Industrial perspective on CCS

marine and terrestrial risk

Ian Phillips – Director, CO2 Infrastructure

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• Who are CO2DeepStore ?

• What do we mean by a leak?

• Working hypothesis – stores won’t leak to surface!!

• Focus on what is useful

Agenda

Who are CO2DeepStore?

A CCS Developer

• CO2DeepStore is a UK

company

– founded in 2007 and based in

Aberdeen

– focussed entirely on creating,

developing and operating CO2

transportation and storage

projects as Operator and / or

investment partners

– acquired 100% by Petrofac in

April 2010

• Petrofac

– A Co-Investing Energy

Services Business

– Designs / Builds / Operates

onshore and offshore facilities

• Company profile (2010 Annual Report)

– Revenues US$4.4 billion

– Net cash $1.1 billion

– FTSE 100 – Market cap

US$7.4 billion (March 2011)

– 14,000+ employees

– 5 major operating centres

• 19 further offices worldwide

3

0

5

10

Capture Compression &

Dehydration Pipeline transport Offshore facilities

Reservoir and wells

Who are CO2DeepStore?

What does Petrofac offer in CCS?

$ $ $ $ $

CO2DeepStore is Petrofacs CCS co-investment company

Who are CO2DeepStore?

CO2DeepStore portfolio of interests

Peterhead

Yorkshire cluster

(prospect)

Goldeneye

Longannet

Rotterdam cluster

(prospect)

Hunterston

East Irish Sea

• During Operations

– Process equipment

– Pipelines – on and offshore

– Offshore facilities

• Post closure

– Abandoned wells

– Geological fissures

– Catastrophic leaks

• But remember

– EU CCS Directive and UK

law require pre-injection

demonstration of low leak

risk

– Everything carries risk!!

What do you mean by a leak?

What do we mean by a leak?

Picture of a Storage Site

What do we mean by a leak?

Picture of a leaking Storage Site

Venting of CO2 at Ischia, Offshore Italy

What do we mean by a leak?

Natural CO2 vents set expectations

• Existing natural CO2 vents

• Volcanic source CO2 emerges from

fissures and vents

Liquid carbon dioxide from the

Champagne vent in the Marianas Trench

• Primary store must be demonstrably

able to contain CO2

– Cap rock integrity

– Oil and gas fields ideal

– Deep saline aquifers more

challenging

• Secondary seals required

• Manage pressure

– Stop before original pressure

• Hydrostatic containment

• Conclusion – leakage from the store

to surface is VERY unlikely

Working hypothesis – stores won’t leak to surface!!

Will a storage reservoir leak?

• CO2 migrates through porous media

– Rock strata

– Fault planes

– Cement in abandoned wells

• Capillary forces create residual

saturation

– Pore scale trapping

• Conclusion – leakage very unlikely to

reach the surface

Working hypothesis – stores won’t leak to surface!!

Even if it does leak………..

• Subsea well with

Christmas Tree

Working hypothesis – stores won’t leak to surface!!

Abandoned offshore wells

Storage reservoir

Min

imu

m 1

00

0m

Working hypothesis – stores won’t leak to surface!!

What can we see under the sea ?

• Geological leakage of CO2 is

extremely unlikely

– If it happens its likely to be at very

slow rates

• Or so big its pretty obvious!!

– If it happens its likely to be a long way

in the future

– Its likely to be very difficult to detect

• Much more likely is operational

leakages

– Potentially larger volumes

– Short term transitory effects

• Video of CO2 release from pipeline

Focus on what is useful

Conclusions

• Small volume pipeline leaks

– Effects of concentration and time

• Larger pipeline and process

leaks

– Dispersion – speed and

concentrations

– Transient effects

– Long term effects

• Study natural analogues

– Can we spot a geological leak by

its impact on the ecosystem –

without spending a fortune

Focus on what is useful

Research focus

Any questions – or comments!!

Ian Phillips – Director, CO2 Infrastructure

Ian.phillips@CO2DeepStore.com

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