.S. Publications.

3. Botkin DB and Keller EA. 2004. Environmental Science. 5th ed. John Wiley andSons.

4. Bernhardsen T. 1999. Geographic Information System: An Introduction. ozndEdition, John Wiley and Sons.

5. Canter LW. 1996. Environmental Impact Assessment. McGraw Hill, New York.6. Charan and Anil K. 1992. Plant Geography. Rawat Publications. Jaipur.7. Chhatwal GR and Mehra MC. 1989. Environmental Air Pollution and its Control.

Anmol Publ., New Delhi.10. Odum EP. 1996. Ecology. Sinauer Associates Inc Publishers, Sunderland, USA.11. Goel PK. 1997. Water Pollution Causes, Effects and Control. New Age International

Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi.12. Kumar A, Bohra C and Singh LK. 2003. Environment, Pollution and Management.

A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.13. Mido Y and Iqbal AA. 1995. Chemistry of Air and Air Pollution. Discovery

Publishing House, New Delhi.14. Arora MP. 1995. Ecology. Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.15. Ross RD. 1998. Air Pollution and Industry. Van Norstrand Company Publication.16. Sapru RK. 1987. Environment Management in India. Patel Enterprises, New Delhi.17. Shukla SK and Srivastava PRo 1992. Concepts in Environmental Impact Analysis.

Common Wealth Publishers, New Delhi.18. Tripathy DP. 1999. Noise Pollution. A PH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.19. Verma PS and Agarwal VK. 1992. Principle of Ecology. Published by S. Chand and

Company Ltd., New Delhi.20. Williams I.2001. Environmental Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York

...III SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALS

CORE BOT 3.7: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGYPractical Syllabus (Duration: Each practical 04 hrs)

1. Study oflocal vegetation/ lake as models of ecosystems.2. Study of vegetation by quadrat method and determination of minimum size and

number of quadrats.3. Transect method of studying vegetation.4. Study of ecological adaptations in plant, ecological anatomy(Hydrophytes,

Xerophytes, Epiphytes, Parasites and Halophytes)5. Methods of water and soil sampling and assessment of pH.6. Water holding capacity of different soil samples7. Determination the total dissolved solids (TDS) in water.8. Estimation of DO, CO2,Total hardness (magnesium and calcium), Chlorides.9. Testing of water quality (coliform test) MPN/H2S method10.Estimation of primary productivity by dark bottle method.11. Major and minor forest products of Karnataka.12. Physical features of world, India and Karnataka - Oceans, Deserts, Islands,

Mountains and grasslands.13. Study of endemic plants of India.14·Ecological instruments-Anemometer, Lux meter, Rain guaze, Max and min

thermometer15· Pictures/charts/photographs/maps/ marking of different vegetation types of16. Submission of ecologist photographs17. Visit to meteorological station18. Ecological trip

III SEMESTERM. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 3.7: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY


12.Conduct/demonstrate/estimate the experiment 'A'. Write the requirements, Principle,Procedure and record the results with conclusion. 12 Marks

13.Determine the pH of'B'. 05 Marks14.Comment on the ecological instruments 'C' and 'D'. 2X3 = 06 Marks15. Prepare a temporary staining mount of 'E'. Identify, sketch, label and observation.

06 Marks16.Mark and label .in the given map 'F'.17. Identify and write the uses ofthe forest products 'G' and 'H'.18.Viva-Voce19. Practical Record

05 Marks3X2=06 Marks

05 Marks05 Marks

M.SC BOTANY III SEMESTERPRACTICAL PAPER: CORE-3.7-ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

SCHEME OF EVALUATIONTime: 3Hrs Max Marks: 50

1. Conduct /Demonstrate/ Estimate the experiment "A".Write the requirements,principle, procedure and record the results with conclusions. 12 MarksA= (Determination the total dissolved solids (TDS) in water/Estimation of DO,CO2,Total hardness (magnesium and calcium), Chlorides(Indent-2, principle-2, procedure -5, calculation and result -3 marks)

2. Determine the pH (soil or water)/ water holding capacity of soil "B" 05 Marks

3. Comment on the ecological instruments "C" and "D"(Identification - 1,principle and description -2 mark)

2X3 = 06 Marks

4. Prepare a temporary staining mount of "E" . Identify, sketch, label andobservation (Preparation -2,Identification - 1,sketch and label withdescription -3) 06 Marks

5. Mark and label ------------ in the given map "F"F= (Climate/ vegetation/ forests of India)

05 Marks

6. Identify and write the uses of the forest products "G" and "H"(Identification-or, Parts used-o iand Uses-o 1) 2X3 = 06 Marks

7. Viva voce 05 Marks8. Record Submission 05 Marks

III SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - THEORYCORE BOT 3.4 (A): PLANT BREEDING AND EVOLUTION

Theory - 64 hours

PLANT BREEDING 45 hoursHistorical milestones in plant breeding. Aims and objectives of plantbreeding, Achievements of pre-Mendelian and Post-Mendelian plant

1 breeding, Plant genetic resources, Sources and conservation of germlasm 08 hconservation, Significance of plant breeding in crop development, NBPGR,Plant Breeders Rights (PBR). IVarious methods of plant breeding in self and cross pollinated crops,acclimatization, selection, pure line theory, Reproduction, genetic basis,

2 sexual and asexual, apomixes; evolutionary and genetic problems in crops. 08 hGene pool concept - primary, secondary and tertiary gene pool and geneintrogression.Genetic basis of selection - nature of variability, components of

3variation; Heritability and genetic advance, Genetic consequences and

07hdifferences between self and cross pollinated crops. Clonal selection,J2oJ2ulation improvementprogramme.Marker assisted selection (MAS) - Approaches to apply MAS in Plant

4 breeding - selection based on marker - simultaneous selection based on 06h! ,marker and phenotype - factors influencing MAS. IHistorical aspect of heterosis - Nomenclature and definitions of

08 h Is heterosis - Genetic theories of heterosis - Physiological, Biochemical andMolecular factors underlining heterosis; theories and their estimation; -Evolutionary conce_]2_tsof heterosis. JMutation breeding, gene actions, heritability, genotype and environmental !

6 interactions. Its importance III plant breeding. Introduction to seed 08 hproduction (Nucleus, breeder, foundation, certified) Maintenance of geneticpurLty during seed 2roduction.

EVOLUTION 19 hoursOrigin of life, chemical evolution, molecular evolution. Theories of evolution

1 - Lamarckism, neo-Larnarckism, Darwinism, neo- Darwinism, Mutation 04htheory and synthetic theory.Molecular Evolution: Concepts of neutral evolution, moleculardivergence and molecular clocks; Molecular tools III phylogeny, os h2classification and identification; Protein and nucleotide sequence analysis;origin of new genes and _]2_roteins;Gene dU_]2_licationand diveI'g_ence.Evidences for the theory of organic evolution: Palaeontology,Biogeography, Taxonomy, Comparative Anatomy and Embryology,Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Plant and Animal Breeding.Variations: Gene mutation- Mendelian concept; Chromosomal mutations-

3 Architectural changes in the chromosomes. Speciation and origin of10hhigher categories: Natural Selection- Selective forces, Types of Natural

Selection, Selection models, Sexual selection, Selection and non-adaptivecharacters. Isolating mechanism and species formation,Polyploidy: Autotetraploidy, Allotetraploidy and Polyploidy, Molecularbasis of evolution and Nco-Darwinian evolution.

REFERENCES:

1. Bos I and Caligari P. 1995. Selection Methods in Plant Breeding. Chapman &Hall.

2. Nadarajan Nand Gunasekaran M. 2005. Quantitative Genetics and BiometricalTechniques in Plant Breeding. Kalyani.

3. Naryanan SS and Singh P. 2007. Biometrical Techniques in Plant Breeding.Kalyani.

4. Wricke G and Weber WE. 1986. Quantitative Genetics and Selection in PlantBreeding. Walter de Gruyter.

5. Allard RW. 1981. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons.6. Chopra VL. 2001. Breeding Field Crops. Oxford & IBH.7. Chopra VL. 2004. Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH.8. Gupta SK. 2005. Practical Plant Breeding. Agribios.9. Roy D. 2003. Plant Breeding, Analysis and Exploitation of Variation. Narosa

Publ.10. Sharma JR. 2001. Principles and Practice of Plant Breeding. Tata McGraw-Hill.11. Singh BD. 2006. Plant Breeding. Kalyani.12. Singh P. 2002. Objective Genetics and Plant Breeding. Kalyani.13. Singh P. 2006. Essentials of Plant Breeding. Kalyani.14. Singh Sand Pawar IS. 2006. Genetic Bases and Methods of Plant Breeding. CBS15. Monroe SW. 2000. Evolution. 3rd Ed., Jones & Bartlett Publishers16. Strickberger MW. 2002. Evolution. Jones and Barlett Publishers. Sudbury.17. Futuyma and Douglas J. 2005. Evolution. Sinauer Associates, Inc., 23 Plumtree

Road, Sunderland, MA 01375, United States of America18. Dodson EO and Dodson P. 1976. Evolution: Process and Product. znd Ed., D.

Van Nostrand Company, 450 West 33rd Street, New York, N.Y. 1000119. Jha AP. 1993. Genes and Evolution. Mac Millan India Ltd, New Delhi.20.Arumugam N. 1992. Organic evolution. Saras Publication, Nagercoil.

III SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 3.8 (A): PLANT BREEDING AND EVOLUTION

1. Study of floral biology, Pollination mechanisms and breeding of crops- typicalexamples of self and cross pollinated plants.

2. Techniques of Emasculation and hybridization.3· Pollen viability, germination and TIC tests4· Vegetative propagation methods - Types of Cuttings, Budding, Grafting and

Layering

5· Models / Charts / Photographs related to plant breeding and evolutionarybiology

;.-

III SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 3.8 (A): PLANT BREEDING AND EVOLUTION


1. Conduct the experiment 'A' , write the principle, procedure & discuss the results15Marks

2. Execute the experiment 'B' , write the principle, procedure & demonstrate theresults 09 Marks

3. Identify and comment on the given spotters 'C', 'D', 'E' & 'F'. 4x4=16 Marks



III SEMESTERM. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALS. CORE BOT 3.8 (A): PLANT BREEDING AND EVOLUTION

Scheme of evaluation Max. Marks: 50

1. Conduct the experiment 'A'. 15Marks(Indent- 2M, procedure-g'M, performance-6M, results with graph-q M)

2. Execute the experiment 'B'. 09 Marks(Indent- 1M, procedure-g'M, performance and results with diagram-gM

3. Spotters: Identify and comment 'C', 'D', 'E' & 'F'.(Chemicals, Apparatus and Model/Chart/photograph)

4x4=16 Marks



III SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - THEORYCORE BOT 3-4 (B): SEED TECHNOLOGY

Theory - 64 hours

1 Seed technology; Introduction, Definition, History, Importance of seed 06 htechnology in India and abroad, and its importance in Agriculture, seeddevelopment in cultivated plants; seed industry in India and abroad,development of seed programmes, basic strategies of seed production.

2 General principles of seed production, Nucleus and Breeder's seed 12 hproduction, seed production in self and cross-pollinated crops, Hybridseed production, seed production of Cereals, Pulses, Sugar crops" Fruitsand Vegetables.

3 Seed processing; seed drying, cleaning and upgrading, seed treatment, lOhpackaging and handling, Seed storage-type of storage structure, seedfactors affecting storage life, effect of relative humidity on seed storage.

4 Seed testing; Organizations involved in seed testing; International Seed 14 hTesting Association (ISTA),Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOAC),Central Seed Testing Laboratory, State Seed Testing Laboratory, Seedtesting laboratory-layout and staff; seed sampling, Analysis of seed purity,Germination, Viability,seed vigor tests, Seed health-testing methods, seedmoisture.

5 Seed certification and seed legislation; objectives, concepts, lOhprocedures, Seed certification standards, Field and seed inspection.

6 Seed marketing; Demand forecasts, Marketing structure and 12 horganization, Seed pricing, Seed industry in relation to global market-concept of World Trade Organization (WTO), General Agreement onTariffs and Trade (GATT), Intellectual property rights (IPR), Plantbreeder's rights (PBR).

REFERENCES:

1. Agrawal RL. 2006. Seed Technology, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.NewDelhi.

2. Basara A. 2006. Handbook of seed Science and Technology. CRCPress.3· Copeland LO and McDonald MB. 1995. Principles of Seed Science and

Technology, KluwerAcademic Publishers, The Netherlands.4. Hand book ofAgriculture- Indian Council ofAgricultural Research, NewDelhi.5. Michael Band Bewely D. 2000. Seed Technology and its Biological Basis.

BlackwellPublishing.6. Neergaard P. 1996.Seed Pathology. Palgave-McMillan, Denmark7. Reddy. 2008. Principles of crop production, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.8. Singh. 2009. Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers, New

Delhi9. Umarani R, Jerlin R, Natarajan N, Masilarmani P and Ponnuswamy AS. 2006.

Experimental Seed Science and Technology,Agrobios, Jodhpur.10.Acharya SS.1987.Agricultural marketing in India.

III SEMESTER M. Se., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 3.8 (B): SEED TECHNOLOGY

1. Study of seed sampling methods2. Determination of Physical Purity of seed samples3· Determination of moisture content of seeds by using;

a. Oven methodb. Infra-red moisture balancec. OSAWmeter

4· Determination of seed viability by TTCmethod5· Determination of Density of seed samples6. Determination of germination by using different methods;

a. Top Paper methodb. Between Paper methodc. Sand method

7. Determination of seed vigour by;a. Conductivity testb. Hiltner's testc. Accelerated ageing methods

8. Determination cultivar purity by Grow-out-test9· Study of seed-born diseases and their pathogens (Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses)10.Visit to the Seed Production Industry

III SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 3.8 (B): SEED TECHNOLOGY


1. Perform the experiment A write the principle, procedure and record the results.

12Marks

2. Perform the experiment B write the principle, procedure and record the results.

07 Marks

3. Write critical notes on C, D, E and F

4. Submission of report to the seed production industry

5. Viva Voce

6. Practical record

4X4=16 Marks

05 Marks

05Marks

05Marks

III SEMESTERM. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 3.8 (B): SEED TECHNOLOGY


1. Perform the experiment A write the principle, procedure and record the results.

12Marks

(Performance-s marks; principle-2 marks; procedure-2 marks; result-l mark)

2. Perform the experiment B write the principle, procedure and record the results.

07Marks

(Performance-a marks; principle-l marks; procedure-l marks; result-l mark)

3. Write critical notes on C, D, E and F

(Identification-l mark; cornment-g marks)

4. Submission of report to the seed production industry

5. Viva Voce

6. Practical record

4X4=16 Marks

05 Marks

05Marks

05Marks

-0

IV SEMESTER M.Sc BOTANY - THEORYCORE BOT-4.1: MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

Theory - 64 hours

General introduction: a)History, Definition and scope of Pharmacognosyb) Traditional and Alternative Systems of Medicine; (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani)

1 c) Classification of Crude drugs; alphabetical, taxonomical, morphological, 08 hchemical, pharmacological (therapeutic), and chemotaxonomic classificationd) Scheme for pharmacognistic studies of a crude drugStudy of important medicinal, Aromatic & poisonous plants (Distribution,Chemical constituents and uses) Ex. Santalum album, Cinndmomumzeylanicum, Jasminum sps., Lavendula officinalia, Rosmarinus officinalis,Rosa damascene, Pogostemon patchouli, Acorus calamus, Thymus vulgaris,

2Alpinia galanga, Mentha piperita, Papaver somnifera, Crocus satiuus, Piper

12 hsps., Syzigium aromaticum, Cuminum cyminum, Rauwolfia serpentine,Withania somnifera, Centella asiatica, Catharanthus roseus, Androqraphispaniculata, Phyllanthus emblica, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Gumnema sylvestre,Curcuma lonqa, Atropa belladonna, Taxus brevifolia, Abrus precatorius andArgemone mexicana etc.Plants in different therapies: Naturopathy, Chromothera phy,

3 Aromatheraphy, Raw juice therapy, Herbal cosmetics, Home remedies, Bach 04hflower remedies and Ther~eutic value of Indian plant foodsPhytochemistry: Introduction to general methods (extraction of plant

4material, isolation and purification). Basic metabolic pathways and origin of

12 hsecondary metabolites and chemical nature of Alkaloids, Terpenoids,Flavonoids, Steroides and GlycosidesHerbal remedies: Plants used for treatment of heart and blood circulation,

5nervous disorders, respiratory and intestinal disorders, jaundice, urinary, skin,

04 hhair, diabetics, cancer, gynaecological disorders and infertility. Plants used asgeneral tonics.Analytical Pharmacognosy: a) Drug adulteration, b) Methods of drug

6 evaluation, c) Biological testing of Herbal drugs, d) Phytochemical lOhInvestigations and e)Physical evaluation.Market potential of crude drugs and their product: collection,

7 preparation, storage and packing of crude drugs for the market. Trade (Export 04h& Import, certificatio) of crude drugs and phytochernicals,IPR issues: Patents, patenting of biological material, trade secret, copy right,

8 trade mark, IPR and plant genetic resource, obligation with patent application, oShimplication of patenting, patenting of medicinal plants-Turmeric and NeemEthno-botany and ethno-medicine: Importance of Ethno-botany and

9 ethno-medicine in modern health care system, methods of collecting traditional 05 hknowledge on medicinal_Qlants.

REFERENCES:

1. Anonymous. 1978. The Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Govt. of India Pub.2. Farooqi AA, Khan MM and Vasundhara M. 1999. Production technology of

medicinal and aromatic crops. Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore.3. Jain SK. 1991. Dictionary of Indian folk medicine and ethnobotany. Deep

publications, Paschim Vihar, NewDelhi.4. Rao KC. 2000. Material for the Database of Medicinal Plants. Karnataka State

Council for Science and Technology for the Department of Forests, Environmentand Ecology,Govt. of Karnataka Pub.

5. Kirtikar KR and Basu BD. 2001. Indian Medicinal Plants. Oriental EnterprisesUttaranchal.

6. Manilal KS. 2001. Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus English Edition. Univ. ofKerala Pub.

7· Nadkarni KM. 1976 (Revised Ed.) Indian Materia Medica. Popular Prakashan,Bombay.

8. Sivarajan VV and Indira B. 1994. Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sources.Oxford& IBH publishing Co.,NewDelhi

9· Harborne J. 1984. Phytochemical methods. Ed Chapman & Hall, London10.Trease GEand EvansWL. 1983. Pharmacognosy izth ed. BaillieTindal, London11.Vaidya B. 1982. Some controversial drugs in Indian Medicine. Chaukamba

Oriental, Varanasi12.M~nn J, Davidson RS, Hobbs JB, Benthorpe DV and Harborne. 1997. Natural

Products, Longman Scientific and Technical Co., Essex.13·Sharma PP and Kumar. 2007. Hand Bookof Medicinal Plants: Acomplete Source

Book,Agrobios India.14.Maheshwari JK. 2000. Ethno-botany and Medicinal Plants of Indian

Subcontinent, Scientific Publishers, India.15.Rastogi RP and Meharota BN. 1991. Compendium of Medicinal Plants. Vol. I &

II.1993. CDIR,Locknowand publication and information directorate NewDelhi16.Kokate CK, Purohit AP and Gokhale SB. 1990. Pharmacognosy. Nirali

Prakashan, Pune17.Khadabadi SS, Deore SL and Baviskar BA. 2013.

Phytopharmacognosy. Nirali Prakshan, PuneExperimental

'.IV SEMESTERM. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALS

CORE BOT 4.5: MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PIANTS


1. Study of morphology and medicinal uses of the following plants

a. Santalum album h. Catharanthus roseusb. Tinospora cordifolia 1. Gymnema sylvestrisc. Hemidesmus indicus J. Phyllanthus emblicad. Terminalia bellirica k. Aloe verae. Plumbago zeylanica 1. Centella asiaticaf. Lauisonia inermis m. Mentha piperitag. Morinqa olifera n. other plants (locally available)

2. Preparation of Churnas, Lehas, Rasayana, decoctions and Poultice

3. Anatomical study of crude drugs

i) Ginger-rhizome, ii) Clove-flower, iii) Vinca leaves/roots, iv) Gymnema leaves,v) Hemidesmus roots, vi) Withania roots

4. Detection of adulteration

i. Sesame oil in pure ghee, ii. Tea powder, iii. Argemone oil in edible oil,

iv. Hemidesmus roots mixed with Ichnocarpus roots and others

5. Extraction of plant bioactive principles from plants by Soxhlet method

6. Preliminary phytochemical tests for crude plant extract (Tests for Alkaloids,

flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins and saponins)

7. Separation of Bioactive principles by TLC method

8. Study of antimicrobial properties of medicinal extract

9. Visit to Pharmacological industry /Ayurvedic colleges/institutes.

IV SEMESTER M.Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 4.S: MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

Practical Question PaperTime: 4 Hrs Max Marks: 50

1. Mount the given material/Specimen 'A' & 'B'. Identify the same with reasons4X2=08 Marks

2. Demonstrate/Isolate/activity from the given material 'C'. 8Xl=08 Marks

3· Detect the adulteration in the material 'D' & 'E'. 2X2=04 Marks

4· Write the medicinal importance of'F' & 'G'. 4X2=08 Marks

5· Comment on 'H', 'I', 'J' & 'K'. 3x4=12 Marks


7· Viva-voce os Marks

IV SEMESTEr M.Sc., BOTANY PRACTICALCORE BOT 4.S: MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS


1. Mount the given material/Specimen 'A' & 'B'. Identify the same with reasons(Identification -1,Mounting - 1,Labeled diagram - 1,Reasons - 1)

4X2=08 Marks

2. Demonstrate/Isolate/activity from the given material 'C'.(Cold extraction/Percolation/antimicrobial activity)

8Xl=08 Marks

3. Detect the adulteration in the material 'D' & 'E'Performance -01, Explanation and Result -01 OrPreparation of Churna- Trikatu/TriphalaNames of ingredients -01, and Uses -01

2X2=04 Marks

4. Write the medicinal importance of 'F' & 'G'. 4X2=08 Marks(Identification -01, Parts used -01,Therapeutic importance -02)

5. Comment on 'H', 'I', 'J' & 'K'.(Identification -01, Comments -02)

3X4=12 Marks


7. Viva-voce os Marks

IV SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - THEORYCORE BOT 4.2: PlANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Theory - 64 hours

1 Plant development: General aspects and its significance, Polarity and 06 hits significance, growth III relation to morphogenesis-Differentiation,Dedifferentiation, Redifferentiation, Totipotency, and regeneration in-vitro and in-vivo.

2 Plant tissue culture: Definition, history and importance, Basic 17hrequirements for tissue culture laboratory, Methods of sterilization. Mediacomposition and types, hormones and growth regulators. Callus inductionand establishment, callus sub culture and maintenance. Cell suspensionculture-characteristics, Micropropagation Methods- axillary andadventitious budding- advantages. organ culture, meristem culture,somatic embyogenesis-somatic embryo development and synthetic seedproduction, somaclonal variation and applications. Experimentalandrogenesis and gynogenesis.

3 Protoplast isolation and somatic hybridization: Protoplast 14 hisolation, purification, viability testing, plating techniques, protoplastculture and regeneration of plants. Protoplast fusion - spontaneous andinduced fusion; mechanism of fusion; identification and selection of hybridcells; cybridization; applications of somatic hybrids and cvbrids.

4 Microbial biotechnology: Isolation and screening of industrially useful 12 hmicroorganisms; fermentation process, types of fermenters andfermentation methods, fermentation products; industrial production of IAlcohol-wine, antibiotics-penicillin, vitamins- vitamin B12, Organic acids-citric acid, Enzymes- amylase production of single cell protein-mushroom;genetic improvement of fermentation products.

5 Metabolic engineering and gene transformation: Production of 15hsecondary metabolic compounds using cell and tissue culture:immobilization, Biotransformation, Elicitation, hairy root culture, cellsuspension culture. Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer, particlebombardment, electroporation and microinjection mediated methods ofgene transfer. Production of therapeutic proteins and edible vaccines usingtransgenic technology. Cryopreservation and germplasm storage.

.-REFERENCES:

1. Bhojwani SS and Razdan MK. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice.Elsevier. 767 p

2. Neumann KH, Kumar A and Imani J. 2009. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture -Atool in biotechnology: Basics and applications. 333P

3· Gamborg OL and Philips GC. 1998. Plant Cell, tissue and organ culture (znd Ed.)Narosa Publishing House. New Delhi.

4· Hammound J, McGravey P and Yusibov V. 2000. Plant Biotechnology, SpringerVerlag.

5· Sawahel WA. 1997. Plant Genetic Transformation Technology. Daya PublishingHouse, Delhi.

6. Kirakosyan A and Kaufman PB. 2009. Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology(ist Ed.) Springer Publishers.

7· Hammond JH, Mcgarvey P and Yusibov V. 2000. Plant Biotechnology. SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg.

8. Das HK. 2004. Text Book of Biotechnology. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.9· Draper J. 1988. Plant Genetic Transformation and Gene Expression Blackwell

Scientific Publications, Oxford.10.Chawla HS. 2000. Introduction to Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co

Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.11. Halford NG. 2006. Plant biotechnology: current and future applications of

genetically modified crops. John Wiley Publishers.12. Kirakosyan A and Kaufman PB. 2009. Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology

(ist Ed.).Springer Publishers.13·Kyte Land Kleyn J. 1996. Plants from test tubes. An introduction to Micro

propagation (3rd Ed.). Timber Press, Portland.14·Bhojwani SS. 1990. Plant tissue culture: Applications and limitations. Elsevier

Publishers, Amsterdam.

15·Dixon RA and Gonzales RA. 1994. Plant cell culture, a practical approach. 2ndedition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

16. Rajvadya Nand Markandey DK. 2004. Applied Microbiology. Vol. II & V, A PHPublishing Corporation, New Delhi Old, R.W., and Primrose, S.B. 5th edition,1994·

17·Glazer AN and Nikaido H. 1995. Microbial Biotechnology. W.H.Freeman And co.New York.

18. Dubey HC. 1991. Fungi and Biotechnology. Today's and tomorrow's Printer andPublishers. New Delhi.

19·Stanbury PF and Whitaker A. 1985. Principles and Fermentation technology,Pergaman press. Oxford.

20. Razdhan MK. 2016. Introduction to plant tissue culture 3rd edition: oxford andIBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.

21. Kalaichelvan PT and Pandi AI. 2007. Bioprocess Technology, MJP publishers,Chennai, India

22. De KK. 2008. An introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, 7th ed., New Central BookAgency (P) Ltd. Kolkota, India.

IV SEMESTER M. Se., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 4.6: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Basic tissue culture laboratory organization, principles and techniques2. Equipment and instrumentation

3· Culture media and sterilization: simple media, complex media, semi definedmedia, special media, enriched media (MSand BS).

4· Explants preparation, inoculation techniques/procedures5· Initiation and establishment of primary cultures: preparation and culture of _

stem, root, leaf, meristems, anther, ovary, seeds and embryo.6. Sub culturing techniques7. Cell suspension cultures8. Synthetic seed production9· Morphology and histology of callus10.Production of somatic embryos

11. Biochemical analysis of secondary metabolites from tissue culture12. Preparation of wine from grapes13·Citric acid production by titration method

14·Biotechnological products-Insulin, SCP, Biopesticides, Biofertilizers,Vitamins, Transgenic organisms (Photographs)

15·Visit to Biotechnological, tissue culture labs and industries.

.-IV SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALSCORE BOT 4.6: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY


Time: 4 hrs Max, Marks: 50

LWrite the principle and procedure of experiment A

2_Perform the experiment B write the principle, procedure and results

3- Demonstrate the experiment C, write the principle and procedure

6 Marks

9 Marks

8 Marks

4. Comment on D, E and F

5. Report 'on Industries/Laboratory visit

6. Viva Voce

7. Practical record

3X4= 12 Marks

5Marks

5 Marks

5 Marks

IV SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACfICALSCORE BOT 4.6: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY


LWrite the principle and procedure of experiment A

(Principle-2 marks; Procedure-a marks)

2. Perform the experiment B write the principle, procedure and results

6 Marks

9 Marks

(Performance-a marks; principle-2 marks; procedure-2 marks; result-l mark)

3. Demonstrate the experiment C, write the principle and procedure

(Demonstration-a marks; principle-2 marks; procedure-2 marks)

4. Comment on D, E and F

(Identification-l mark; cornment-g marks)

5. Report on Industries/Laboratory visit

6. Viva Voce

7. Practical record

8 Marks

3X4= 12Marks

5 Marks

5Marks

5 Marks

IV SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY- THEORYCORE BOT 4.3: PLANT PATHOLOGY

Theory - 64 hours

1.

Significance and types of plant diseases, basic procedure for plantdisease diagnosis, parasitism and pathogenicity, plant diseasedevelopment, disease cycles, infection cycle and plant disease triangle.

06 h

7

Plant Disease Management: Quarantine regulations, culturalmethods, physical methods, chemical control, biological control, crossprotection, breeding methods for disease resistance, transgenic plantsfor disease management, integrated disease management practices.

Concepts, famine due to plant diseases, importance of microorganismsin plants health, influence of microorganisms in plant growth, modernconcepts of microbial inoculants in agriculture, interaction of soilmicroorganisms with plants, Rhizosphere and phyllospheremicroorganisms.

2Mass culturing and quality control of microbial inoculants, motherculture, shake flask culture and brief account on large scale productionof biofertilizers, Methods of application to seed, soil, foliar and nursery.

06 h

3Brief account on salient features, mass production and applications ofRhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Cyanobacteria, Azolla andFrankia.

10h

4

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and phosphatesolubilizing bacteria - properties, significance and applications.Beneficial fungi in agriculture, Trichoderma, Mycorrhizae- importanceand applications.

12 h

5

6

Effects of pathogen on plant physiology - photosynthesis,nutrients uptake, respiration, membrane permeability, transcription andtranslation, plant growth and reproduction.Genetics of plant diseases: variability in pathogens, stages ofvariation, types of plant resistance to pathogens, genetics of virulence inpathogens and resistance in plants, pathogenicity genes, resistance genesin plants, signal transduction, molecular mechanism.Plant Pathogenesis: process of pathogen attack, chemical weapons -

I enzymes, toxins, growth regulators in plant disease development.Plant Disease epidemiology: Effect of environmental factors ondisease development, dissemination of plant pathogens, diseaseforecasting and its significance.

06h

Plant defence mechanism: pre-existing and induced structural andchemical defences, role of elicitors, receptors and suppressors in diseasedevelopment, systemic acquired resistance, defense through geneticengmeermg.

8

Study of some important plant diseases - rots, damping-off,downy mildews, white ruts, powdery mildews, smuts, rusts, wilts, leafspots, anthracnose, galls, ergots, bacterial wilts, spots and canker, viral,phytoplasmal, nematodal, protozoal, viroid, parasitic and non-parasiticdiseases, post-harvest diseases, insect diseases.

9

REFERENCES

• Samabamurty AVSS. 2009. A text book of Plant Pathology. 1st edition. IKInternational Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

• John W. 1980. Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press• Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CWand Blackwell M. 1996. Introductory Mycology, Wiley• Carlile MJ, Watkinson SC and Booday GW. 2001. The Fungi, Academic Press• Deacon JW and Blackwell M. 1997. Introduction to Modern Mycology, Oxford• John Wand Roland WS. 2007. Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University

Press.• Hale ME. 1983. The biology oflichens (grd ed.). Edward Arnold.• Hawksworth DL and Hill DJ. 1984. The Lichen-Forming Fungi. - Blackie,

Glasgow and London. 158 pp• Galun M. 1988. CRC Handbook of Lichenology. Volume III. - CRC Press, Inc.,

Boca Raton• Brown DH, Hawksworth DL and Bailey RH. 1976. Lichenology: Progress &

problems, Academic Press. London.• Willey JM, Sherwood L, Woolverton CJ. 2010. Prescott's Microbiology. 8th

edition, McGraw-Hill.• Lucas JA. 1998. Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens, Wiley-Blackwell, CRC

Press.• Dickinson C.M. 2003. Molecular Plant Pathology, Bios Scientific Publisher• Bridge PD and Clarkson JM. 1998. Molecular Variability of Fungal Pathogens,

CAB, International• Singh RS. 2008. Principles of Plant Pathology, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.

Pvt Ltd.• Dhingra OD and Sinclair JB. 1995. Basic Plant Pathology Methods, CRC Press• Pelczar JM, Chan ECS and Krieg MR. 1993. Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill.• Mehrotra MS. 1982. Plant Pathology by first edition, McGraw-Hill Education

publication.• Agrios GN. 2005. Plant Pathology, fifth edition, Academic Press, London.• Khan MR. 2008. Plant Nematode: Morphology, Systematics, Biology and

Ecology. first edition, Science Publishers.• Huang JS. 2001. Plant Pathogenesis and resistance, first edition, Springer,

Netherlands.• Mehrotra RS and Agarwal A. 2003. Plant Pathology by second edition, Tata

McGrawHill Education.• Trivedi PC. 2007. Biocontrol of Plant Diseases, first edition, Aavishkar

Publishers and Distributors.• Vidhyasekaran P. 2004. Concise Encyclopedia of Plant pathology, first edition,

CRC Press.• Nair LN. 2007. Topics in Mycology and Pathology, first edition, New Central

BookAgency Kolkata.• Sinha AK and Tripathi DP. 2011. Fundamentals of plant pathology, Kalyani

Publishers.• Ranaswami G and Mahadevan A. 2018. Disaeses of crop plants in India. Prentice

Hall Publication

-.IV SEMESTER M. se., BOTANY - PRACTICALS

CORE BOT 4.7: PLANr PATHOLOGYPractical Syllabus (Duration: Each practical 04 hrs)

1. Comparison of rhizosphere microorganisms from different crop plants.

2. Isolation of Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Anabaena, Azolla

3. Estimation of phosphate by Fiskay-Subbarao method

4. Estimation of phosphate by Koening and Jonson's method

5. Detection and quantification of mycorrhizae by root clearing techniques.

6. Seed health testing by dry seed examination.

7. Seed health testing by dry wash method.

8. Detection of seed-borne fungi by blotter method.

9. Study of plant diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses.

10.Histopathological preparations of diseases specimens.

11. Effect of seed-borne pathogens on seed germination and seedling vigour

12. Fungicide evaluation by spore germination inhibition assay

13. Fungicide evaluation by agar diffusion method.

14. Fungicide evaluation by poison food technique

15. Effect of fungicidal seed treatment on seed-borne fungi.

16. Testing of antagonism by dual culture plate method.

17. Testing of antimicrobial property of antagonists culture filtrate

18. Post-harvest diseases.

19. Observation of diseased specimens, sections and slides.

.-IV SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY - PRACTICALS

CORE BOT 4.7: PlANT PATHOLOGYPractical Question Paper

(Max. Marks: 50)(Time: 04 hours)

1. Perform the experiment 'A' with given sample. 10Marks

2. Perform the experiment 'B" with given sample 10Marks

3. Perform the experiment 'C' with given sample 08 Marks

4· Identify / classify/write the significance for the material 'D', 'E', 'F' and 'G'4X3=12Marks

5. Viva-voce 05Marks

6. Practical record 05Marks

IV SEMESTER M. Sc., BOTANY PRACfICALSCORE BOT 4.7: PlANT PATHOLOGY


1. Perform the experiment 'A' with given sample.(Principle- 02, Procedure- 04, Results-02, Inference- 02)

10Marks

2. Perform the experiment 'B" with given sample(Principle- 02, Procedure- 04, Results-02, Inference- 02)

10Marks

3. Perform the experiment 'C' with given sample(Identification - 01, Principle-02, Procedure - 02, Comment - 01)

08 Marks

4. Identify / classify/write the significance for the material 'D', 'E', 'F' and 'G'(Identification - 01, Significance- 02) 4x3=12 Marks

5. Viva-voce 05Marks

6. Practical record 05Marks

=;

I Semester MSc Examination, December - 2020(CBSC; New Syllabys-2020-21)

BOTANY20BOTCAol: Microbiology

Time: 3 Hrs Max Marks: 70

Note: Answer FIVE questions from Part-A, FOUR questions from part-B and FOURquestions from part-C

PART-A

1. Answer any FIVE of the followinga)b)c)d)e)f)g)

2X5=10Marks

PART-B

2. Answer any FOUR of the followinga)b)c)d)e)

5X4=20 Marks

PART-C

3. Answer any FOUR of the followinga)b)c)d)e)f)

10X4=40 Marks

******************************************************************


BOTANY2oBOTCAol: Microbiology

Timer.g Hrs Max Marks: 70


PART-A


2X5=1O Marks

PART-B


5X4=20 Marks

PART-C


10X4=40 Marks

******************************************************************

-.I Semester MSc Examination, December - 2020

(CBSC; New Syllabys-2020-21)BOTANY

2oBOTCAo2: Algae and Bryophytes



PART-A


2X5=1OMarks

PART-B


5X4=20 Marks

PART-C


10X4=40 Marks

******************************************************************

:I Semester MSc Examination, December - 2020

(CBSC; New Syllabys-2020-21)BOTANY

2oBOTCAo3: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms


Note: Answer }<'IVEquestions from Part-A, FOUR questions from part-B and FOURquestions from part-C

PART-A

1. Answer any FIVE of the followinga)b)c) ,d)e)f)g)

2X5=1O Marks

PART-B


5X4=20 Marks

PART-C


10X4=40 Marks

******************************************************************


BOTANY2oBOTCAo4: Plant Systematics and Economic Botany

'.


Note: Answer FIVE questions from Part-A, FOUR questions from part-B,and FOURquestions from part-C

PART-A


2X5=1O Marks

PART-B


5X4=20 Marks

PART-C


10X4=40 Marks

******************************************************************

..Continuous Assessment Programme/Internal Assessment~.-

SIContinuous Assessment Programme/Internal Assessment Maximum

No Marks

(1) (2) (3)1---- 1----01 Two Session Tests with proper record for assessment 10

02 Assessment of Skill Development activities/ Seminars/Group Discussion/10Assignment/Case study/Field work/Project work etc., with proper record

03 • Attendance with proper record 10f..-.----L __

TOTAL MARKS 30-

• <75%-0 Mark75-80%-02 Mark80-85%-04 Marks85-90%-06 Marks90-;95%-08 Marks>95%-10 Marks

Javangen.; UniversityShivagangotri, Davangere,

DEPARTMENT OFSUDIES IN BOTANY SHIVAGANGOTHRI …

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