PME - Impact Analysis1 Participatory rural appraisal methods.

PME - Impact Analysis 1

Participatory rural appraisal methodsParticipatory rural appraisal methods

Group and TeamPerformanceMethods

Sampling Methods Interviewing andDialogue

Visualization and DiagrammingMethods

Team contracts Team reviews and

discussions Interview guides

and checklists Rapid report

writing Energizers DIY – taking part

in local activities Villager and shared

presentations Process notes and

personal diaries

Transect walks Wealth ranking and

well-being analysis Social maps Interview chains

Semi-structuredinterviews

Direct observation Focus groups Key informants Ethnohistories, and

oral histories andbiographies

Traditional practicesand beliefs

Local stories, proverbsand parables

Participatory mapping andmodeling

Social maps and wealthrankings

Seasonal calendars Daily activity profiles Timelines Trend analyses Matrix scoring Preference or pairwise

ranking Venn diagrams

Network diagrams Systems diagrams Impact flow

diagrams Pie diagrams


Some organizational implications of Some organizational implications of participatory approachesparticipatory approaches

Core Principles of ParticipatoryApproaches

Organizational Implications

A systemic learning process

Seeking diverse perspectives

Value the learning process by creatingtime, and equipping staff with skills, toreflect on each new experience

Develop system for efficient and effectivesharing between staff members

Allow staff members to make mistakeswithout punishment

Encourage learning at different levels inthe organization through monitoringlearning experiences and changes inattitude and work practice

Equip staff with skills to value, see andanalyse different social groups/individuals

Accept only fieldwork/plans that havesought and incorporated diverseperspectives





Content specific

Group inquiry process

Allow enough time to refine the basicframework of any policy or procedure toeach geographic area/level at which staffoperate

Ensure that staff incentives recognizeheterogeneity between field sites

Reward staff for site-specific innovations

Equip staff with skills to facilitate groupdiscussions and encourage analysis,including conflict resolution skills

Equip staff with skills to recognize localpower relations and how these influencegroup-based discussions





Facilitating external agents with keyresponsibility resting with local people

Leading to sustained learning and action

Equip staff with awareness and skills totake a listening and encouraging role,rather than an implementing role

Ensure that staff emphasize the motivationof local people and others involved to actindependently of external support agency

Field staff to focus on building localplanning capacity that can operateindependently of external support


PRA methods for impact analysisPRA methods for impact analysis

Methods Applications

Systems diagrams of watershedsand individual livelihoods

Participatory mapping

Wealth ranking

impact of participatory watershed programs changes in livelihoods before and after

intervention

location of changes and adoption of newtechnologies

household listings inventory of resources in watershed or

catchment uptake of technologies in neighbouring

watersheds

analysis of differential access to, and control of,resources

identification of potential focus groups and keyinformants

inter- and intra- household distribution of costsand benefits


PRA methods for impact analysisPRA methods for impact analysisMethods Applications

Resource maps:before and after

Venn diagramsand network diagrams

Changes in: productivity of fields land ownership/tenure arrangements type and intensity of resource use erosion and land degradation adoption, adaptation and diffusion of technologies surface water and groundwater availability

strength of interactions between catchment committeeand other organizations inside and outside the catchment

frequency and coverage by government agencies andNGOs

training received by catchment committee members,number of farmer-to-farmer exchanges

federation of local groups local perceptions of their institutions’ and external

agencies’ support linkages to neighbouring communities




Mobility maps

Timelines

Presentations anddiscussions with localgroups

Focus group discussions

migration patterns labor opportunities before and after impact

development of village institutions historyof land use trends and changes history of external interventions, shocks and stresses

triangulation of findings comparison of priorities and perspectives of different

social groups

livelihood options, income and expenditure changes in input costs, wage labor rates investment in land management measures impact of external institutions on local factors




Trend and historicalanalyses

Seasonal calendars

Matrix scorings andrankings

Team contracts, reviews anddiscussions

impact of external institutions on local factors

timing and amount of labor invested in land management rainfall, cropping patterns

comparisons of technologies, practices and services quantification of benefits according to locally generated

criteria

more interdisciplinary teamwork and better groupdynamics


Sustained increases in agricultural Sustained increases in agricultural productivityproductivity

Change in yields

Change in costs

Economic multipliers

Farmers’ support

increase in yields at year t+1 (immediate benefits) increase in yields at year t+5 (transition yields) increase in yields at year t+10 (sustained impact) economic value of yield increases at each time period

change in input costs change in gross margins

change in labor wages rates change in land prices (sale and rental) change in migration rates and patterns

proportion of farmers still conserving resources at t+5,t+10

C


Decreases in resources degradationDecreases in resources degradation

Change in resource-conserving practices onprivate lands

Change in resource-conserving practices oncommon lands

Retained ecosystemfunctions

number of farms with physical, biological and culturalresource-conserving measures

km of terraces area treated number of trees, checkdams, etc.

area treated number of treas planted biomass productivity on commons

groundwater recharge – increase in months wells are wet proportion of watershed protected

C


Decreases in resources degradationDecreases in resources degradation

Contribution of farmers totechnology adaptation andmultiplication

Decrease in resourcedegrading epractices andexternal effects of pollutionand contamination

local variations of a technology number of local/individual tree nurseries adaptation and incorporation of indigenous practices and

technologies components into external practices andtechnologies

reduction in soil loss reduction in pesticide and fertilizer use and increase in

the use of organic fertilizers (e.g. manure, compost, cropresidues, etc.)

C


Increase in local resilience and decrease in Increase in local resilience and decrease in vulnerabilityvulnerability

Diversity of agricultural andwild productsmanaged/farmed

Change in health of localpeople

Access to credit

Change in impact of shocksto local system

change in diversity index proportion of land under monocropping versus

intercropping

increase in local food security reduction in hazardous or harmful practices (e.g.

uncontrolled pesticide use)

access tof poor groups with little or no collateral to ruralcredit or loans schemes

increase in local saavings

impact of drought in years t+5, t+10 compared withbefore resource conservation and compared withneighbouring unprotected watersheds

C


Increase in autonomy and capacity of local Increase in autonomy and capacity of local groups and organizationsgroups and organizations

Building local capacity andskills

Effectiveness of local resourcemanagement groups

number of paraprofessionals trained and supported number of new paraprofessionals trained by existing

paraprofessionals (replication) number of farmer-to-farmer extension trips

existing and/or new groups and organizationsfunctioning

number and type of groups (proportion of populationinvolved)

representativeness of groups (persons included/excluded;active members)

leadership elected or selected number of group resource management works organized attendance at group works local organizations federated with others financial contributions to group works or group savings ability to form own management rules

C


Increase in autonomy and capacity of local Increase in autonomy and capacity of local groups and organizationsgroups and organizations

Dependence on externalresources

Willingness of local peopleto participate

Proportion of yield increases and economicbenefits due to local regenerated resourcescompared with external resources (e.g. fertilizers,pesticides, hybrid seeds)

lack of financial inducements to participate active involvement of people in planning

C


Replication in non-program sitesReplication in non-program sites

Replication to neighbouringcommunities and villages

Federation of groups

Changes in adoption rates Independent adoption and adaptation Willingness to pay paraprofessionals

Creation of organizations or federations of users’ groupsacross watersheds or catchments

C


Changes in the operational procedures and Changes in the operational procedures and institutional norms of external support agencies and institutional norms of external support agencies and attitudes and behavior of development professionalsattitudes and behavior of development professionals

New roles for professionals

Enabling policies ininstitution

use of participatory methods for planning,implementation and monitoring

professionals in the field (not in the office) support for practices and projects developed and

managed by local people increased job satisfaction publications by professionals on participatory work number of pra-trained professionals who are training

others

support from the top for professionals in the field willingness to permit participatory work to be treated

equally with other modes of analysis/research, etc. flexibility of procedures and ability to accept slow

progress at first commitment to withdraw after set period

C


Changes in the operational procedures and Changes in the operational procedures and institutional norms of external support agencies and institutional norms of external support agencies and attitudes and behavior of development professionalsattitudes and behavior of development professionals

Increased links withother permanent agencies

Commitment todeveloping local capacity

intersectoral and/or interagency collaboration inparticipatory watershed planning and management

involvement of local people in analysis andproblem diagnosis

number of farmer-to-farmer visits facilitated capacity to train paraprofessionals

C


Indicators for sustainability of Indicators for sustainability of watershed management programswatershed management programs

Visible indicators:

• marked and sustained improvement in productivity on fields, especially of small and marginal farmers

• farmers and people noticing significant improvement in groundwater recharged and the understanding that this improvement is linked to improved management of the watershed surface

• maintenance of structures (silt traps, gully plugs, stone and earthen bunds) and vegetative barriers

• marked improvement in resilience of crops to long dry spells



Visible indicators:

• increased investment for protective irrigation especially through shallow ponds along drainage systems

• continuous improvement in management and regeneration of all lands in the watershed, including private fallows, and of all types of government and public lands with the multiple objectives of decreasing erosion, managing surface water effectively and increasing biomass for fuel, fodder, fiber, fertilizers and raw materials for cottage industries



Skills and Institutions:

• adequate skills to construct and maintain all the structures required to control or trap soil and water without external help

• gradual extension of effective management by the People’s Watershed Associations over all lands in the watershed, including communal lands, private fallow lands and private cultivated lands

• ability of farmers to finance further treatment of the watershed and the repair of existing structures from their own group credit funds



Skills and Institutions:

• ability of people’s watershed institutions to resolve conflict among different groups in the watershed, and to respond to the needs of those groups whose interests are affected by watershed treatment. These include those farmers who are cultivating lands on upper reaches or steep slopes but which need to be protected, whose grazing areas are being affected by regeneration measures and the landless who have to cope with new management measures that may obstruct their hitherto free access to watershed resources

• recognition by external support organizations that the people’s watershed association is in control of all watershed activities and that no plans can be imposed or funds and services provided without its involvement at every stage of the process, from planning through implementation


Comparison of the impacts of participatory Comparison of the impacts of participatory rural appraisal and the catchment rural appraisal and the catchment

approach in six catchments in Kenyaapproach in six catchments in Kenya

Catchmentname

Siuna-Miruli

Sineden Muroki Gaturia Getuya Shiakunga

District Bungoma West Pokot TransNzoia

Nyeri Kirinyaga Kakamega

Year ofimplementation

1991-2 1989-90 1988-89 1990-91 1991-92 1989-90

Launch process PRAlaunchBaraza

No PRABaraza

No PRABaraza

No PRABaraza

No PRABaraza

No PRABaraza

Organization andcomposition ofthe CCC

Electedwomen andmen

Electedwomen andmen

Electedmen only

Electedmen only

Elected andselectedmen only

Selectedmen only

DPT committedand active

Very active Very active Very active Active Active Not active

Notes: PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal




Catchment name Siuna-Miruli


Communitymobilized by DPT

Yes Yes Yes No No No

Other contributingfactors tocommunitymobilization

Hand-overBaraza

ProvincialField Day

--- --- --- ---

Farmers involvedin planning andlayout

Yes Yes No No No No(no DPT)

PRA studyconducted,independently ofCA

No Yes No Yes No No

Notes: CA – Catchment Approach; DPT – Divisional Planning Team






Diversity of cropsgrown*

++ ++ + + +(cash crops)

--

Conservation afterCA (% of farmsconserved)

90% 90% 90% 80% 60% 10%

Maize yields* +++ +++ +++ ++ + --

Fodderavailability*

++ ++ ++ + + 0

Real wage laborrates

++ ND ND ND ND ND

Trees numbers*

Notes: *-relative changes (+=increase; ++=significant increase; +++=very significant;-=no change/no activity); ND – No data

Trees numbers*



approach in six catchments in Kenyaapproach in six catchments in KenyaCatchment name Siuna-

MiruliSineden Muroki Gaturia Getuya Shiakunga

Multiple cropping* ++ ++ + + + 0

Reappearance ofsprings; surfacewater availability

Yes Yes Yes No No No

CCC active duringimplementation

Veryactive

Veryactive

Active Active Active Not active

CCC active afterimplementation Known by other

farmers Active

Yes

Veryactive

Yes

Active

Yes

Not active

Somewhat

Not active

Somewhat

Not active

No

Not activeTrees numbers*

Note: *CCC – Catchment Conservation Committee






CCC developedown managementrules

Yes Yes No No No No

Replication toneighbouringcatchments: Aware of

changes Adopting

practices

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

PME - Impact Analysis1 Participatory rural appraisal methods.

Documents

Transcript of PME - Impact Analysis1 Participatory rural appraisal methods.