Transcript of Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance.
- Slide 1
- Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance
- Slide 2
- Characteristics & Meaning of Renaissance Recovery from 14
th C Essentially urban phenomenon Rediscovery of classical
antiquity Emphasis on individual ability
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- Economic Recovery Italian cities lose preeminence due to Plague
Hanseatic League grow in power Compete w/ Med city-states Textile
industry rivaled by printing, mining, & metallurgy Venetians
contd development of commercial empire Banking flourishes in
Florence w/ new profits from textiles
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- Social Changes in the Renaissance
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- 2 - 3 % of population Military & political posts Concession
from centralizing rulers More costs & less profits of 14 th C
Education: Key to advancement Baldassare Castiglione The Book of
the Courtier Service to the prince Modest, but proud? Classical ed
Impeccable character (nobles born w/ grace) Martial skill The
Nobility
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- Peasants and Townspeople 85-90% of population (Rising econ +
new ag techniques) x plague costs = (Decline of manorialism + contd
erosion of serfdom) Lords found more profitable to hire
workers
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- Social Stratification in Cities Peasants as hired workers After
ruin of plague, towns grew in pop Social status in cities developed
& grew Patricians: old $, commercial banking; dominated local
govt Petty burghers: artisans, shopkeepers, guild masters/members
Property-less workers Unemployed 30-40% of pop
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- Ag slavery declines, largely replaced by serfdom by 9th C
Reappears in 11 th C; grows rapidly, esp. after BD steals workers
Skilled workers needed in Italy Household workers wanted across
Europe Concubines for wealthy patricians Obtained from the eastern
Med, Black Sea region, Africa, & Spain Wars b/t Christians
& Muslims bring fresh infidels to each side Declines in Italy
by end of 15th century (except in royal courts) Portuguese import
140,000 from Africa between 1444 and 1505 Replace European slaves
Slavery in the Renaissance
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- The Family in Renaissance Italy Extended in nature
Multi-generational living Often almost like communes (families w/
parents in large villas Usually echoed feudal order Autocratic
Father center of family Mother over females; usually much younger
Eldest brother replaces; Eldest wife Marriages Arranged for social
& econ advance Role of the wife Primary role to bear children
High mortality rates childbirth, infancy, & early
childhood
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- Italian States of Renaissance Era
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- Five most powerful city-states: Milan Venice Florence Naples
Papal States 2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license. Five
Major States
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- Prior to 1447, ruled by Visconti family Briefly repub before
former condittiero Francesco Sforza claimed control by marrying
Visconti daughter & paid HRE for title Highly organized &
profitable tax & govt admin Controlled Lombardy Duchy of
Milan
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- Maritime powerhouse Controlled northwestern Italy & Western
Adriatic Borghesia-aristocrat oligarchy govt Commercial empire
Elected Doge (dux) acted as chief admin Fear of Venice led to
Florentine-Milanese alliance Republic of Venice
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- Dominated Tuscany @start of 15 th C, controlled by borghesian
oligarchy 1434: Cosimo Medici assumes control Kept appearance of
repub, but ran govt as grey eminence Thru LAVISH patronage of arts,
made Florence center of Renaissance Republic of Florence
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- Medici Hall of Fame CosimoCosimo GiovanniBicciGiovanniBicci
LorenzoLorenzo GiulianiGiuliani GiovanniGiovanni GiulioGiulio
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- Giovanni di Bicci Masaccio & Brunelleschi
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- Cosimo
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- Lorenzo
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- Florence Under the Medici As power grew, all pretense of
oligarchy (let alone democracy) fell Cosimo content to be grey
eminence; Piero sickly, Lorenzo powerful, but generous Exiled under
Piero II (1494-1512) ; restored to power in 1530 After Lorenzos
death, Girolamo Savonarola came to power establishing a
republic/theocracy Botticelli renounced painting Weirdly, Pico
della Mirandola was a friend Condemnations of Pope Alex VI resulted
in his death Medici assumed power again under Alessandro II (Il
Moro)
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- A New Generation Rises After Allessandros murder by a cousin, a
junior branch of Medici (children of Cosimos brother Lorenzo)
assumed control of Florence under Cosimo I, Duke of Tuscany (1537)
This line would rule for 200 years (when a Hapsburg family that
married into the Medici would take over)
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- Independent City-States
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- Urbino Federico da Montefeltro, (1444- 1482) Took over after
brother died, but continued in his profession as condottiero Fought
for Milan, Florence, Ferrara Made Urbino into a Renaissance center-
second largest library Named Duke of Urbino by pope Sixtus, named
Gonfaliere of the Church (mil cdr) Surgeons removed bridge of his
nose after a fight- improved line of sight for left eye
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- Mantua Controlled by Gonzaga family Married into Paleologi
family Also condottieri even after rise Isabella dEste (1474-1539)
ruled after hubby Francesco died. First woman of Renaissance
Accomplished musician, Greek & Latin scholar Patron of arts
Leonardo Titian Raphael
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- Ferrara
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- Wars in Lombardy: 1425-1454 Venice v. Milan Peace of Lodi: 1454
Balance of power Milan, Florence, & Naples allied against
Venice & Papal States Warfare in Italy
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- Troubles w/ Spain & France France dominated Naples &
Milan Francis I Allied with Pope & Suleiman Aragon (later
Spain) allied w/ remaining city- states Carlos I (aka Charles V)
sacked Rome Had Naples, 2 Sicilies; got Milan back after Pavia
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- Birth of Modern Diplomacy For smaller city-states to survive,
resident agents sent to other city states Due to influence of
France/Spain, agents sent to other countries Ambassadors developed
from this In 16 th & 17 th C, mod dip practices developed
Rights of ambassadors Procedures for conducting intl affairs
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- Duke of Valentinois, Duke of Romagna, Prince of Andria and
Venafro, Count of Dyois, Lord of Piombino, Camerino, and Urbino,
Gonfalonier of the Church Captain General of the Church, Bishop of
Pamplona Cardinal of Valencia Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
Niccol Machiavelli (1469-1527) The Prince Political power to
restore and maintain order Humanity is self-centered Ends justifies
the means Based his work on life of Cesare Borgia Dedicated it to
Medici Currying favor b/c they had previously exiled him
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- Italian Renaissance Humanism Liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric,
poetry, moral philosophy, and history) Emergence of Humanism
Petrarch (1304-1374) Rejected scholastic philosophy Emphasize
classics Humanism in 15 th C Italy Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444) Civic
humanism Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) Literary criticism of ancient
texts Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459) Criticism of the church
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- Humanism and Philosophy Marsilio Ficino (1433-99) Synthesis of
Christianity & Platonism Florentine Platonic Academy
Hermeticism Occult sciences Theological and philosophical beliefs
and speculation Pico della Mirandola (1463-94) Common nuggets of
universal truth
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- Education in the Renaissance Vittorino da Feltre (1378- 1446)
Humanist education Pietro Paolo Vergerio (1370-1444) Liberal arts
education History, moral philosophy, rhetoric, letters (grammar and
logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music Women Renaissance
man
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- Humanism and History Secularism of history Miracles downplayed
Natural causation Francesco Guicciardini (1483-1540) Modern
analytical historiography History of Italy & History of
Florence
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- Impact of Printing Johannes Gutenberg Movable metal type, 1445-
1450 Bible, 1455 or 1456 Spread rapidly Venice alone home to 1k
printers Development of scholarly research Lay reading public 50%
religious in nature Latin/Greek classics Romances grew increasingly
popular
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- The Artistic Renaissance
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- Early Renaissance Masaccio (1401-1428) Frescos Paolo Uccello
(1397- 1475) Laws of perspective
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- Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) Greek and Roman mythology Donato
di Donatello (1386-1466) David Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Architecture Piero della Francesca (c. 1410-1492) Portraits
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- The High Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Realism and
idealism Raphael (1483-1520) Ideal of beauty Michelangelo
(1475-1564) Divine beauty Donato Bramante (1444-1514)
Architecture
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- Artist and Social Status Artist as hero Financial gains
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- The Northern Artistic Renaissance Jan van Eyck (1390?-1441) Oil
paint and varied range of colors Albrecht Drer (1471-1528)
Perspective and proportion Music in the Renaissance Guillaume Dufay
(c. 1400-1474) Change in the composition of the mass Madrigal (poem
set to music)
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- The European State in the Renaissance The New Monarchies
Concentration of authority Suppression of the nobility Control of
the church Loyalty of the People The Growth of the French Monarchy
Charles VII, 1422-1461 Taille (annual direct tax) Pragmatic
Sanction of Bourges, 1438 Louis XI, 1461-1483 Charles the Bold,
duke of Burgundy, 1467-1477 Commerce
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- Burgundy Under Charles the Bold 2003 Wadsworth, a division of
Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein
under license.
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- Europe in the Renaissance
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- England: Civil War and a New Monarchy War of the Roses,
1450s-1485 Henry VII, 1485-1509, Tudors Abolished livery and
maintenance Court of Star Chamber Income Commerce Unification of
Spain Isabella of Castile, 1474-1504 Ferdinand of Aragon, 1479-1516
Cortes Hermandades
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- 2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson
Learning is a trademark used herein under license. The Iberian
Peninsula
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- Corregidores The Church Jews and Muslims Inquisition Granada,
1492 Expulsion of Jews and Muslims The Holy Roman Empire: The
Success of the Habsburgs Frederick III, 1440-1493 Maximilian I,
1493-1519
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- 2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson
Learning is a trademark used herein under license. Southeastern
Europe
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- Struggle for a Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe Poland Hungary
Russia Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire Spread of
the Seljuk Turks, 13th century Constantinople falls, 1453 The
Church in the Renaissance The Problems of Heresy and Reform John
Wyclif (c. 1328-1384) No basis of papal claims for temporal
authority Lollards John Hus (1374-1415) Calls for end of
worldliness and corruption of the clergy
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- Council of Constance, 1414-1418 Sacrosancta (council received
authority from God) Frequens (regular holding of councils) Pope
Pius II Execrabilis (condemned appeals to a council over the head
of the pope is heretical) The Renaissance Papacy Pope Julius II,
1503-1513 Warrior pope Basilica of Saint Peter Pope Sixtus,
1474-1484 Nepotism Pope Alexander VI, 1492-1503 Debauchery and
sensuality Pope Leo X, 1513-1521 Patron of the arts