Post on 02-Jan-2016
PME - Impact Analysis 1
Participatory rural appraisal methodsParticipatory rural appraisal methods
Group and TeamPerformanceMethods
Sampling Methods Interviewing andDialogue
Visualization and DiagrammingMethods
Team contracts Team reviews and
discussions Interview guides
and checklists Rapid report
writing Energizers DIY – taking part
in local activities Villager and shared
presentations Process notes and
personal diaries
Transect walks Wealth ranking and
well-being analysis Social maps Interview chains
Semi-structuredinterviews
Direct observation Focus groups Key informants Ethnohistories, and
oral histories andbiographies
Traditional practicesand beliefs
Local stories, proverbsand parables
Participatory mapping andmodeling
Social maps and wealthrankings
Seasonal calendars Daily activity profiles Timelines Trend analyses Matrix scoring Preference or pairwise
ranking Venn diagrams
Network diagrams Systems diagrams Impact flow
diagrams Pie diagrams
PME - Impact Analysis 2
Some organizational implications of Some organizational implications of participatory approachesparticipatory approaches
Core Principles of ParticipatoryApproaches
Organizational Implications
A systemic learning process
Seeking diverse perspectives
Value the learning process by creatingtime, and equipping staff with skills, toreflect on each new experience
Develop system for efficient and effectivesharing between staff members
Allow staff members to make mistakeswithout punishment
Encourage learning at different levels inthe organization through monitoringlearning experiences and changes inattitude and work practice
Equip staff with skills to value, see andanalyse different social groups/individuals
Accept only fieldwork/plans that havesought and incorporated diverseperspectives
PME - Impact Analysis 3
Some organizational implications of Some organizational implications of participatory approachesparticipatory approaches
Core Principles of ParticipatoryApproaches
Organizational Implications
Content specific
Group inquiry process
Allow enough time to refine the basicframework of any policy or procedure toeach geographic area/level at which staffoperate
Ensure that staff incentives recognizeheterogeneity between field sites
Reward staff for site-specific innovations
Equip staff with skills to facilitate groupdiscussions and encourage analysis,including conflict resolution skills
Equip staff with skills to recognize localpower relations and how these influencegroup-based discussions
PME - Impact Analysis 4
Some organizational implications of Some organizational implications of participatory approachesparticipatory approaches
Core Principles of ParticipatoryApproaches
Organizational Implications
Facilitating external agents with keyresponsibility resting with local people
Leading to sustained learning and action
Equip staff with awareness and skills totake a listening and encouraging role,rather than an implementing role
Ensure that staff emphasize the motivationof local people and others involved to actindependently of external support agency
Field staff to focus on building localplanning capacity that can operateindependently of external support
PME - Impact Analysis 5
PRA methods for impact analysisPRA methods for impact analysis
Methods Applications
Systems diagrams of watershedsand individual livelihoods
Participatory mapping
Wealth ranking
impact of participatory watershed programs changes in livelihoods before and after
intervention
location of changes and adoption of newtechnologies
household listings inventory of resources in watershed or
catchment uptake of technologies in neighbouring
watersheds
analysis of differential access to, and control of,resources
identification of potential focus groups and keyinformants
inter- and intra- household distribution of costsand benefits
PME - Impact Analysis 6
PRA methods for impact analysisPRA methods for impact analysisMethods Applications
Resource maps:before and after
Venn diagramsand network diagrams
Changes in: productivity of fields land ownership/tenure arrangements type and intensity of resource use erosion and land degradation adoption, adaptation and diffusion of technologies surface water and groundwater availability
strength of interactions between catchment committeeand other organizations inside and outside the catchment
frequency and coverage by government agencies andNGOs
training received by catchment committee members,number of farmer-to-farmer exchanges
federation of local groups local perceptions of their institutions’ and external
agencies’ support linkages to neighbouring communities
PME - Impact Analysis 7
PRA methods for impact analysisPRA methods for impact analysis
Methods Applications
Mobility maps
Timelines
Presentations anddiscussions with localgroups
Focus group discussions
migration patterns labor opportunities before and after impact
development of village institutions historyof land use trends and changes history of external interventions, shocks and stresses
triangulation of findings comparison of priorities and perspectives of different
social groups
livelihood options, income and expenditure changes in input costs, wage labor rates investment in land management measures impact of external institutions on local factors
PME - Impact Analysis 8
PRA methods for impact analysisPRA methods for impact analysis
Methods Applications
Trend and historicalanalyses
Seasonal calendars
Matrix scorings andrankings
Team contracts, reviews anddiscussions
impact of external institutions on local factors
timing and amount of labor invested in land management rainfall, cropping patterns
comparisons of technologies, practices and services quantification of benefits according to locally generated
criteria
more interdisciplinary teamwork and better groupdynamics
PME - Impact Analysis 9
Sustained increases in agricultural Sustained increases in agricultural productivityproductivity
Change in yields
Change in costs
Economic multipliers
Farmers’ support
increase in yields at year t+1 (immediate benefits) increase in yields at year t+5 (transition yields) increase in yields at year t+10 (sustained impact) economic value of yield increases at each time period
change in input costs change in gross margins
change in labor wages rates change in land prices (sale and rental) change in migration rates and patterns
proportion of farmers still conserving resources at t+5,t+10
C
PME - Impact Analysis 10
Decreases in resources degradationDecreases in resources degradation
Change in resource-conserving practices onprivate lands
Change in resource-conserving practices oncommon lands
Retained ecosystemfunctions
number of farms with physical, biological and culturalresource-conserving measures
km of terraces area treated number of trees, checkdams, etc.
area treated number of treas planted biomass productivity on commons
groundwater recharge – increase in months wells are wet proportion of watershed protected
C
PME - Impact Analysis 11
Decreases in resources degradationDecreases in resources degradation
Contribution of farmers totechnology adaptation andmultiplication
Decrease in resourcedegrading epractices andexternal effects of pollutionand contamination
local variations of a technology number of local/individual tree nurseries adaptation and incorporation of indigenous practices and
technologies components into external practices andtechnologies
reduction in soil loss reduction in pesticide and fertilizer use and increase in
the use of organic fertilizers (e.g. manure, compost, cropresidues, etc.)
C
PME - Impact Analysis 12
Increase in local resilience and decrease in Increase in local resilience and decrease in vulnerabilityvulnerability
Diversity of agricultural andwild productsmanaged/farmed
Change in health of localpeople
Access to credit
Change in impact of shocksto local system
change in diversity index proportion of land under monocropping versus
intercropping
increase in local food security reduction in hazardous or harmful practices (e.g.
uncontrolled pesticide use)
access tof poor groups with little or no collateral to ruralcredit or loans schemes
increase in local saavings
impact of drought in years t+5, t+10 compared withbefore resource conservation and compared withneighbouring unprotected watersheds
C
PME - Impact Analysis 13
Increase in autonomy and capacity of local Increase in autonomy and capacity of local groups and organizationsgroups and organizations
Building local capacity andskills
Effectiveness of local resourcemanagement groups
number of paraprofessionals trained and supported number of new paraprofessionals trained by existing
paraprofessionals (replication) number of farmer-to-farmer extension trips
existing and/or new groups and organizationsfunctioning
number and type of groups (proportion of populationinvolved)
representativeness of groups (persons included/excluded;active members)
leadership elected or selected number of group resource management works organized attendance at group works local organizations federated with others financial contributions to group works or group savings ability to form own management rules
C
PME - Impact Analysis 14
Increase in autonomy and capacity of local Increase in autonomy and capacity of local groups and organizationsgroups and organizations
Dependence on externalresources
Willingness of local peopleto participate
Proportion of yield increases and economicbenefits due to local regenerated resourcescompared with external resources (e.g. fertilizers,pesticides, hybrid seeds)
lack of financial inducements to participate active involvement of people in planning
C
PME - Impact Analysis 15
Replication in non-program sitesReplication in non-program sites
Replication to neighbouringcommunities and villages
Federation of groups
Changes in adoption rates Independent adoption and adaptation Willingness to pay paraprofessionals
Creation of organizations or federations of users’ groupsacross watersheds or catchments
C
PME - Impact Analysis 16
Changes in the operational procedures and Changes in the operational procedures and institutional norms of external support agencies and institutional norms of external support agencies and attitudes and behavior of development professionalsattitudes and behavior of development professionals
New roles for professionals
Enabling policies ininstitution
use of participatory methods for planning,implementation and monitoring
professionals in the field (not in the office) support for practices and projects developed and
managed by local people increased job satisfaction publications by professionals on participatory work number of pra-trained professionals who are training
others
support from the top for professionals in the field willingness to permit participatory work to be treated
equally with other modes of analysis/research, etc. flexibility of procedures and ability to accept slow
progress at first commitment to withdraw after set period
C
PME - Impact Analysis 17
Changes in the operational procedures and Changes in the operational procedures and institutional norms of external support agencies and institutional norms of external support agencies and attitudes and behavior of development professionalsattitudes and behavior of development professionals
Increased links withother permanent agencies
Commitment todeveloping local capacity
intersectoral and/or interagency collaboration inparticipatory watershed planning and management
involvement of local people in analysis andproblem diagnosis
number of farmer-to-farmer visits facilitated capacity to train paraprofessionals
C
PME - Impact Analysis 18
Indicators for sustainability of Indicators for sustainability of watershed management programswatershed management programs
Visible indicators:
• marked and sustained improvement in productivity on fields, especially of small and marginal farmers
• farmers and people noticing significant improvement in groundwater recharged and the understanding that this improvement is linked to improved management of the watershed surface
• maintenance of structures (silt traps, gully plugs, stone and earthen bunds) and vegetative barriers
• marked improvement in resilience of crops to long dry spells
PME - Impact Analysis 19
Indicators for sustainability of Indicators for sustainability of watershed management programswatershed management programs
Visible indicators:
• increased investment for protective irrigation especially through shallow ponds along drainage systems
• continuous improvement in management and regeneration of all lands in the watershed, including private fallows, and of all types of government and public lands with the multiple objectives of decreasing erosion, managing surface water effectively and increasing biomass for fuel, fodder, fiber, fertilizers and raw materials for cottage industries
PME - Impact Analysis 20
Indicators for sustainability of Indicators for sustainability of watershed management programswatershed management programs
Skills and Institutions:
• adequate skills to construct and maintain all the structures required to control or trap soil and water without external help
• gradual extension of effective management by the People’s Watershed Associations over all lands in the watershed, including communal lands, private fallow lands and private cultivated lands
• ability of farmers to finance further treatment of the watershed and the repair of existing structures from their own group credit funds
PME - Impact Analysis 21
Indicators for sustainability of Indicators for sustainability of watershed management programswatershed management programs
Skills and Institutions:
• ability of people’s watershed institutions to resolve conflict among different groups in the watershed, and to respond to the needs of those groups whose interests are affected by watershed treatment. These include those farmers who are cultivating lands on upper reaches or steep slopes but which need to be protected, whose grazing areas are being affected by regeneration measures and the landless who have to cope with new management measures that may obstruct their hitherto free access to watershed resources
• recognition by external support organizations that the people’s watershed association is in control of all watershed activities and that no plans can be imposed or funds and services provided without its involvement at every stage of the process, from planning through implementation
PME - Impact Analysis 22
Comparison of the impacts of participatory Comparison of the impacts of participatory rural appraisal and the catchment rural appraisal and the catchment
approach in six catchments in Kenyaapproach in six catchments in Kenya
Catchmentname
Siuna-Miruli
Sineden Muroki Gaturia Getuya Shiakunga
District Bungoma West Pokot TransNzoia
Nyeri Kirinyaga Kakamega
Year ofimplementation
1991-2 1989-90 1988-89 1990-91 1991-92 1989-90
Launch process PRAlaunchBaraza
No PRABaraza
No PRABaraza
No PRABaraza
No PRABaraza
No PRABaraza
Organization andcomposition ofthe CCC
Electedwomen andmen
Electedwomen andmen
Electedmen only
Electedmen only
Elected andselectedmen only
Selectedmen only
DPT committedand active
Very active Very active Very active Active Active Not active
Notes: PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal
PME - Impact Analysis 23
Comparison of the impacts of participatory Comparison of the impacts of participatory rural appraisal and the catchment rural appraisal and the catchment
approach in six catchments in Kenyaapproach in six catchments in Kenya
Catchment name Siuna-Miruli
Sineden Muroki Gaturia Getuya Shiakunga
Communitymobilized by DPT
Yes Yes Yes No No No
Other contributingfactors tocommunitymobilization
Hand-overBaraza
ProvincialField Day
--- --- --- ---
Farmers involvedin planning andlayout
Yes Yes No No No No(no DPT)
PRA studyconducted,independently ofCA
No Yes No Yes No No
Notes: CA – Catchment Approach; DPT – Divisional Planning Team
PME - Impact Analysis 24
Comparison of the impacts of participatory Comparison of the impacts of participatory rural appraisal and the catchment rural appraisal and the catchment
approach in six catchments in Kenyaapproach in six catchments in Kenya
Catchment name Siuna-Miruli
Sineden Muroki Gaturia Getuya Shiakunga
Diversity of cropsgrown*
++ ++ + + +(cash crops)
--
Conservation afterCA (% of farmsconserved)
90% 90% 90% 80% 60% 10%
Maize yields* +++ +++ +++ ++ + --
Fodderavailability*
++ ++ ++ + + 0
Real wage laborrates
++ ND ND ND ND ND
Trees numbers*
Notes: *-relative changes (+=increase; ++=significant increase; +++=very significant;-=no change/no activity); ND – No data
Trees numbers*
PME - Impact Analysis 25
Comparison of the impacts of participatory Comparison of the impacts of participatory rural appraisal and the catchment rural appraisal and the catchment
approach in six catchments in Kenyaapproach in six catchments in KenyaCatchment name Siuna-
MiruliSineden Muroki Gaturia Getuya Shiakunga
Multiple cropping* ++ ++ + + + 0
Reappearance ofsprings; surfacewater availability
Yes Yes Yes No No No
CCC active duringimplementation
Veryactive
Veryactive
Active Active Active Not active
CCC active afterimplementation Known by other
farmers Active
Yes
Veryactive
Yes
Active
Yes
Not active
Somewhat
Not active
Somewhat
Not active
No
Not activeTrees numbers*
Note: *CCC – Catchment Conservation Committee
PME - Impact Analysis 26
Comparison of the impacts of participatory Comparison of the impacts of participatory rural appraisal and the catchment rural appraisal and the catchment
approach in six catchments in Kenyaapproach in six catchments in Kenya
Catchment name Siuna-Miruli
Sineden Muroki Gaturia Getuya Shiakunga
CCC developedown managementrules
Yes Yes No No No No
Replication toneighbouringcatchments: Aware of
changes Adopting
practices
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No