PLANTING COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA

Chapter 3

IMPORTANT TOPICS

A comparison of the European colonies established in North America in the 17th century.

The English and Algonquian colonial encounter in the Chesapeake

The role of religious dissent in the planting of the New England colonies.

The restoration of the Stuart Monarchy & the creation of the new proprietary colonies.

Indian warfare & internal conflict at the end of the 17th century.

Term to describe New Spain and New France where native peoples were incorporated into colonial society and there was a great deal of cultural mixing.

Term to describe the Dutch and English colonies where settlers and natives lived in separate societies and there war very little mixing of cultures.

EUROPEAN COLONIES

“Frontiers of Inclusion” “Exclusion”

ENGLAND IN THE CHESAPEAKE

ENGLAND IN THE CHESAPEAKE

Jamestown & the Powhatan Confederacy

Tobacco, Expansion and Warfare

Maryland

Indentured Servants

Community Life in the Chesapeake

JAM ES TO WN & THE POW HATAN CON FEDERACY

King James I gave a royal charted to the Virginia Company, a group of London investors who sent ships to Chesapeake Bay in 1607. They settled in Jamestown and it became the first permanent settlement in North America.

Introduced to England by Francis Drake, tobacco became the 1st money maker for Jamestown.

TOBACCO, EXPAN SIO N AND WARFARE

1662- 100,000 English colonists were sent to Jamestown.

TOBACCO, EXPAN SIO N AND WARFARE

English colonial characteristics- massive immigration, especially families; plantation agriculture based on a lot of soil and labor; poor relationship with natives; early form of representative gov’t.

HOUSE OF BURGESS

The legislature of colonial VA. Organized in 1619, it was the first representative gov’t in the English colonies.

MARYLAND

Settled by Catholics, the only Catholic colony

A proprietary colony, the Calvert family were sole owners of the land and divided the land into manors.

Used headright grants 1st to get laborers.

INDENTURED SERVANTS

¾’s of English migrants were

indentured servants, men & women

contracted labor to a master for a fixed

time.

Young, single mostly men who served 2 to 7 years. Some were convicts or vagabonds. It was close to slavery.

Obliged to feed, cloth and house servants. Many masters treated servants just as harsh as slaves.

INDENTURED SERVANTS

Servants Masters

High mortality rates due to malaria

Small family size

Women held more power…could own land

CO MMU N ITY L IFE IN THE CHESAPEAK E

Kinship bonds were weak

Dispersed settlements

Rough conditions

Few community institutions

THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

Section 2

THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

Social & Political Values of Puritanism

Early contacts in New England

Plymouth Colony & the Mayflower Compact

The Massachusetts Bay Colony

Indians & Puritans

The New England Merchants

Community & Family in Massachusetts

Dissent & New Communities

THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

Climate & geography much different from the Chesapeake.

No “merchantable commodities” grown there

Was a safe haven for Protestant dissenters from England

Followed John Calvin’s beliefs of hard work and enterprise….attracted merchants, commercial farmers & entrepreneurs.

Wanted to return to a traditional rural community.

POL IT ICAL & SO CIAL VALU ES OF PUR ITANISM

The church needs to monitor an individual’s behavior.

EARLY CONTACTSMany natives, French and Dutch were wiped out by

disease. New England was sparcely populated and became a perfect

place for religious dissenters to settle.

Pilgrims, also known as Separatists, wanted to completely break from the Catholic Church. They were governed by the Mayflower Compact, the 1st document of self- governance in North America.

PLY MO UTH CO LO NY & THE MAYFL OW ER CO MPACT

Led by John Winthrop, the Puritans settled in Salem, MA, also known as the “city on a hill”. The Puritans were primarily wealthy businessmen.

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY

The Great Migration is the official name of the Puritan migration from 1629 to 1643.

INDIANS & PURITANS

The English used a variety of ways to pressure Native

leaders into signing quitclaims, agreements relinquishing specific

lands.

INDIANS AND PURITANS

Ways the Puritans tricked Natives into giving up lands:

Writing land transfers and agreements in English

Imposing large fines for simple violations & then taking lands as payment.

Using women to gain land

New England became a leading commercial region early in its settlement. Boston became the 3rd largest English commercial center. England exported lumber and cod as well as traded goods for sugar, molasses and rum with the West Indies.

NEW ENGLAND MERCHANTS

COMMUNITY & FAMILY IN MA

Well-organized communities based on a social order

Mass General Court, a system of self-government

Clustered settlements led to strong communities

Well-disciplines and educated society

Women were subordinate to men

Cultural mistrust and stereotypes of women…Salem Witch Trials

DISSENT & NEW COMMUNITIES

Religiously intolerant towards other groups and they were forced out of Mass bay colony:

Thomas Hooker believed in women’s suffrage and founded Connecticut.

Roger Williams believed in religious toleration, fair treatment of the natives and separation of church & state. He founded Providence, RI.

Anne Hutchinson was banished for criticizing the piety of minsters and excommunicated. She founded RI.

THE PROPRIETARY COLONIES

Section 3

THE PROPRIETARY COLONIES

Early Carolina

From New Netherland to New York

The Founding of Pennsylvania

Also known as The Restoration Colonies after the restoration of the Stuart Monarchy and the reign of King Charles II.

EARLY CAROLINA

Early Carolina stretched from North Carolina to Spanish Florida. The north and south of Carolina was settled by drastically different groups and then split.

The English implemented the Trade & navigation Act in 1751 that barred Dutch ships from English territories which led to a series naval wars with Holland from 1652 to 1654

After 2 more wars, the English captured New Amsterdam and gained control of New Netherland.

NEW NETHERLANDS & NY

Cont.New Netherland

NY

Land was given to Charles II’s brother, the Duke of York. NY was

very diverse. Later, the eastern part split and formed New Jersey.

THE FOUNDING OF PENNSYLVANIA

William Penn led religious dissenters known as the Quakers, or the Society of Friends.

Known for religious toleration and pacifism

Settled near the capital, Philadelphia and hoped the colony would be a “holy experiment”.

CONFLICT AND WAR

The Beaver Wars

King Philip’s War

Bacon’s Rebellion

Culpepper’s Rebellion

Wars in the South

The Glorious Revolution in America

King William’s War

The Frame of Government- A framework of self-governance. They believed in religious freedom, civil liberties and fair treatment of natives.

PENNSYLVANIA

KING PHILIP’S WAR

1675- Started out between the settlers &

Pokanokets but the Iroquois defeated the

Pokanokets and declared the dominant

tribe in the region.

THE IROQUOIS

Wanted to maintain their role in the Dutch and English trading system.

Also wanted to continue to act as intermediaries between Natives and settlers.

Created the Covenant Chain, which created an alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and New York.

Made Iroquois and New York as dominant tribe and colony in North America.

The French, Dutch, English and different Native American tribes engaged in wars of rich beaver hunting grounds in the North. Each group wanted dominance in the region and rights to lands.

THE BEAVER WARS

BACON’S REBELLION

1675-76- A violent conflict in backwoods VA in which Nathaniel Bacon led a series of attacks on Native Americans and then led a rebellion against Virginia’s government.

Is important because it showed the division between the frontier regions and the more established and civilized coastal areas. Baco demanded all removal of all Natives from VA….showed an increasing bravado & arrogance amongst settlers.

CULPEPPER’S REBELLION

Rebellion in North Carolina in which backcountry men overthrew the established government in 1677. English authorities eventually suppressed the rebellion.

Results- Colonial authorities expanded into Indian territory hoping to gain support of backcountry men.

Fears of disorder amongst indentured servants….turned to slave labor.

Colonists in NC incite Creeks, Cherokees, and other tribes to attack and enslave mission Indians of Spanish Florida.

Colonists in MA, NY, and Maryland rose up against King James II’s harsh policies.

CONFLICT & WAR

Wars in the South 1670s-1720s Glorious Revolution in America 1689

KING WILLIAM’S WAR

1689- Began 75 years of competition and armed conflict between the British & French over control of North America. It also dragged in many Native tribes who were forced to choose alliances. Led to a tightening of control over North American colonists.