Planting Colonies in North America
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Planting Colonies in North Planting Colonies in North AmericaAmericaOut of ManyChapter 3
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Key TopicsKey TopicsA comparison of the European
colonies established in North America in the seventeenth century
The English & Algonquian colonial encounter in the Chesapeake
The role of religious dissent in the planting of the New England colonies
The restoration of the Stuart monarchy and the creation of new proprietary colonies
Indian warfare and internal conflict at the end of the seventeenth century
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SPAIN AND ITS SPAIN AND ITS COMPETITORS IN COMPETITORS IN NORTH AMERICANORTH AMERICA
How did conditions in New Spain and New France differ from Virginia and New England?
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Spain & Its Competitors in North Spain & Its Competitors in North AmericaAmericaAt the beginning of the 17th century,
Spain controlled the only colonial outposts on the mainland (Florida)
Spain & France:◦did not transport large numbers of people to
colonize but rather tried to convert Indians into subjects
◦“frontiers of inclusion”England
◦Settlers & Indians lived in separate communities
◦“frontiers of exclusion”Dutch
◦Began in the same fashion as the Spanish, but later adopted the English model
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New MexicoNew MexicoRumors of gold found along the Rio
Grande◦ Juan de Onate went on exploration for gold◦Was never any gold◦Without mines to exploit, Spain was losing
interestMissionaries convinced Spain to make
New Mexico a missionarycolony◦1609, Santa Fe named
capitalEconomy based on
small-scaleagricultural & sheepraising
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New FranceNew FranceControl of Fur Trade:
Samuel de Champlain◦ 1st post at Port Royal
1608, founded thesettlement of Quebec
Unlike Spanish who established towns, French were dispersed to exploit the fur trade
Attempted to form alliances with Indian nations rather than force them into labor
frequently married Indian womenThough it was a geographically & politically
strong settlement, in the winter, the river froze & they had a very short growing season
Found themselves in the midst of the Beaver Wars against the Iroquois
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New NetherlandNew NetherlandHolland was ruled by the Spanish until
1581◦Amsterdam home of 1st stock market◦Largest commercial fishing fleets
Dutch East India Company & Dutch West India Company◦Built a series of trading posts around the
world◦Combined military power & economic strength◦became the greatest commercial power in the
worldFirst appeared in America in 1609, Henry
HudsonAllied with the Iroquois Confederacy
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ENGLAND IN THE ENGLAND IN THE CHESAPEAKECHESAPEAKE
How did tobacco change the nature of English colonization in Virginia?
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England in the England in the ChesapeakeChesapeake
Newfoundland & Roanoke Island were England’s first attempts at planting colonies, and both were failures
1607, Jamestown◦ King James I◦ Virginia Company (royal charter)◦ 1st permanent English settlement
Believed that Indians were savageswith no rights that Christians had torespect◦ “…have no particular propertie in any
parcell of that country, but only a generalresidence there, as wild beasts have in theforest.”
“King Powhatan”◦ Though he knew it could be trouble, wanted to form an
alliance with the Europeans◦ Wanted access to metals & weapons
John Smith, military leader
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PocahontasPocahontasPowhatan had helped the
colonists with their food supply◦As more and more colonist came, he realized
that they weren’t there to trade, but to take his country
◦Stopped supplying foodMany colonists starved that winter & some
resorted to cannibalismSmall war broke out between the Indians
& colonists◦Captured Chief Powhatan’s daughter, Matoaka
(aka Pocahontas)◦Finally a peace treaty signed◦Pocahontas married John Rolfe, travelled to
England, but fell ill & died before she returned to America
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Tobacco, Expansion, & Tobacco, Expansion, & WarfareWarfare
Tobacco◦ First introduced by Francis Drake◦ John Rolfe created a hybrid variety for first commercial
shipments back to England◦ Provided the first returns on the Virginia Company’s
investments “Frontier of Exclusion”
◦ Did not need Indians to marry or as workers◦ Sent over both male & females to live in the colonies
Chief Opechancanough◦ Prepared people for an assault on colonists◦ Nearly 1/3 of Virginia’s population killed◦ Attrition lasted nearly 10 years
Royal Colony◦ The Virginia Company went bankrupt due to the war with the
Indians◦ House of Burgesses – legislature of colonial Virginia – in
charge of taxes & finances◦ 1640, approx. 10,000 in population / 1670, approx 40,000 in
population
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MarylandMaryland1632, King Charles I
granted 10 millionacres of land to theCalvert family◦ The Lords Baltimore◦ Important Catholic
supporters of monarchyBecame the only English colony with a
substantial Catholic populationProprietary colony
◦ single owners dividing up the land into feudal manors
◦ A colony created when the English monarch granted a huge tract of land to an individual or group of individuals, who became “lords proprietor”
Adopted the tobacco plantation economy
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Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants Individuals who contracted to
serve a master for a period of four to seven years in return for payment of the servant’s passage to America
Totaled ¾ of the English migrants to the Chesapeake
Most were young, unskilled males; some were skilled craftsmen, unmarried women, or parentless children, convicts, or vagabonds
African slaves were more expensive than servants
2 out of every 5 servants died before their contracted service was up
If survived, they received “freedom dues”
Most tried to raise enough money to travel back home to England
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Chesapeake CommunityChesapeake CommunityThough the colonies had spread,
they had developed few community institutions
Few woman & high mortality rates led to smaller families
Maintained close ties with England
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THE NEW ENGLAND THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIESCOLONIES
What were the social and political values of Puritanism and how did religious dissent shape the history of the New England colonies?
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The New England ColoniesThe New England ColoniesNorthern colonies were not hospitable to
tobacco or other cash cropsBecame haves for Protestant dissenters
from EnglandPuritanism
◦ Followers of Calvin (predestination)◦ Wanted to purify & reform the English church◦ Constantly in conflict with royal authorities
Disruption in Trade◦ John Smith explored the northern coast line &
dubbed it “New England”◦ Although inhabited by French/Dutch, epidemics
spread & killed most of the Indian communities with which they traded
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Pilgrims & SeparatistsPilgrims & SeparatistsFounded the first English colony in New
England at Massachusetts Bay, renamed Plymouth
They believed the English church to be so corrupt that they had to establish their own independent congregations
Mayflower Compact – firstdocument of self-governmentin North America
Plymouth colony never afinancial success
Had an initial winter ofstarvation, but with the help ofthe Indians, established acommunity of self-sufficientfarms
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Massachusetts Bay ColonyMassachusetts Bay Colony Massachusetts
Bay Company – wealthy Puritans
Renamed their settlement Salem
Great Migration – some 20,000 people relocated to Boston, Massachusetts
Believed that social hierarchy was ordained by God & necessary for well-ordered communities
Established public schools & grammar schools
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Indians & PuritansIndians & PuritansUnlike the French & Dutch, the
English were interested in acquiring land for agriculture
Thus, conflicts between them & the Indians grew
Took advantage of Indians who were already weakened by disease
Used various pressure tactics to acquire land, including war
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Puritan CommunityPuritan CommunityValued closely knit families &
communitiesStressed male-dominated, well-
ordered communitiesGoverned locally by a governor &
elected representativesBoys were well-educatedExpected religious uniformity
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DissentersDissentersRoger Williams Anne Hutchison
Came to New England in 1631 Tasked to take up duties for the
congregation in Salem Believed in religious tolerance Believed in separation of
church & state Stated colonists had no right to
Indian land, but must bargain for it in good faith
1636, banished from the colony Left with followers & founded
the town of Providence (RI)
Wife of a Puritan merchant
Brilliant & outspoken Held religious discussion
groups in her home Criticized Boston
ministers for a lack of piety
Said earning your way to heaven was “popish”
Was excommunicated and banished
Moved to Roger Williams settlement
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Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch TrialsMassachusetts Bay colony had a cultural
mistrust for women342 New England
women were accusedof witchcraft◦ Unmarried, childless,
widowed, assertive, orindependent
◦ Most were dismissed byauthorities
1692, small group of girls claimed to be bewitched by older women in the community◦ The accusers & the accused were from different
sides of town, and typically of differing religious viewpoints
◦ In the end, 20 people were tried, condemned & executed
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PART 1 STOPPART 1 STOP
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THE PROPRIETARY THE PROPRIETARY COLONIESCOLONIES
What role did the crown play in the founding of English colonies after 1660?
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The Proprietary ColoniesThe Proprietary ColoniesEarly Carolina
◦ Most settlers were from Barbados◦ Home to small farmers & tobacco planters
Netherlands to New York◦ After 3 small naval wars between Britain
and the Dutch, the English gained controlof the Dutch colony & renamed itNew York
◦ Communities of the Delaware Valleysplit off into the proprietary colony ofNew Jersey
Pennsylvania◦ William Penn – wanted a haven for the Society of
Friends (Quakers) who supported religious toleration and pacifism
◦ King Charles settled a debt to Penn’s father by granting him this land
◦ “holy experiment” – granted religious freedom, civil liberties, & elected representation
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CONFLICT AND WARCONFLICT AND WAR
What led to violent conflict between Indians and colonists?
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Conflict & WarConflict & WarPequot War
◦ 1637, conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut
◦ 40 years of peace followed this warKing Philip’s War
◦ Spring 1675◦ Metacom was the leader of the Pokanokets (aka King
Philip)◦ Plymouth had gained sovereignty over Metacom’s
territory◦ Knew it was time to break their alliance and start a
confrontation◦ New England used territorial gain/expansion as an
excuse to invade and attacked/burned a number of villages
◦ 4,000 Algonquians & 2,000 colonists died◦ Had one of the highest casualty rates of any war in
American history
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Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion Sir William Berkeley was the royal governor of Virginia Adopted policies favoring large planters and used dictatorial
powers to govern on their behalf Antagonized backwoods farmers on VAs western frontier
because he failed to protect their settlements from Indian attacks
Nathaniel Bacon seized upon the grievances of the western farmers to lead a rebellion against Berkeley’s gov’t
Resented the economic & political control of a few large planters
Raised an army of volunteers & conducted a series of raids against Indian villages on the Virginia frontier
Berkeley’s gov’t in Jamestown accused Bacon of rebelling against royal authority
Bacon defeated governor’s forces & burned Jamestown Soon afterward, Bacon died of dysentery & the rebel army
collapsed Berkeley brutally suppressed the remnants of the insurrection
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Lasting ProblemsLasting ProblemsThough short-lived,
Bacon’s Rebellion (aka the Chesapeake Revolution) highlighted 2 long-lasting disputes in colonial VA:◦Sharp class differences
between wealthy planters & landless or poor farmers
◦Colonial resistance to royal control
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More ConflictMore ConflictJames II attempted to re-exert the
monarchy’s control over the coloniesTraditions of local autonomy were
suppressedResentment & fears of a Catholic
monarchy led tot eh Glorious Revolution
Led to the creation of a constitutional monarchy
After revolts in Boston, NY, and elsewhere self-gov’t was restored throughout most of America
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King William’s WarKing William’s War1689, the war beganMarked the beginnings of 75
years of Anglo-French conflict1701, gov’ts of most colonies
reorganized to bring them under more direct royal control
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ConclusionConclusionThe 17th century saw vast changes
as hundreds of thousands of Europeans moved to North America.
Different European nations carved out distinctive types of colonies.
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Questions to Think Questions to Think About…About…
1. In what ways was he Spanish experience with the Pueblos like the experience of other European colonizers? In what ways was it different?
2. In what ways did the French and Spanish need the Indians? How were the French and Spanish experiences with Indians like or not like the English experience in this regard?
3. What were the goals of the founders of Virginia? How were these goals like or unlike the goals of the founders of Massachusetts Bay?
4. How did community and family life in the Chesapeake compare with that of Massachusetts?
5. What were the key factors leading to outbreaks of warfare with Indians?
6. What were the key factors leading to outbreaks of rebellion against established authority?